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1.
Sci Total Environ ; 818: 151854, 2022 Apr 20.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34826482

ABSTRACT

A recent paper by Beretta-Blanco and Carrasco-Letelier (2021) claims that agricultural eutrophication is not one of the main causes for cyanobacterial blooms in rivers and artificial reservoirs. By combining rivers of markedly different hydrological characteristics e.g., presence/absence and number of dams, river discharge and geological setting, the study speculates about the role of nutrients for modulating phytoplankton chlorophyll-a. Here, we identified serious flaws, from erratic and inaccurate data manipulation. The study did not define how erroneous original dataset values were treated, how the variables below the detection/quantification limit were numerically introduced, lack of mandatory variables for river studies such as flow and rainfall, arbitrary removal of pH > 7.5 values (which were not outliers), and finally how extreme values of other environmental variables were included. In addition, we identified conceptual and procedural mistakes such as biased construction/evaluation of model prediction capability. The study trained the model using pooled data from a short restricted lotic section of the (large) Uruguay River and from both lotic and reservoir domains of the Negro River, but then tested predictability within the (small) Cuareim River. Besides these methodological considerations, the article shows misinterpretations of the statistical correlation of cause and effect neglecting basic limnological knowledge of the ecology of harmful algal blooms (HABs) and international research on land use effects on freshwater quality. The argument that pH is a predictor variable for HABs neglects overwhelming basic paradigms of carbon fluxes and change in pH because of primary productivity. As a result, the article introduces the notion that HABs formation are not related to agricultural land use and water residence time and generate a great risk for the management of surface waterbodies. This reply also emphasizes the need for good practices of open data management, especially for public databases in view of external reproducibility.


Subject(s)
Black or African American , Rivers , Environmental Monitoring , Eutrophication , Harmful Algal Bloom , Humans , Phosphorus/analysis , Reproducibility of Results , Uruguay
2.
Rev. bras. plantas med ; 16(4): 782-788, oct.-dic. 2014. graf, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-729884

ABSTRACT

El objetivo del presente trabajo fue la evaluación preclínica y el estudio de estabilidad de extractos a partir del follaje de Momordica charantia Lin. Se obtuvieron extractos acuoso e hidroalcohólico para los cuales se establecieron las especificaciones de calidad mediante la evaluación de tres lotes y se estudió su estabilidad por el método de vida de estante durante 12 meses. A los extractos se le evaluó el potencial genotóxico mediante ensayos de micronúcleos en médula ósea de ratón y aberraciones cromosómicas en linfocitos de sangre periférica. La actividad hipoglicemiante oral fue evaluada en animales con hiperglicemia temporal inducida por carga de glucosa. Como resultados se establecieron las especificaciones de calidad de los extractos acuoso e hidroalcohólico, los mismos mostraron estabilidad por 6 meses para el extracto acuoso y 12 meses para el extracto hidroalcohólico. No mostraron efecto genotóxico en los ensayos evaluados y mostraron efecto hipoglicemiante oral a la dosis de 450 mg/kg.


The objective of this investigation was the preclinical evaluation and the stability study of the Momordica charantia Linn hydroalcoholic and aqueous leaf extracts. The hydroalcoholic and aqueous extracts were obtained and the quality specifications were determined by evaluating three lots. The stability of the extracts was evaluated for 12 months. The genotoxic potential of the extracts was evaluated by mouse bone marrow micronucleus test and chromosome aberration test. The hypoglycemic effect was determined by oral glucose tolerance test. As results, the quality specifications were established and the aqueous extract was stable for 6 months and the hydroalcoholic extract for 12 months. A genotoxic effect was not observed in both extracts and the hypoglycemic effect was observed at the oral dose of 450 mg/kg of body weight.


Subject(s)
Plant Extracts/analysis , Reactivity-Stability , Momordica charantia/anatomy & histology , Genotoxicity/analysis , Hypoglycemic Agents/pharmacology
3.
Arch. Soc. Esp. Oftalmol ; 88(10): 407-409, oct. 2013. ilus
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-116382

ABSTRACT

Caso clínico: Se presenta un síndrome paraneoplásico ocular con una retinopatía asociada al cáncer (RAC) que producía déficit visual, disminución de calibre y envainamiento de las arteriolas retinianas. El ERG mostraba grandes alteraciones de las ondas a y b. El proceso tumoral no se descubrió hasta pasados 6 meses, en que apareció una neoplasia escamosa que invadía útero y vagina. Discusión: Los síndromes paraneoplásicos son manifestaciones secundarias a la producción de sustancias, por las células neoplásicas, que actúan a distancia del foco tumoral. El síndrome RAC es una reacción autoinmune cruzada de antígenos de origen tumoral con la recoverina de la retina. El oftalmólogo debe conocer la existencia de estas manifestaciones paraneoplásicas oculares porque pueden constituir el primer signo de un tumor maligno no diagnosticado (AU)


Case Report: We review a patient with ocular manifestations of a paraneoplastic syndrome. It was a cancer-associated retinopathy (CAR) in a woman with visual loss, and attenuated and sheathed retinal arterioles. The electroretinography (ERG) showed severe abnormalities of the a and b-waves. The tumour process was not discovered until 6 months later, when a squamous neoplasia that invaded the uterus and vagina was observed. Discussion: Paraneoplastic syndromes are a group of manifestations produced as a remote effect of cancer cells. CAR syndrome is caused by autoimmune reactions to retinal antigens induced by aberrant expression of recoverin in cancer tissues. Ophthalmologists must be aware of ocular paraneoplastic signs as they can be the first manifestations of a malignant tumour (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Paraneoplastic Syndromes, Ocular/pathology , Retinal Diseases/pathology , Recoverin , Uterine Neoplasms/pathology , Vaginal Neoplasms/pathology
4.
Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol ; 88(10): 407-9, 2013 Oct.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24060306

ABSTRACT

CASE REPORT: We review a patient with ocular manifestations of a paraneoplastic syndrome. It was a cancer-associated retinopathy (CAR) in a woman with visual loss, and attenuated and sheathed retinal arterioles. The electroretinography (ERG) showed severe abnormalities of the a and b-waves. The tumour process was not discovered until 6 months later, when a squamous neoplasia that invaded the uterus and vagina was observed. DISCUSSION: Paraneoplastic syndromes are a group of manifestations produced as a remote effect of cancer cells. CAR syndrome is caused by autoimmune reactions to retinal antigens induced by aberrant expression of recoverin in cancer tissues. Ophthalmologists must be aware of ocular paraneoplastic signs as they can be the first manifestations of a malignant tumour.


Subject(s)
Antibodies, Neoplasm/immunology , Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology , Autoantibodies/immunology , Autoantigens/immunology , Blindness/etiology , Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/complications , Genital Neoplasms, Female/complications , Paraneoplastic Syndromes, Ocular/etiology , Recoverin/immunology , Aged , Antibodies, Neoplasm/blood , Autoantibodies/blood , Breast Neoplasms/therapy , Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/therapy , Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/diagnosis , Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/immunology , Fatal Outcome , Female , Genital Neoplasms, Female/diagnosis , Genital Neoplasms, Female/immunology , Humans , Molecular Mimicry , Neoplasms, Second Primary/diagnosis , Neoplasms, Second Primary/immunology , Neoplasms, Unknown Primary
5.
Rev. Soc. Esp. Dolor ; 20(2): 45-49, mar.-abr. 2013.
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-110630

ABSTRACT

Presentamos un caso clínico de espasmos vesicales por hiperactividad del detrusor de la vejiga, desencadenados por lavado vesical continuo aplicado en un paciente con hematuria, en el contexto de hipertrofia benigna de próstata. Los espasmos llegaron a ser refractarios a tratamiento sistémico con antimuscarínicos, espasmolíticos y opioides. Se optó por la colocación de un catéter epidural lumbar para infusión continua de anestésicos locales y opioides como terapia analgésica alternativa, que no solo proporcionó un aceptable grado de confort, sino que permitió el mantenimiento del sondaje uretral y el lavado vesical continuo. Realizamos una revisión bibliográfica sobre el uso del bloqueo epidural de la neurotransmisión de las aferencias sensitivas vesicales en dolor de origen disfuncional vesical, y analizamos algunas de la teorías publicadas sobre la fisiopatología y génesis de dolor en estos trastornos vesicales, con la intención de interpretar las peculiaridades y complejidad del dolor en el cuadro del caso presentado (AU)


We present a clinical case of bladder spasms due to detrusor overactitivity, triggered by continuous vesicoclysis therapy, which was applied in a patient with benign prostatic hypertrophy- related hematuria. Bladder spasms turned out to be refractory to combined antimuscarinic, spasmolytic and systemic opioid therapies. Implantation of a lumbar epidural catheter was chosen for continuous epidural infusion of local anesthetics and opioid drugs as an alternate analgesic therapy, which provided the patient an optimum comfort, but let urethral indwelling catheterization and the maintenance of continuous vesicoclysis therapy as well. We reviewed scientific literature concerning bladder-afferent neurotransmission blockade at epidural level for dysfunctional bladder pain therapy, and discussed several published theories about pain physiopathology and origin in those cases of dysfunctional bladder disturbance, with the aim to interpret the peculiarity and complexity of the described clinical case (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Anesthesia, Epidural/instrumentation , Anesthesia, Epidural/methods , Anesthesia, Epidural , Spasm/drug therapy , Parasympatholytics/therapeutic use , Anesthetics, Local/metabolism , Anesthetics, Local/pharmacokinetics , Anesthetics, Local/therapeutic use , Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use , Anesthesia, Epidural/trends , Urinary Bladder, Overactive/drug therapy , Urinary Bladder, Overactive/surgery , Hypertrophy/complications , Hypertrophy/surgery , Prostatic Hyperplasia/complications
6.
Rev. Soc. Esp. Dolor ; 16(3): 160-181, abr. 2009. tab
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-73821

ABSTRACT

Introducción: La isquemia arterial periférica puede ser el resultado de diversas enfermedades que afectan la vascularización de los miembros, generando dolor, discapacidad y deterioro de la calidad de vida del paciente, y en los casos de isquemia crítica, produciendo una considerable morbimortalidad y dolor crónico. Objetivo: Realizar una revisión histórica y crítica de publicaciones científicas sobre la analgesia epidural como método de control del dolor por isquemia vascular periférica y de sus efectos tróficos vasculares, y compararlos con otras técnicas analgésicas, así como recopilar diversas pautas de analgesia epidural y sus resultados. Material y métodos: Búsqueda en Medline, recopilación de datos y posterior análisis crítico, siguiendo los criterios de la medicina basada en la evidencia, de las publicaciones científicas sobre analgesia epidural y el dolor en el contexto de la isquemia arterial periférica. Resultados: a) La analgesia con infusión de fármacos epidurales en isquemia de miembros sólo alcanzó un nivel de evidencia 4 en la presente revisión; b) la anestesia epidural lumbar para cirugía de revascularización de miembros inferiores se relaciona con unas menores tasas de trombosis postoperatoria y de reintervenciones de revascularización que la anestesia general (nivel de evidencia 2b); c) no hay evidencia científica concluyente que apoye la utilización de analgesia epidural preventiva de los síndromes de dolor crónico postamputación de extremidades con isquemia, y d) la aplicación de neuroestimulación epidural medular en la isquemia crítica de origen ateroclusivo de miembros no reconstruibles mediante técnicas quirúrgicas está apoyada por un nivel de evidencia 1. En la enfermedad de Buerger, la enfermedad de Raynaud y trastornos vaso espásticos, la aplicación de la neuro-estimulación eléctrica epidural viene avalada por un nivel de evidencia 4 (...) (AU)


Introduction: Peripheral arterial ischemia can be caused by several diseases that compromise limb vascularization, leading to pain and disability and impairing quality of life. Critical ischemia produces substantial morbidity and mortality, as well as chronic pain. Objective: To perform a critical literature review of scientific publications on epidural analgesia to control pain due to peripheral vascular ischemia and on its vascular trophic effects, to compare this treatment modality with other analgesic techniques, and to describe several epidural analgesia strategies and their results. Material and methods: We searched MEDLINE for articles on epidural analgesia and pain in the context of peripheral arterial ischemia to gather data for subsequent critical analysis, following the criteria of evidence-based medicine. Results: a) Analgesia with epidural drug infusion in limb ischemia only reached level 4evidence in the present review; b) lumber epidural anesthesia for surgical revascularization of the lower extremities is associated with lower rates of postoperative thrombosis and revascularization reinterventions than general anesthesia (level 2b evidence); c) there is no conclusive scientific evidence supporting the use of preventive epidural analgesia of chronic pain syndromes after amputation of ischemic limbs, and d) the application of epidural spinal cord stimulation in critical atherosclerotic occlusive ischemia of non reconstructible limbs using surgical techniques is supported by level I evidence. In Buerger’s disease, Raynaud’s disease and vasospastic disorders, the application of epidural electrical stimulation is supported by level 4 evidence (...) (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Evidence-Based Medicine/methods , Anesthesia, Caudal/instrumentation , Anesthesia, Caudal/methods , Anesthesia, Caudal/trends , Anesthesia, Epidural/instrumentation , Anesthesia, Epidural/methods , Ischemia/therapy , Pain/therapy , Infusions, Intra-Arterial/instrumentation , Infusions, Intra-Arterial/methods , Data Collection , /methods , Analgesia, Epidural , Amputation, Surgical/methods , Amputation Stumps/physiopathology , Amputation, Traumatic/therapy , Bupivacaine/therapeutic use
7.
Rev. Soc. Esp. Dolor ; 16(2): 101-111, mar. 2009. ilus, tab, graf
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-73814

ABSTRACT

La isquemia arterial periférica puede ser el resultado de diversas enfermedades que afectan la vascularización de los miembros, generando dolor, discapacidad y deterioro dela calidad de vida del paciente, y en los casos de isquemia crítica produciendo una considerable morbimortalidad y dolor crónico. El objetivo ha sido realizar una revisión histórica de publicaciones científicas acerca de los distintos tipos de isquemia periférica, del dolor derivado, de su tratamiento analgésico por vía epidural y de las peculiaridades que hay que tener en cuenta en dicha patología. Se ha realizado una búsqueda en MEDLINE y se han recopilado los principales datos respecto a la evolución y las principales líneas de investigación científicas publicadas en las áreas de la analgesia epidural y el dolor en el contexto de la isquemia arterial periférica. Desde su introducción terapéutica en la isquemia periférica, la analgesia con perfusión de fármacos epidurales ha constituido un método eficaz analgésico, que en el caso de los anestésicos locales, además, aporta efectos hemorreológicos positivos a través de un bloqueo simpático. La neuroestimulación eléctrica epidural (NEE) medular es una modalidad analgésica crónica con indicaciones específicas dentro de la isquemia periférica, con potencial efecto trófico y capacidad de preservación de miembros, incluso en isquemia crítica atero-oclusiva. El efecto, tanto analgésico como trófico de las distintas modalidades analgésicas epidurales, varía según sus características técnicas y según los distintos tipos de isquemia periférica. Se deben tener en cuenta las limitaciones y riesgos del tratamiento analgésico epidural en la isquemia de miembros (...) (AU)


Peripheral arterial ischemia can result from various diseases that compromise limb vascularization, leading to pain, disability, and reduced quality of life; critical limb ischemia can cause substantial morbidity and mortality and chronic pain. The present article aims to provide a historical review of the scientific literature on the distinct types of peripheral ischemia, pain due to this disease, epidural analgesic treatment, and the particular features that should be taken into account in this disease. A MEDLINE search was performed and the main data on the evolution and main lines of research in epidural analgesia and pain in peripheral arterial ischemia were gathered. Since its introduction in peripheral ischemia, epidural infusion has been an effective analgesic method, which in the case of local anesthetics also provides positive hemorheological effects through sympathetic block. Epidural spinal cord stimulation is used to treat chronic pain and has specific indications in peripheral ischemia, with a potential trophic effect and limb salvage capacity even in critical limb ischemia due to atherosclerotic occlusive disease. Indeed, both the analgesic and trophic effects of the various epidural analgesic modalities vary according to their technical characteristics and the distinct types of peripheral ischemia. The limitations and risks of epidural analgesia in limb ischemia should be taken into account. Scientific studies evaluating the efficiency and effectiveness of epidural spinal cord stimulation in non-atherosclerotic occlusive peripheral ischemia, as well as research into the clinical vascular parameters that can act as predictors of limb preservation in critical limb ischemia during the test phase of spinal cord stimulation are required (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Analgesia, Epidural/methods , Myocardial Ischemia/therapy , Evidence-Based Medicine/legislation & jurisprudence , Evidence-Based Medicine/methods , Evidence-Based Medicine/statistics & numerical data , Evidence-Based Medicine/trends , Receptors, Opioid/therapeutic use , Opioid Peptides/therapeutic use , Opiate Alkaloids/therapeutic use , Anesthetics, Local/therapeutic use , Analgesia, Epidural/trends , Analgesia, Epidural , Methadone/therapeutic use , Fentanyl/therapeutic use , Morphine/therapeutic use , Adenosine/therapeutic use , Ketamine/therapeutic use , Neostigmine/therapeutic use , Clonidine/therapeutic use
8.
Cir. plást. ibero-latinoam ; 29(3): 243-246, jul.-sept. 2003. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-135638

ABSTRACT

Se presenta la experiencia clínica en 6 casos de mamoplastia de reducción sin cicatriz vertical. Aspectos fundamentales a tener en cuenta en la elección de la técnica de reducción mamaria deben ser las incisiones practicadas, así como la conservación de la sensibilidad y función de lactación del complejo areola pezón. La mayoría de las técnicas actualmente empleadas, pasan por la creación de cicatriz vertical, mucho más visible que en el surco submamario. Desde 1995 hasta 1998 ha sido empleada en 6 pacientes con gigantomastia bilateral, una técnica de reducción mamaria que evita la cicatriz vertical. El principio de "fruncido cutáneo" de la mama, es aplicado en este caso en sentido horizontal. La complicación principal de esta técnica es la escara en la línea media del surco submamario (AU)


This paper deals with a serie of 6 successful cases of reduction mammoplasty, avoiding a vertical scar. The incisions performed, the maintenance of sensitivity and areole nipple cornplex lactation function are essential factors which must be taken into account. Most of the techniques already described employ a vertical scar which is quite more detectable than the one in the submammary sulcus. We have applied to 6 patients, from 1995 to 1998, suffering from bilateral gigantomastia, a technique that avoid vertical scar. The principie of the marnas "skin gathered", is applied in this case in horizontal line. The principal complication is a scar complication of this technique in submarnrnary sulcus medium line (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Mammaplasty/methods , Mammaplasty , Epinephrine/therapeutic use , Hypertrophy/surgery , Cicatrix/classification , Cicatrix/rehabilitation , Cicatrix/therapy , Postoperative Period
9.
Alergol. inmunol. clín. (Ed. impr.) ; 16(4): 213-216, ago. 2001. tab
Article in Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-1581

ABSTRACT

Fundamentos: La hipersensibilidad a veneno de himenópteros es un problema relevante en la práctica alergológica por la gravedad de las reacciones que puede causar, siendo el objetivo de este estudio conocer las características epidemiológicas de una población diagnosticada de reacción sistémica por alergia a veneno de himenópteros. Métodos: Se incluyeron 104 pacientes con edades comprendidas entre 16 y 80 años, diagnosticados de alergia a veneno de himenópteros (Apis, Vespula o Polistes) y tratados con vacuna. Se recogió información referente a: lugar de residencia (rural, semiurbano, urbano), actividad laboral, colmenas cercanas, número de picaduras previas, número de reacciones sistémicas previas, reconocimiento del himenóptero y picaduras posteriores espontáneas. Resultados: El 70,1 por ciento de los pacientes vive en un medio rural y el 53 por ciento declara actividad laboral o aficiones de riesgo. Los pacientes habían sido picados más de 5 veces en el 67,3 por ciento y el 35,5 por ciento sufrieron más de una reacción sistémica previa al diagnóstico. Treinta y dos pacientes sufrieron picaduras espontáneas, de los cuales 6 (18,7 por ciento) presentaron algún tipo de reacción. Conclusiones: La población estudiada presenta un elevado riesgo de picadura por sus características epidemiológicas. (AU)


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Female , Male , Middle Aged , Humans , Hymenoptera/pathogenicity , Insect Bites and Stings/immunology , Hypersensitivity/epidemiology , Rural Population/statistics & numerical data , Risk Factors , Desensitization, Immunologic/statistics & numerical data
10.
Vet Hum Toxicol ; 36(1): 14-6, 1994 Feb.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-8154096

ABSTRACT

Rat liver cirrhosis induced by CCl4+ethanol was employed to assess the effectiveness of nifedipine in reducing liver injury. Nifedipine reduced the severity of hepatocellular necrosis, significantly decreased Mallory bodies (p < 0.01), decreased polymorphonuclear inflammatory infiltrate (p < 0.05) and reduced perivenular fibrosis. Plasma lactic acid levels were significantly increased in the CCl4+ethanol group (p < 0.01). Lactacidaemia remained at normal values when the calcium antagonist blocker was employed. Nifedipine did not significantly alter the incidence of cirrhosis in this experimental model.


Subject(s)
Liver Cirrhosis, Experimental/drug therapy , Nifedipine/therapeutic use , Animals , Carbon Tetrachloride/toxicity , Ethanol/toxicity , Lactates/blood , Lactic Acid , Liver/pathology , Liver Cirrhosis, Experimental/chemically induced , Liver Cirrhosis, Experimental/pathology , Liver Function Tests , Male , Rats , Rats, Wistar
11.
Asclepio ; 46(1): 177-96, 1994.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11640476

ABSTRACT

The author analyzes the educational activities of doctor Joseph Severo y Lopez, one of the main representatives of the Royal Studies of Practical Medicine of Madrid and a figure who has been little known so far due to the scarce data available about his life and work. The report is divided in a series of chapters that give an overview of the teaching and attending staff of that Royal Institution, its syllabus and, particularly, of Severo y Lopez's teachings as well as of the main educational and consulting works of medicine which he recommended.


Subject(s)
Education, Medical/history , History, 18th Century , History, 19th Century , Humans , Schools, Medical/history , Spain
12.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11624937

ABSTRACT

The tasks and duties of apothecaries were perfectly outlined and regulated by the Real Tribunal de Protomedicato (Royal Tribunal of the Protomedicate) as well as the Real Colegio de Boticarios (Royal College or Apothecaries). However, when the Real Colegio de Medicina de Madrid (Madrid Royal College of Medicine) was set up, this institution began to take over certain responsabilities which, until then, had been regulated and controlled by a series of instutions such as the Royal Colleges. This was clear interferences in the privated affairs of these institutions in the presumible aim of newly centralizing power in one medical centre as had occurred throughout history. In any case, professional Colleges began to spring up and clearly define the frontiers between the three branches of health care. They also began to dictate deontological standards both in the professional terrain and between professionals and society in general.


Subject(s)
Legislation, Pharmacy/history , Pharmaceutical Preparations/history , Pharmacists/history , Public Health Administration/history , Ethics, Medical/history , Ethics, Pharmacy/history , History, 18th Century , Humans , Spain
16.
Rev Esp Enferm Apar Dig ; 75(5): 436-40, 1989 May.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-2762619

ABSTRACT

The cellular ultrastructure of isolated hepatocytes and hepatic tissue in ethanol and/or carbon tetrachloride treated rats at different times. The ultrastructural modifications induced by ethanol and carbon tetrachloride, isolated administrations, are similar: Many lipidic vacuoles, several graded-injury mitochondria and R. E. R. degeneration. These effects are also induced by ethanol and carbon tetrachloride association and furthermore nuclei indentations. Some mitochondrial autophagocytosis affecting to the less electrodense hepatocytes are noted.


Subject(s)
Carbon Tetrachloride/toxicity , Ethanol/toxicity , Liver/ultrastructure , Animals , Liver/drug effects , Male , Microscopy, Electron , Rats , Rats, Inbred Strains
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