ABSTRACT
Brazil is experiencing an accelerated period of population aging, with important implications for individuals, families, and the society at large. Lifestyles for the elderly can have both positive and negative health effects and are characterized by behaviors that individuals constantly reproduce in day-to-day life. However, few assessment instruments are aimed at evaluating lifestyles, and this has hampered research development. Thus, our aim in this study was to develop and evaluate the psychometric qualities of a new instrument to assess older adults' lifestyles. We developed this single scale to assess the lifestyles of older men and women using the sequential mixed method. Individuals over 60 years old of both sexes participated in this study of several phases. In Phase 1, we produced a 96-item single scale instrument, based on a literature review, previous scales, and qualitative research. In Phase 2, we verified the scale's content validity with help from 12 experts and 20 members of a target audience, aged between 60-84 years, deleting some items and reworking others. In Phase 3, we analyzed the psychometric qualities of the new scale in a sample of 700 older adults, aged 60 and above, from the five regions of Brazil, using both exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Our completed "Older Adult Lifestyle Scale" (OALS) is composed of 19 items divided into four subscales. The OALS has shown good psychometric qualities for Brazilian older adults over 60 years of age, and we can now recommend its use in this population.
Subject(s)
Aging , Life Style , Male , Aged , Humans , Female , Middle Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Psychometrics/methods , Surveys and Questionnaires , Reproducibility of ResultsABSTRACT
O objetivo dessa investigação foi verificar as motivações para a prática esportiva de triatletas amadores e profissionais. Participaram desse estudo 12 triatletas, sendo 7 atletas profissionais (4 homens e 3 mulheres) e 5 atletas amadores (2 homens e 3 mulheres), com idades entre 19 e 67 anos. Utilizouse como instrumento de pesquisa uma entrevista semiestruturada a partir de um roteiro de questões previamente elaborado pelas pesquisadoras responsáveis, considerando as principais dimensões da motivação. Os dados foram analisados através da análise de conteúdo temática. Como resultado, triatletas são motivados por razões distintas, tanto de forma intrínseca (aptidão física, emoção, competência técnica e diversão), como extrínseca (reconhecimento social, atividades de grupo, competição e afiliação). Concluiu-se que condições como status social, preocupação com a forma física, intensa dedicação a modalidade e presença de motivações ora intrínsecas, ora extrínsecas, parecem ser motivos determinantes para ingresso e permanência de triatletas na modalidade.
The objective of this investigation was to verify the motivations for the sport practice of amateur and professional triathletes. Twelve triathletes participated in this study, 7 professional athletes (4 men and 3 women) and 5 amateur athletes (2 men and 3 women), aged between 19 and 67 years. A semistructured interview was used as a research instrument based on a script of questions previously prepared by the responsible researchers, considering the main dimensions of motivation. Data were analyzed through thematic content analysis. As a result, triathletes are motivated by different reasons, both intrinsically (physical fitness, emotion, technical competence and fun) and extrinsically (social recognition, group activities, competition and affiliation). It was concluded that conditions such as social status, concern with physical shape, intense dedication to the modality and the presence of either intrinsic or extrinsic motivations, seem to be determining reasons for entry and permanence of triathletes in the modality.
El objetivo de esta investigación fue verificar las motivaciones para la práctica deportiva de triatletas aficionados y profesionales. Doce triatletas participaron en este estudio, 7 atletas profesionales (4 hombres y 3 mujeres) y 5 atletas aficionados (2 hombres y 3 mujeres), con edades entre 19 y 67 años. Se utilizó como instrumento de investigación una entrevista semiestructurada a partir de un guión de preguntas previamente elaborado por los investigadores responsables, considerando las principales dimensiones de la motivación. Los datos fueron analizados a través del análisis de contenido temático. Como resultado, los triatletas están motivados por diferentes motivos, tanto intrínsecos (aptitud física, emoción, competencia técnica y diversión) como extrínsecos (reconocimiento social, actividades grupales, competencia y afiliación). Se concluyó que condiciones como el estatus social, la preocupación por la forma física, la intensa dedicación a la modalidad y la presencia de motivaciones intrínsecas o extrínsecas, parecen ser motivos determinantes para el ingreso y permanencia de los triatletas en la modalidad.
ABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to analyse the effect of mental fatigue on passing decision-making in professional soccer athletes. A controlled and counterbalanced cross-over design was adopted consisting of three visits with a 1-week interval between sessions. Twenty professional soccer male athletes participated in three randomized conditions divided into three visits: control, 15-min Stroop task, and 30-min Stroop task. Inhibitory control was accessed by the Stroop task (accuracy and response time) before and after induced mental fatigue protocol. The athletes played a training match (90-min) following the experimental conditions. The Game Performance Assessment Instrument (GPAI) was used for the passing decision-making analysis. The GPAI analysis showed impaired passing decision-making performance following the 30-min Stroop task compared with the 15-min and control condition (F (2,17) = 6.99, p = .01). Moreover, an increase in response time during the Stroop task was found following 30-min Stroop task condition (F (2,17) = 6.57, p = .03) compared to 15-min of Stroop task and control conditions. Prolonged cognitive tasks may be considered a mediating factor in passing decision-making performance in male professional soccer athletes throughout a full-length training match. Thus, athletes should avoid highly demanding-cognitive tasks before a soccer match. Future studies are required to explore more ecological cognitive tasks to induce mental fatigue (i.e. smartphones and video-games) and their effects on other performance indicators (e.g. physical, technical, tactical) in a full-length training match setting.
Subject(s)
Athletic Performance/physiology , Athletic Performance/psychology , Decision Making , Mental Fatigue/psychology , Soccer/physiology , Soccer/psychology , Adult , Cross-Over Studies , Humans , Male , Stroop Test , Young AdultABSTRACT
Zika virus presents risk of physical harm to pregnant women, but the fear of infection is also affecting women around the world. There is a gap in the research on Zika virus in the areas involving the impact on the psychosocial well-being of pregnant women. Therefore, this study is aimed at the investigation of the psychosocial adjustment of pregnant women to the risks of Zika virus infection during pregnancy. We investigated 14 pregnant women who were classified in three different groups: six in the first trimester, five in the second trimester and three in the third trimester, aged from 28 to 40 years (33.43 ± 3.76 years). Content analysis was used to interpret data. Our results show that the psychosocial adjustment of participants was significantly negative and included five aspects: (1) negative feelings, (2) changes in family planning, (3) adopting new customs (avoiding places of risk, use of specific clothes and use of repellent), (4) changed attitudes regarding body image and (5) feeling of external demand regarding prevention. The fear of Zika virus infection and all its associated risks have a negative biopsychosocial impact on the pregnant women in this study.
Subject(s)
Emotional Adjustment , Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/psychology , Pregnant Women/psychology , Zika Virus Infection/psychology , Adult , Brazil , Emotions , Fear , Female , Focus Groups , Humans , Pregnancy , Qualitative Research , RiskABSTRACT
Body dissatisfaction is prevalent in women's artistic gymnastics (WAG). Cross-sectional research points to social and individual risk factors, however it does not account for potential changes in body dissatisfaction during an athletic season. This study aimed to determine how gymnasts' body dissatisfaction, risk factors for eating disorders, media internalisation, perfectionism and mood state change during pre-competition, competition and post-competition seasons and to identify how these psychosocial indicators impact on body dissatisfaction during the athletic year. The sample consisted of 20 Brazilian elite women's artistic gymnasts aged 10-16 years. Data were obtained from a 9-month study using: Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ); Eating Attitude Test-26; Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire-3 (SATAQ-3); Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (MPS); Brunel Mood Scale (BRUMS) and triceps and subscapular skinfolds. Body dissatisfaction was higher during the competition season and disordered eating, perfectionism and vigour values were higher in the pre-competition season. Disordered eating has been found as the strongest predictor of body dissatisfaction during all seasons, and mood state partly contributed to body dissatisfaction in the competitive season. Stakeholders should understand that body dissatisfaction and the prevalence of disordered eating may change over time.