ABSTRACT
Superficial lymphadenectomy is an easy-to-perform and cost-effective routine technique. Despite its simplicity, it remains underutilized in veterinary medicine, with most practitioners being oncological surgeons. This study aims to enhance accessibility to the surgical procedure by providing anatomical representations of superficial lymphadenectomy in the carcasses of dogs and cats. A preliminary study involving two canines and two felines was conducted, with each group comprising a dog and a cat. Group A was designated to superficial lymphadenectomy techniques to create an illustrated step-by-step procedure, while group B underwent anatomical dissection to expose lymph nodes and their adnexa. The approach to superficial lymph nodes in dogs and cats is simple, allowing for the demonstration of superficial lymphadenectomy techniques in the corpses of dogs and cats without complications. This includes the dissection and presentation of anatomical structures adjacent to the lymph nodes. In conclusion, the techniques applied to subjects in groups A and B proved effective, successfully demonstrating and excising all superficial lymph nodes in the corpses of dogs and cats. These findings suggest that the developed set of techniques developed for lymph node excision holds promise for safe and effective application in live animals.
A linfadenectomia superficial é uma técnica de rotina de fácil execução e custo-benefício. Apesar da sua simplicidade, continua subutilizado na medicina veterinária, sendo a maioria dos profissionais cirurgiões oncológicos. Este estudo visa melhorar a acessibilidade ao procedimento cirúrgico, fornecendo representações anatômicas de linfadenectomia superficial em carcaças de cães e gatos. Foi realizado um estudo preliminar envolvendo dois cães e dois gatos, sendo cada grupo composto por um exemplar de cada espécie. O grupo A foi designado para técnicas de linfadenectomia superficial para criar um procedimento passo a passo ilustrado, enquanto o grupo B foi submetido à dissecção anatômica para expor os linfonodos e seus anexos. A abordagem dos linfonodos superficiais em cães e gatos é simples, permitindo a demonstração de técnicas de linfadenectomia superficial em cadáveres de cães e gatos sem complicações. Isto inclui a dissecção e apresentação de estruturas anatômicas adjacentes aos gânglios linfáticos. Concluindo, as técnicas aplicadas aos indivíduos dos grupos A e B mostraram-se eficazes, demonstrando e extirpando com sucesso todos os linfonodos superficiais nos cadáveres de cães e gatos. Essas descobertas sugerem que o conjunto desenvolvido de técnicas para excisão de linfonodos é promissor para aplicação segura e eficaz em animais vivos.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the anesthetic and cardiopulmonary effects of ketamine-dexmedetomidine combined with local anesthesia, associated or not in the postoperative period with different doses of atipamezole, for orchiectomy in cats. ANIMALS: 24 healthy cats. PROCEDURES: Cats received ketamine (7 mg/kg) combined with dexmedetomidine (10 µg/kg) IM, and 1 mL of saline (group KDSAL), 25 µg/kg (group KDAT25), or 50 µg/kg (group KDAT50) of atipamezole IV, postoperatively. All cats received local anesthesia (2 mg/kg of lidocaine) intratesticular and SC. Physiologic variables were recorded at baseline and at time points during anesthesia. Ketamine rescue dose (1 mg/kg) was recorded. The quality of recovery, the degree of sedation, and side effects were evaluated postoperatively. RESULTS: 2 cats received a single additional bolus of ketamine to perform local anesthesia. Heart rate was lower in KDSAL, KDAT25, and KDAT50 during anesthesia, compared with baseline. Hypertension was observed intraoperatively in all groups. The time to head up, pedal reflex regained time, time to sternal recumbency, and time to standing were shorter in KDAT25 and KDAT50 compared to KDSAL. Lower sedation scores were assigned sooner to KDAT25 and KDAT50 than KDSAL. All groups resulted in low recovery quality scores and no side effects. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: At the doses used, ketamine-dexmedetomidine combined with local anesthesia allowed the performance of orchiectomy. Rescue dose of ketamine for performing local anesthesia may be required. This combination can result in hypertension. Both atipamezole doses shortened the anesthetic recovery, without differences among them, and side effects.
