Derivation and application of a Green function propagator suitable for nonparaxial propagation over a two-dimensional domain.

The goal of optical simulation is to determine the performance characteristics of an optical system from a knowledge of its physical construction and how it affects light sent through it. To produce meaningful results efficiently, two simulation approaches are available for passing light through a system, geometrical raytracing and wave optics. Within the wave optics realm, there are many techniques for determining the optical fields within a system, both numerical and analytical. A few of the numerical techniques are finite-difference, finite-element, and FFT-based; analytical techniques include modal expansions, coupled wave theory, series expansions, and Green function propagators. A propagator is a function that gives the light fields at any specified location if they are known at a source location; this is possible because the light fields, electric and magnetic, satisfy a differential equation, in the case of time harmonic fields, the Helmholtz equation. The propagator is a transfer function for the fields and often takes the form of an integral, in which case, the integrand is a product of the transfer function with the source field distribution, and the integration is performed over the source field coordinates. The integrand transfer function, also known as a Green function or propagation kernel, is a solution of the Helmholtz equation. An approximation is often used in finding a solution to the Helmholtz equation, called the paraxial approximation, in which the second derivative in the propagation direction is dropped. If no approximation is made, and all second derivatives are kept, the solution is nonparaxial. In the present paper, a Green function for the propagator of the Helmholtz equation over two-dimensional domains is derived, differing in functional form from previous work on two-dimensional propagation. An angular spectrum integral is evaluated and the resulting Green function, the propagator kernel, is a nonparaxial analytic solution of the Helmholtz equation. The propagator could be applied directly to the electric and magnetic field components; instead, it is applied to the Hertz vector components. The Hertz vector is a potential function, similar to the vector potential, defined such that the electric and magnetic fields are found by taking derivatives of it. An advantage of the Hertz vector is that only it needs be propagated, versus two, electric and magnetic, vectors. In this paper, the derived propagator is applied to Hertz vector components defined by Legendre polynomial expansions, and derivatives are taken of the propagated Hertz vector components to calculate the associated electric and magnetic fields. The Green function propagator and all field quantities produced by its application are closed form analytic expressions.

Study of a reflection grating used in Littrow mount.

The near and far fields of a finite conductivity metallic grating with symmetrical triangular facets, used in Littrow mount, are studied. A new Green's function approach, based on the Hertz vector, is introduced and used to propagate throughout a two-dimensional domain. The field quantity of primary interest is Poynting's vector; however, the stored power is also calculated. In assessing the fields generated by the propagator, a quasi-periodic dependence of output characteristics on the grating depth to period ratio, discussed in the literature, is also found in the present study. With a plane wave incident on the grating, geometrical relationships between the incident wave vector and the grating surfaces have interesting consequences.

Levinson's theory of the life structure: the case for its universality.

Considers arguments against the universalistic claims of developmental theory, focusing on Daniel Levinson's theory. Argues that a case can be made for the universality of his idea of the life structure if the biological foundations of this idea are considered. Uses Freud's theory of the life and death instincts to support this argument. Concludes that academicians in pastoral care should give as much weight to the individual/biological as the individual/cultural axis of human identity.

The letting loose of hope: where psychology of religion and pastoral care converge.

Argues that William James's pragmatic method of truth provides a bridge over which the fields of psychology of religion and pastoral care might together pass. Proposes that this method enables us to see that psychology of religion understands hope to be the core of genuine religious experience and that pastoral care is fundamentally about enabling individuals (singly or collectively) to have, and recognize that they have had, religious experiences of hope.

Erikson's "inner space": Where art and religion converge.

This essay explores ways in which Erik H. Erikson's interests in art and religion converge in his psychology of religion. By associating Erikson'sYoung Man Luther with portraiture and his essays on "womanhood and the inner space" with still life, the author employs artistic genres to resituate the interpretation of Erikson's key texts on religion. By way of Erikson's image of the "inner space," connections are drawn betweenYoung Man Luther and his essays on womanhood. His late essay on Jesus is also linked to the earlier "inner space" essays, demonstrating that a central feature of Erikson's psychology of religion is its reformulation of traditional psychoanalytic theory of ritual.

Developing a facility strategy.

Successful planning for capital investment relies upon the ability of the management team to establish a cogent and comprehensive direction for facility development. The selection of an appropriate strategy integrates multiple issues: mission, service needs of the community, the external environment, the organization's ethos, current physical resources, operational systems, and vision. This paper will identify and discuss key components and data integral to formulating a facility strategy that outlines the basic direction for developing a facility master plan. The process itself will be presented as a working methodology that can be applied to the organization's resources and vision to generate a coherent facility strategy.

Comparative molecular field analysis of in vitro growth inhibition of L1210 and HCT-8 cells by some pyrazoloacridines.

In vitro screening of a number of 2-(aminoalkyl)-5-nitropyrazolo[3,4,5- kl]acridines has previously indicated (Sebolt, J.S.; et al. Cancer Res. 1987, 47, 4299-4304) that these compounds, in general, exhibit selective cytotoxicity against the human colon adenocarcinoma, HCT-8, cell line, relative to mouse leukemia L1210 cells. Comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) was applied to HCT-8 and L1210 growth inhibition assays (IC50s) of a series (44) of the pyrazoloacridine derivatives with the objective of predicting improved solid tumor selectivity. In the absence of crystallographic data, the 9-methoxy derivative (15), which is currently in clinical study, was selected as the template molecular model. Two different structural alignments were tested: an alignment of structures based on root mean square (RMS)-fitting of each structure to 15 was compared with an alternative strategy, steric and electrostatic alignment (SEAL). Somewhat better predictive cross-validation correlations (r2) were obtained with models based on RMS vis-à-vis SEAL alignment for both sets of assays. A large change in lattice spacing, e.g., 2 to 1 A, causes significant variations in the CoMFA results. A shift in the lattice of half of its spacing had a much smaller effect on the CoMFA data for a lattice of 1 A than one of 2 A. The relative contribution of steric and electrostatic fields to both models were about equal, underscoring the importance of both terms. Neither calculated log P nor HOMO and/or LUMO energies contribute to the model. Steric and electrostatic fields of the pyrazoloacridines are the sole relevant descriptors to the structure-activity (cross-validated and conventional) correlations obtained with the cytotoxic data for both the L1210 and HCT-8 cell lines. The cross-validated r2, derived from partial least-squares calculations, indicated considerable predictive capacity for growth inhibition of both the leukemia and solid-tumor data. Evidence for the predictive performance of the CoMFA-derived models is provided in the form of plots of actual vs predicted growth inhibition of L1210 and HCT-8 cells, respectively, by the pyrazoloacridines. The steric and electrostatic features of the QSAR are presented in the form of standard deviation coefficient contour maps of steric and electrostatic fields. The maps indicate that increases or decreases in steric bulk that would enhance growth inhibition of HCT-8 cells would likewise promote growth inhibition of L1210 cells. Contour maps generated to analyze the electrostatic field contributions of the pyrazoloacridines to growth inhibition provide an essentially similar set of results.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

The impact of aging infrastructure and site on facility planning.

Infrastructure analysis should be a basic component of the facility master plan and specific information concerning the site and facility must be collected, evaluated, and analyzed at each phase of development of the master plan. The interpretation of such information can significantly impact the visibility of design solutions, department locations, construction phasing, and costs. This paper identifies the information to be collected, its potential impact on the master plan, and the facility manager's role during the planning process.

2-(aminoalkyl)-5-nitropyrazolo[3,4,5-kl]acridines, a new class of anticancer agents.

2-(Aminoalkyl)-5-nitropyrazolo[3,4,5-kl]acridines were prepared from substituted anilines via the 1-chloro-4-nitroacridones followed by condensation with [(alkylamino)alkyl]hydrazines. Impressive activity was demonstrated for the 9-hydroxy, 9-alkoxy, and 9-acyloxy analogs in vitro on a L1210 leukemia line and in vivo against the P388 leukemia. Advanced studies led to the selection of 3bbb for clinical trial.

Orbital intramuscular schwannoma.

In an 8-year-old girl with asymptomatic proptosis, computed tomographic scans showed a large medial orbital mass that contoured the globe anteriorly, bowed the optic nerve laterally, and extended posteriorly to the orbital apex. T1-weighted coronal magnetic resonance images showed the mass to be a diffusely enlarged medial rectus muscle. Histopathologic examination of a medial rectus muscle biopsy specimen disclosed a multinodular, intramuscular schwannoma, separating and infiltrating normal skeletal muscle fibers. The intramuscular location and multinodular configuration of this tumor, together with its occurrence in a child, distinguish it from previous orbital schwannomas.

Antitumor efficacy of PD115934 (NSC 366140) against solid tumors of mice.

PD115934 (NSC 366140) is a soluble pyrazoloacridine derivative presently undergoing preclinical toxicology evaluation with the anticipation of Phase I human investigation. The agent displayed both human and murine solid tumor selectivity in vitro in a soft agar disk diffusion assay, relative to its activity against murine L1210 leukemia. In vivo it was highly active against solid tumors colon adenocarcinoma 38 and pancreas ductal carcinoma 03, which was consistent with the cellular cytotoxicity seen in the disk diffusion assay. A log cell kill of greater than 4.0 was demonstrated in vivo against both models. PD115934 was administered by both bolus and infusional therapy. After completion of these trials, it was determined that this compound was a schedule category III agent, i.e., a schedule-independent agent with peak plasma level toxicity. The main toxicity encountered with infusional therapy was myelosuppression. With bolus therapy, central nervous system toxicities were dose limiting. On the basis of our preclinical infusion studies, we recommend a 2-h infusion twice weekly in humans in order to obtain a total dose of 360 mg/m2 over 8 weeks.

Sin, narcissism, and the changing face of conversion.

Noting that current psychological discussions of conversion give far less attention to the "sense of sin" than did William James and his contemporaries, this article argues for renewed attention to sin and its role in the conversion experience. Using data from a survey of Christian laity on their attitudes toward the traditional deadly sins, the author concludes that the sins that trouble men and women today involve their narcissistic needs. As many seek relief from the "tyranny" of their narcissistic needs, the author contends that what would constitute conversion for them is the "transformation" of narcissism. Typical candidates for such conversion are adults, not adolescents.