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1.
Microb Drug Resist ; 23(1): 56-62, 2017 Jan.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27328205

ABSTRACT

The administration of antimicrobial agents leads to an ecological imbalance of the host-microorganisms relationship, and it causes a rapid and significant reduction in the microbial diversity. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the impact of antibiotic therapy on intestinal microbiota of children between 3 and 12 years of age. The fecal samples were collected from hospitalized children (n = 31) and from healthy untreated children (n = 30). The presence of bacteria and their quantities were assessed by culture-based methods and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). By culture method, in the children receiving antibiotics, a low recovery of Bifidobacterium spp. (54.8%), Bacteroides spp./Parabacteroides spp. (54.8%), Clostridium spp. (35.5%), and Escherichia coli (74.2%) was observed compared with the children without antibiotic therapy (100%, 80%, 63.3%, and 86.6%, respectively). By qPCR, the children receiving antibiotics showed a lower copy number for all microorganisms, except to Lactobacillus spp. (p = 0.0092). In comparison to the nontreated children, the antibiotic-treated children showed a significantly lower copy number of Bifidobacterium spp. (p = 0.0002), Clostridium perfringens (p < 0.0001), E. coli (p = 0.0268), Methanobrevibacter smithii (p = 0.0444), and phylum Firmicutes (p = 0.0009). In conclusion, our results obtained through qualitative and quantitative analyses, demonstrate that antibiotic therapy affect the intestinal microbiome of children.


Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Bacterial Infections/drug therapy , DNA, Bacterial/genetics , Gastrointestinal Microbiome/drug effects , Bacterial Infections/microbiology , Bacterial Typing Techniques , Bacteroides/drug effects , Bacteroides/genetics , Bacteroides/growth & development , Bacteroides/isolation & purification , Bifidobacterium/drug effects , Bifidobacterium/genetics , Bifidobacterium/growth & development , Bifidobacterium/isolation & purification , Case-Control Studies , Child , Child, Preschool , Clostridium/drug effects , Clostridium/genetics , Clostridium/growth & development , Clostridium/isolation & purification , Escherichia coli/drug effects , Escherichia coli/genetics , Escherichia coli/growth & development , Escherichia coli/isolation & purification , Feces/microbiology , Female , Firmicutes/drug effects , Firmicutes/genetics , Firmicutes/growth & development , Firmicutes/isolation & purification , Gastrointestinal Microbiome/genetics , Humans , Lactobacillus/drug effects , Lactobacillus/genetics , Lactobacillus/growth & development , Lactobacillus/isolation & purification , Male , Methanobrevibacter/drug effects , Methanobrevibacter/genetics , Methanobrevibacter/growth & development , Methanobrevibacter/isolation & purification
2.
BMC Pediatr ; 10: 25, 2010 Apr 23.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20416046

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Cow's milk is the most common food allergen in infants and the diagnosis of cow's milk allergy is difficult, even with the use of several diagnostic tests. Therefore, elimination diets and challenge tests are essential for the diagnosis and treatment of this disorder. The aim of this study is to report the clinical presentation and nutritional status of children evaluated by pediatric gastroenterologists for the assessment of symptoms suggestive of cow's milk allergy. METHODS: An observational cross-sectional study was performed among 9,478 patients evaluated by 30 pediatric gastroenterologists for 40 days in 5 different geographical regions in Brazil. Clinical data were collected from patients with symptoms suggestive of cow's milk allergy. The nutritional status of infants (age < or = 24 months) seen for the first time was evaluated according to z-scores for weight-for-age, weight-for-height, and height-for-age. Epi-Info (CDC-NCHS, 2000) software was used to calculate z-scores. RESULTS: The prevalence of suspected cow's milk allergy in the study population was 5.4% (513/9,478), and the incidence was 2.2% (211/9,478). Among 159 infants seen at first evaluation, 15.1% presented with a low weight-for-age z score (< -2.0 standard deviation - SD), 8.7% with a low weight-for-height z score (< -2.0 SD), and 23.9% with a low height-for-age z score (< -2.0 SD). CONCLUSION: The high prevalence of nutritional deficits among infants with symptoms suggestive of cow's milk allergy indicates that effective elimination diets should be prescribed to control allergy symptoms and to prevent or treat malnutrition.


Subject(s)
Malnutrition/etiology , Milk Hypersensitivity/complications , Milk Hypersensitivity/diagnosis , Milk/adverse effects , Nutritional Status , Age Factors , Animals , Body Height , Body Weight , Brazil/epidemiology , Cattle , Cross-Sectional Studies , Diagnosis, Differential , Female , Humans , Infant , Male , Milk/immunology , Milk Hypersensitivity/epidemiology , Milk Hypersensitivity/physiopathology , Prevalence
3.
J Pediatr (Rio J) ; 80(6): 475-82, 2004.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15622424

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the nutritional status of a group of cystic fibrosis patients and establish the role of nutrition education addressed to them in a comparative study before and after intervention. METHODS: All cystic fibrosis patients in regular follow-up in the pulmonology clinic of Instituto da Crianca during 1996-99 were prospectively monitored for 3.5 years. Measurements of weight, height, mid upper arm circumference, skinfolds and calculations of weight/age, height/age, weight/height, mid upper arm circumference and triceps z scores, percentage of ideal weight for height, percentage of body fat, check of the use of enzymes with meals and of the use of nutritional supplements were performed at four points in time: initial (I), 7 (II), 13 (III) and 43 (IV) months after the first evaluation. Nutritional counseling was given both verbally and in writing (booklet) to all patients. RESULTS: Seventy-four patients, 38F/36M, age range 6 months to 18.4 years were evaluated. At study entry the anthropometric data showed: percentage of ideal weight for height = 94+/-13, percentage of body fat = 15+/-7.1, z scores for weight/age = -1.13+/-1.3, z scores for height/age = -0.94+/-1.2, z scores for weight/height = -0.69+/-1.1, z scores for mid upper arm circumference = -1.35+/-1.3, triceps z scores = -0.74+/-0.9. Compliance with enzyme therapy and use of high-calorie supplements improved during the study period. There was a significant increase in weight/height and triceps z scores and percentage of body fat throughout the study period. After stratifying patients into three age groups the anthropometric improvement was only significant among children under 5 years of age CONCLUSIONS: Mild malnutrition was present in this group of cystic fibrosis patients. The nutrition education led to an improvement in compliance with enzyme therapy, use of nutritional supplements and in nutritional status, mostly among the younger patients.


Subject(s)
Cystic Fibrosis/complications , Malnutrition/etiology , Nutritional Status , Patient Education as Topic/methods , Adolescent , Age Distribution , Child , Child, Preschool , Cystic Fibrosis/therapy , Dietary Supplements , Energy Intake , Epidemiologic Methods , Female , Humans , Infant , Male , Malnutrition/diagnosis , Nutrition Assessment
4.
J. pediatr. (Rio J.) ; 80(6): 475-482, nov.-dez. 2004. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-393310

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o estado nutricional de um grupo de pacientes com fibrose cística e analisar a repercussão do aconselhamento nutricional através de um estudo comparativo pré- e pós-intervenção. MÉTODOS: Todos os pacientes com fibrose cística em seguimento regular no ambulatório de pneumologia do Instituto da Criança no período de 1996-99 foram prospectivamente acompanhados durante 3,5 anos. Em quatro etapas (I = inicial, II = 7 meses, III = 13 meses, IV = 43 meses), foi realizada uma avaliação nutricional que consistia de medidas de peso, estatura/comprimento, circunferência do braço e pregas cutâneas, e cálculos de escores z para peso/idade, estatura/idade, peso/estatura, circunferência do braço e da prega cutânea tricipital, porcentagem de peso/estatura e porcentagem de gordura corpórea. Era feita verificação do uso das enzimas pancreáticas e do uso de suplementos nutricionais. Aconselhamento nutricional verbal e através de uma cartilha explicativa foi realizado em todos os pacientes. RESULTADOS: Foram avaliados 74 pacientes, 38 do sexo feminino e 36 do masculino, com idades de 6 meses a 18,4 anos. Na etapa inicial, os dados antropométricos revelaram: porcentagem de peso/estatura = 94±13, porcentagem de gordura corpórea = 15±7,1, escore z peso/idade = -1,13±1,3, escore z estatura/idade = -0,94±1,2, escore z peso/estatura = -0,69±,1, escore z circunferência do braço = -1,35±1,3, escore z prega cutânea tricipital = -0,74±0,9. A aderência ao uso de enzimas e suplementos melhorou durante o estudo. Houve um aumento significativo no escore z de peso/idade e da prega tricipital e na porcentagem de gordura corpórea durante todo o período de estudo. Dividindo-se os pacientes em três grupos etários, a melhora antropométrica só foi significativa nos menores de 5 anos. CONCLUSÕES: Desnutrição leve estava presente nesse grupo de pacientes com fibrose cística. O aconselhamento nutricional realizado possibilitou melhora na aderência ao uso de enzimas pancreáticas e de suplementos nutricionais e no estado nutricional, principalmente nos pacientes de baixa idade.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Male , Cystic Fibrosis/complications , Malnutrition/etiology , Nutritional Status , Patient Education as Topic/methods , Age Distribution , Cystic Fibrosis/therapy , Dietary Supplements , Energy Intake , Epidemiologic Methods , Malnutrition/diagnosis , Nutrition Assessment
5.
Nutrition ; 20(10): 900-4, 2004 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15474879

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: We analyzed aerobic endurance, energy expenditure, and serum leptin concentrations during programmed, short-term exercise in a group of untrained, obese children and adolescents. METHODS: This was a prospective, controlled study of prepubertal males and females ages 6 to 11 y. Group 1 (n = 40) comprised obese children, and group 2 comprised similarly aged non-obese children (n = 16). The children completed a stepwise maximal aerobic endurance test (Bruce protocol) on a treadmill. The variables measured included anthropometric indexes, serum leptin, and physiologic indexes. RESULTS: Maximal oxygen consumption (corrected for body weight) values were 29.9 +/- 6.7 mL x kg(-1) x min(-1) in group 1 and 47.2 +/- 5.3 mL x kg(-1) x min(-1) in group 2 (P < 0.05). The number of exercise steps was smaller in group 1 (3.7 +/- 0.7 versus 5.3 +/- 0.4, P < 0.05), as was time to exhaustion (9.3 +/- 1.9 min versus 15.1 +/- 1.9 min, P < 0.05). However, the energy cost of the exercise did not differ significantly between groups (57.7 +/- 17.8 kcal versus 65.2 +/- 17.6 kcal), indicating greater energy expenditure for less performance in the obese children. Initial leptin concentrations were higher in group 1 (24.0 +/- 13.1 ng/mL versus 1.6 +/- 1.7 ng/mL, P < 0.001), and exercise did not significantly modify these findings. CONCLUSIONS: Obese children were seriously unfit and paid a high energy price for the treadmill test. Initial leptin concentrations were very high in the obese children, in the range of concentrations found in obese adults. No significant change in leptin concentration was observed at the end of the test, probably because of the short duration of the activity.


Subject(s)
Energy Metabolism/physiology , Leptin/blood , Obesity/physiopathology , Physical Endurance/physiology , Case-Control Studies , Child , Exercise Test , Female , Humans , Male , Obesity/metabolism , Oxygen Consumption , Prospective Studies
6.
J Pediatr (Rio J) ; 80(2): 135-40, 2004.
Article in Portuguese | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15079184

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: To identify the prevalence of dyslipidemia in a group of 109 children and adolescents with a family history of premature coronary artery disease and to investigate the association between dyslipidemia and other risk factors for atherosclerosis. METHODS: Total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides, body mass index, blood pressure, physical activity, smoking, per capita income and maternal schooling were investigated. RESULTS: Total cholesterol and LDL-C levels were higher than desirable in 27.5% and 19.3%, respectively, of our patients; 13.8% had lower HDL-C values and 13.0% presented hypertriglyceridemia. Obesity and excess weight were observed in 25.7% of the cases. Out of these, 57.1% had abnormal lipid values. Dyslipidemia was observed in 38.5%, either alone or in combination with other risk factors. Smoking was observed in 3.6%, hypertension in 2.7% and physical inactivity in 72.5%. There was no relationship between dyslipidemia and per capita income, maternal schooling and physical inactivity. However, obesity and excess weight were identified as significantly associated with the occurrence of dyslipidemia (p = 0.02; odds ratio = 2.82, 95% CI = 1.6-6.81). CONCLUSION: In children and adolescents with a family history of premature coronary artery disease, early identification of the risk factors for atherosclerosis is essential to allow the implementation of preventive measures.


Subject(s)
Arteriosclerosis/etiology , Coronary Artery Disease/etiology , Lipids/blood , Adolescent , Adult , Arteriosclerosis/blood , Biomarkers/blood , Child , Child, Preschool , Cholesterol/blood , Cholesterol, HDL/blood , Cholesterol, LDL/blood , Coronary Artery Disease/genetics , Female , Humans , Hyperlipidemias/etiology , Male , Reference Values , Risk Factors , Triglycerides/blood
7.
J. pediatr. (Rio J.) ; 80(2): 135-140, mar.-abr. 2004. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-360816

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVOS: Analisar a prevalência de dislipidemia em 109 crianças e adolescentes com história familiar de doença arterial coronariana prematura e a associação com outros fatores de risco para aterosclerose. MÉTODOS: Foram determinados valores séricos de colesterol total, de lipoproteínas de baixa densidade (LDL-C), alta densidade (HDL-C), triglicérides, índice de massa corpórea e pressão arterial. Foram também avaliados: prática de atividade física, tabagismo, renda familiar e escolaridade da mãe. RESULTADOS: Do total, 27,5 e 19,3 por cento apresentaram, respectivamente, valores de colesterol total e LDL-C acima do normal, 13,8 por cento valores de HDL-C diminuídos e 13,0 por cento trigliceridemia elevada. Excesso de peso (obesidade e sobrepeso) foi detectado em 25,7 por cento dos casos; destes, 57,1 por cento apresentavam valores anormais de lipídios. A prevalência de dislipidemia, isolada ou concomitante com outros fatores de risco, foi de 38,5 por cento. Hábito de fumar ocorreu em 3,6 por cento dos casos, hipertensão arterial em 2,7 por cento, e 72,5 por cento não praticavam atividade física. Não houve associação entre as variáveis renda familiar, escolaridade da mãe e prática de atividade física e dislipidemia. Entretanto, observou-se associação significativa entre dislipidemia e excesso de peso (p = 0,02; odds ratio = 2,82; IC 95 por cento = 1,16-6,81). CONCLUSAO: Fatores de risco para aterosclerose em crianças e adolescentes com história familiar de doença arterial coronariana prematura devem ser identificados o mais cedo possível para que sejam adotados programas preventivos de saúde.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Adult , Arteriosclerosis/etiology , Cholesterol/blood , Coronary Artery Disease/etiology , Lipids/blood , Arteriosclerosis/blood , Biomarkers , Cholesterol, HDL , Cholesterol, LDL , Coronary Artery Disease/genetics , Hyperlipidemias , Reference Values , Risk Factors , Triglycerides/blood
8.
Rio de Janeiro; Atheneu; 2004. 184 p.
Monography in Portuguese | Coleciona SUS | ID: biblio-928798
9.
J. pediatr. (Rio J.) ; 76(2): 119-24, mar.-abr. 2000. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-268333

ABSTRACT

Objetivo: A avaliação nutricional de lactentes filhos de mães soropositivas para o HIV foi efetuada durante seguimento clínico e investigação diagnóstica. Os balanços de energia (BE) das crianças infectadas e não-infectadas pelo HIV foram comparados. Métodos: As determinações do BE (energia ingerida, energia fecal e gasto energético de repouso, determinados por calorimetria indireta) foram realizadas prospectivamente em 13 lactentes filhos de mães soropositivas para o HIV (6 meninas e 7 meninos), com idades entre 1 e 6 meses. Isso ocorreu em duas oportunidades: antes e depois da definição diagnóstica da criança. Uma avaliação nutricional completa, incluindo exame físico e medidas antropométricas (peso, estatura e pregas cutâneas), também foi realizada nessas duas etapas. Com a definição diagnóstica as crianças foram divididas em dois grupos: infectados (5/13) e não infectados (8/13). As crianças foram seguidas em ambulatório durante todo o estudo, e atendidas mensalmente para avaliação clínica e orientação. Resultados: Do ponto de vista antropométrico, as crianças infectadas apresentaram maior comprometimento nutricional nas duas avaliações efetuadas. Os valores médios do gasto energético de repouso em kca/kl/dia das crianças infectadas foram maiores que aqueles das não infectadas nas duas avaliações, de maneira significante: 64.5ñ16.8 vs 48.0ñ5.7 (p<0.05) na primeira e 68.0 ñ 11.7 vs 51.8 ñ 3.1 (p<0.05) na segunda avaliação, respectivamente. Conclusões: O aumento do gasto energético de repouso do grupo das crianças infectadas pelo HIV deve ser considerado resposável pela desnutrição mais acentuada dessas crianças, podendo ser identificado precocemente, mesmo antes do diagnóstico definitivo da infecção pelo HIV. Essa constatação tem grande utilidade para o manuseio nutricional dessas crianças


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome , Energy Metabolism , Energy Requirement , HIV Seropositivity , Nutritional Status , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical
10.
Rev. paul. pediatr ; 16(3): 137-42, set. 1998. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-252876

ABSTRACT

Realizou-se um estudo em dezesseis crianças infectadas verticalmente pelo HIV para avaliar a condiçäo nutricional e verificar a incidência de diarréia, de má-digestäo de lactose e de má-absorçäo de d-xilose. O grupo apresentava média de idade de 15 meses e classificava-se como sintomático segundo o Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (1987). Treze (81 por cento) das crianças eram desnutridas. Os scores-Z médios de estatura para idade (Z E/I) e de peso para estatura (Z P/E) foram de -2,50 + - 1,39 e de -2,46 + - 1,23, respectivamente. A ciercunferência muscular do braço apresentava percentil < 5 em 11 pacientes e a prega cutânea tricipital foi inferior a esse percentil em 10 casos. Diarréia ocorreu em 12 (75 por cento) pacientes...


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant , Child, Preschool , Uridine Diphosphate Xylose , Diarrhea/etiology , Intestinal Absorption , Nutrition Assessment , Lactose Intolerance/etiology , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/complications
11.
J. pediatr. (Rio J.) ; 73(5): 317-23, set.-out. 1997. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-211789

ABSTRACT

Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito do uso de um suplemento alimentar a curto prazo sobre o estado nutricional de pacientes com fibrose cística durante 14 dias de internaçäo hospitalar. Métodos: Foram estudados 14 pacientes, submetidos a 19 internaçöes hospitalares, divididos em 2 grupos (GI e GII). Recebiam o mesmo tratamento de base, exceto a oferta de um suplemento oral hipercalórico, prescrito somente ao grupo I (GI). Foram realizados no início e final da internaçäo medidas antropométricas, avaliaçäo quantitativa da ingestäo alimentar e análises bioquímicas séricas. Resultados: O ganho de peso observado foi semelhante entre os grupos (mediana:GI = + 1000g; GII = + 550g), assim como as variaçöes na estatura, pregas cutâneas e gordura corpórea. Os escores Z para Peso/Idade (média+-DP:GI=2,19+-1,0; GII=...


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Cystic Fibrosis/diet therapy , Food, Fortified , Nutrition Assessment , Anthropometry , Intestinal Absorption
12.
Pediatr. mod ; 23(4): 241-6, maio 1988. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-67397

ABSTRACT

Com a finalidade de avaliar a eficácia e a tolerância da associaçäo sulfadiazina-trimetropima no tratamento de pneumonia e broncopneumonia em crianças, foram estudados 30 pacientes, de ambos os sexos, com idade variando entre 2 e 12 anos, e portadores de uma destas infecçöes, às quais foi administrada 4 mg/Kg/dia de trimetropima e 20/Kg/dia de sulfadiazina, em associaçäo fixa, e cuja dose diária foi dividida em duas tomadas (12/12 horas), por via oral, durante 10 dias. Os resultados finais mostraram um eficácia clínica e radiológica de 80% de cura, 10% de melhoria e 10% de falha; näo houve relato de efeitos colaterais e a aceitaçäo da drogas pelas crianças foi excelente. Os autores concluem que a associaçäo sulfadiazina-trimetoprima desponta como uma boa opçäo para o tratamento das infecçöes do aparelho respiratório em crianças, particularmente da pneumonia e da broncopneumoniia


Subject(s)
Child, Preschool , Child , Humans , Male , Female , Bronchopneumonia/drug therapy , Pneumonia/drug therapy , Sulfadiazine/therapeutic use , Trimethoprim/therapeutic use , Drug Combinations
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