ABSTRACT
We have analysed the genetic diversity of South and Central American (SCA) goats by partially sequencing the mitochondrial control region of 93 individuals with a wide geographical distribution. Nucleotide and haplotype diversities reached values of 0.020 +/- 0.00081 and 0.963 +/- 0.0012 respectively. We have also observed a rather weak phylogeographic structure, with almost 69% of genetic variation included in the within-breed variance component. The topology of a median-joining network analysis including 286 European, Iberian, Atlantic and SCA mitochondrial sequences was very complex, with most of the haplotypes forming part of independent small clusters. SCA sequences showed a scattered distribution throughout the network, and clustering with Spanish and Portuguese sequences occurred only occasionally, not allowing the distinguishing of a clear Iberian signature. Conversely, we found a prominent cluster including Canarian, Chilean, Argentinian and Bolivian mitochondrial haplotypes. This result was independently confirmed by constructing a Bayesian phylogenetic tree (posterior probability of 0.97). Sharing of mitochondrial haplotypes by SCA and Canarian goats suggests that goat populations from the Atlantic archipelagos, where Spanish and Portuguese ships en route to the New World used to stow food and supplies, participated in the foundation of SCA caprine breeds.
Subject(s)
DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics , Goats/genetics , Animals , Base Sequence , Central America , DNA, Mitochondrial/chemistry , Genetic Variation , Genetics, Population/methods , Haplotypes , Molecular Sequence Data , Phylogeny , Sequence Alignment , South AmericaABSTRACT
El avance vertiginoso de la revolución científico-técnica y el uso no siempre racional y ético de animales en la investigación han conducido a muchos investigadores a preocuparse por el destino de las especies utilizadas, lo que ha generado numerosos estudios en las últimas décadas. Se han formulado múltiples reglamentaciones y se ha pensado acerca de la aplicación de principios éticos en las investigaciones. Este artículo considera la utilización de métodos alternativos a la investigación con animales, siempre que sea posible; revisa el principio de las tres R y otros aspectos relacionados, y discute sobre las responsabilidades del científico con el producto final de sus resultados.
The vertiginous advance of the scientific technical revolution and the use not always rational and ethical of animals in research, has provoked that many researchers worry about the future of animal species used, which has been the topic of many studies in the last decade. Multiple regulations have been formulated and the application of ethical principles in research has been considered. This paper considers the use of alternative methods in research with animals whenever possible, reviews the principle of the three Rs and other related aspects and reflect on the responsibilities of the scientist with the end product of his/her results.