ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Eosinophilic gastritis (EG) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the stomach characterized by eosinophil-predominant gastric mucosal inflammation and gastrointestinal symptoms. The aim of this study was to prospectively evaluate endoscopic features in a large series of children and adults with EG to better understand the endoscopic manifestations and develop a standardized instrument for investigations. METHODS: Data were prospectively collected as part of the Consortium for Eosinophilic Gastrointestinal Disease Researchers, a national collaborative network. Endoscopic features were prospectively recorded using a system specifically developed for EG, the EG Endoscopic Reference System (EG-REFS). Correlations were made between EG-REFS and clinical and histologic features. RESULTS: Of 98 patients with EG, 65 underwent assessments using EG-REFS. The most common findings were erythema (72%), raised lesions (49%), erosions (46%), and granularity (35%); only 8% of patients with active histology (≥30 eosinophils/high-power field) exhibited no endoscopic findings. A strong correlation between EG-REFS scores and physician global assessment of endoscopy severity was demonstrated (Spearman r = 0.84, P < 0.0001). The overall score and specific components of EG-REFS were more common in the antrum than in the fundus or body. EG-REFS severity was significantly correlated with active histology, defined by a threshold of ≥30 eosinophils/high-power field (P = 0.0002). DISCUSSION: Prospective application of EG-REFS identified gastric features with a strong correlation with physician global assessment of endoscopic activity in EG. Endoscopic features demonstrated greater severity in patients with active histology and a predilection for the gastric antrum. Further development of EG-REFS should improve its utility in clinical studies.
Subject(s)
Enteritis , Eosinophilia , Eosinophilic Esophagitis , Gastritis , Adult , Child , Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal , Enteritis/diagnosis , Enteritis/pathology , Eosinophilia/diagnosis , Eosinophilia/pathology , Eosinophilic Esophagitis/pathology , Gastritis/diagnosis , Gastritis/pathology , HumansABSTRACT
A male with sickle SC disease presented at age 8 years with proliferative sickle cell retinopathy (PSCR) and bilateral vitreous hemorrhage which spontaneously resolved, then recurred at 13 years of age. Despite conventional therapy with repeated pan-retinal photocoagulation and pars plana vitrectomy, he developed progressive PSCR and recurrent vitreous hemorrhage over the next 30 months. We describe the successful use of chronic red cell exchange transfusion (RCE) to preserve his vision and stabilize the retinopathy.
Subject(s)
Erythrocyte Transfusion , Hemoglobin SC Disease/therapy , Retinal Diseases/therapy , Vitreous Hemorrhage/therapy , Adolescent , Child , Hemoglobin SC Disease/complications , Humans , Male , Retinal Diseases/etiology , Vitreous Hemorrhage/etiologyABSTRACT
Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) has become the standard of care for patients with locally advanced breast cancer (LABC). This was a retrospective review of 21 consecutive women who received NACT as initial treatment of LABC, followed by surgical excision. The pre- and post-treatment breast specimens and post-treatment axillary lymph nodes with metastases were immunostained to evaluate for proliferative index (PI) (MIB-1 Immunotech) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression (Santa Cruz, CA, clone A-20). Thirteen of the 21 patients (62%) had more than 50% tumor shrinkage following NACT. The breast's mean PI decreased from 47.86% to 23.95% after treatment (P = 0.005). The mean PI in the post-treatment lymph nodes was 24.47%. A nodal post-NACT PI of less than 10% and progesterone receptor-positive tumor status were associated with better survival, as all such patients are alive. A high PI after NACT was associated with recurrence or death. All of the patients who showed an excellent clinical response had either a decrease in the PI or an absence of a high level of VEGF after NACT. Most patients exhibited persistent expression of VEGF after NACT. Pathologic response in the primary tumor did not correlate with the response in the lymph nodes or with overall survival. NACT reduces the size and PI of the primary breast tumor independent of the patient's node status. The PI may be an early means by which to identify tumors most likely to reduce in size with chemotherapy. A low PI after NACT is associated with better survival. There is persistent expression of VEGF in post-NACT residual breast carcinoma. Thus, anti-VEGF drugs after conventional chemotherapy may benefit patients with residual carcinoma.