Green Propolis: A Review of Pharmaceutical Patents with Potential Therapeutic Applications.

Green propolis is a resin produced from Baccharis dracunculifolia, which has as its main compounds flavonoids, derivatives of cinnamic acids, such as artepillin C and baccarin. This resin has antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer activities. This review aimed to analyze pharmaceutical patents containing green propolis in various formulations. The search was conducted in the National Institute of Industrial Property (INPI), the Patent Search of Spain and Latin America (Latipat-Espacenet), the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), and Google Patents, with a combination of the keywords green propolis, green propolis extract, pharmacology, and pharmaceutical product. Primary research identified 60 patents, from which 22 were selected after applying the inclusion criteria. The selected patents referred to products with pharmacological activities, from cancer treatment to food supplements and included innovations for improved controlled release of the green propolis compounds. Most of the documents concerned the preparation and/or formulation of the green propolis extract, followed by innovative extraction methods, treatment and systemic use, and finally by topical use and quality control techniques and procedures. Thus, the reviewed patents of green propolis provided valuable insights into the pharmaceutical applications of green propolis, showing its potential in diverse formulations and treatments.

Reducing sugar intake through chronic swimming training: Exploring palatability changes and central vasopressin mechanisms.

Excessive sugar intake has been associated with the onset of several non-communicable chronic diseases seen in humans. Physical activity could affect sweet taste perception which may affect sugar intake. Therefore, it was investigated the chronic effects of swimming training on sucrose intake/preference, reactivity to sucrose taste, self-care in neurobehavioral stress, and the possible involvement of the vasopressin type V1 receptor in sucrose solution intake. Male Wistar rats, of from different cohorts were used, subjected to a sedentary lifestyle (SED) or swimming training (TR - 1 h/day, 5×/week, for 8 weeks, with no added load). Weekly intake was verified in SED and TR rats after access to a sucrose solution 1×/week, 2 h/day, for eight weeks. Chronic effects of swimming and/or a sedentary lifestyle were carried out three days after the end of the physical exercise protocol. Swimming training reduced the intake of sucrose solution from the third week onwards in the two-bottle test measured once a week for 8 weeks. After the ending of the swimming protocol, sucrose intake was also reduced as per its preference. This reduced intake is probably correlated with the carbohydrate aspect of sucrose since saccharin intake was not affected. In addition, chronic swimming training was shown to reduce ingestive responses, increase neutral responses, without interfering with aversive, in the sucrose solution taste reactivity test. In addition, these results are not related to a depressive-like behavior, nor to neurobehavioral stress. Furthermore, treatment with vasopressin V1 receptor antagonist abolished the reduced sucrose intake in trained rats. The results suggest that swimming performed chronically is capable of reducing intake and preference for sucrose by decreasing the palatability of sucrose without causing depressive-type behavior or stress. In addition, the results also suggest that central V1 vasopressin receptors are part of the mechanisms activated to reduce sucrose intake in trained rats.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a Trap: The Role of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Tuberculosis.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex causes tuberculosis (TB), a disease that causes pulmonary inflammation but can also affect other tissues. Despite macrophages having a defined role in TB immunopathogenesis, other innate immune cells, such as neutrophils, are involved in this process. These cells have high phagocytic ability and a microbial-killing machine comprised of enzymes, antimicrobial peptides, and reactive oxygen species. In the last two decades, a new neutrophil immune response, the neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), has been intensely researched. NETs comprise DNA associated with histones, enzymes, and antimicrobial peptides. These structures are related to antimicrobial immune response and some immuno-pathogenesis mechanisms. This mini review highlights the role of NETs in tuberculosis and how they can be helpful as a diagnostic tool and/or therapeutic target.

Leishmanicidal Activity of Guanidine Derivatives against Leishmania infantum.

Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical infectious disease with thousands of cases annually; it is of great concern to global health, particularly the most severe form, visceral leishmaniasis. Visceral leishmaniasis treatments are minimal and have severe adverse effects. As guanidine-bearing compounds have shown antimicrobial activity, we analyzed the cytotoxic effects of several guanidine-bearing compounds on Leishmania infantum in their promastigote and amastigote forms in vitro, their cytotoxicity in human cells, and their impact on reactive nitrogen species production. LQOFG-2, LQOFG-6, and LQOFG-7 had IC50 values of 12.7, 24.4, and 23.6 µM, respectively, in promastigotes. These compounds exhibited cytotoxicity in axenic amastigotes at 26.1, 21.1, and 18.6 µM, respectively. The compounds showed no apparent cytotoxicity in cells from healthy donors. To identify mechanisms of action, we evaluated cell death processes by annexin V and propidium iodide staining and nitrite production. Guanidine-containing compounds caused a significant percentage of death by apoptosis in amastigotes. Independent of L. infantum infection, LQOFG-7 increased nitrite production in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, which suggests a potential mechanism of action for this compound. Therefore, these data suggest that guanidine derivatives are potential anti-microbial molecules, and further research is needed to fully understand their mechanism of action, especially in anti-leishmanial studies.

Medications Adverse Effects on Voice: Comparison Between Different Sources of Information.

INTRODUCTION: The analysis of drugs with adverse effects on voice provides relevant data for the vocal clinic. It is essential that professionals involved in voice care are aligned on the topic of voice pharmacovigilance in order to understand adverse effects from safe and reliable sources. OBJECTIVES: To compare the voice adverse effects of self-reported medications by dysphonic individuals in different sources of information. METHODS: Descriptive and analytical study based on self-reported active ingredients by dysphonic individuals and their adverse effects on voice listed in Electronic Database of the National Health Surveillance Agency of Brazil (Anvisa). Adverse effects were comparatively analyzed between the Anvisa's Electronic Database and information from the Micromedex and UpToDate databases. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics that compared the three sources researched in relation to the number of adverse effects and in relation to the occurrence of adverse effects to the voice. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant difference between the databases regarding the occurrence of adverse effects of cough, dyspnea, xerostomia, vomiting and hoarseness, with a higher occurrence in the UpToDate database. The UpToDate database showed a statistically significant difference in the amount of drug effects compared to the Anvisa database (P < 0.001, d = 0.744) and compared to the Micromedex database (P < 0.001, d = 0.598), and in the two cases the mean number of drug effects was higher for the UpToDate database. CONCLUSIONS: UpToDate proved to be the most suitable source to complement the data from the medication package inserts at the time of the speech-language pathology assessment. It is recommended that professionals from all countries involved in voice care seek additional evidence-based sources of information to gain access to accurate and up-to-date data on adverse effects of drugs on voice.

Effects of Psidium guajava L. leaves extract on blood pressure control and IL-10 production in salt-dependent hypertensive rats.

Psidium guajava (guava) leaves extract displays anti-hypertensive properties by mechanisms not yet fully understood. Here, we investigated whether sympathetic drive and immune signaling mechanisms are involved with the antihypertensive effect of the guava extract in a model of salt-dependent hypertension. Raw guava extract (rPsE) was characterized by colorimetric and UPLC-MS techniques. Two doses of rPsE (100 and 200 mg/kg) were evaluated for anti-hypertensive effect using a suspension system (PsE). Weaned male Wistar rats were put on a high-salt diet (HSD, 0.90 % Na+) for 16 weeks and received gavages of PsE for the last 4 weeks. Blood pressure (BP) was measured at the end of treatment in conscious rats. The neurogenic pressor effect was assessed by ganglionic blockade with hexamethonium. Autonomic modulation of heart rate was evaluated by spectral analysis. The effects of orally administered PsE on lumbar sympathetic nerve activity (LSNA) were assessed in anesthetized rats. Blood IL-10, IL-17A, and TNF were measured. The increased neurogenic pressor effect of HSD rats was reduced by PsE 100 mg/kg, but not by 200 mg/kg. PsE (200 mg/kg) administration in anesthetized rats produced a greater fall in BP of HSD rats compared to standard salt diet (SSD) rats. PsE hypotensive response elicited an unproportionable increase in LSNA of HSD rats compared to SSD rats. PsE (200 mg/kg) increased plasma concentrations of IL-10 but had no effect on TNF or IL-17A. Our data indicate that the antihypertensive effects of PsE may involve autonomic mechanisms and immunomodulation by overexpression of IL-10 in salt-dependent hypertensive rats.

The gut-brain axis and sodium appetite: Can inflammation-related signaling influence the control of sodium intake?

Sodium is the main cation present in the extracellular fluid. Sodium and water content in the body are responsible for volume and osmotic homeostasis through mechanisms involving sodium and water excretion and intake. When body sodium content decreases below the homeostatic threshold, a condition termed sodium deficiency, highly motivated sodium seeking, and intake occurs. This is termed sodium appetite. Classically, sodium and water intakes are controlled by a number of neuroendocrine mechanisms that include signaling molecules from the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system acting in the central nervous system (CNS). However, recent findings have shown that sodium and water intakes can also be influenced by inflammatory agents and mediators acting in the CNS. For instance, central infusion of IL-1ß or TNF-α can directly affect sodium and water consumption in animal models. Some dietary conditions, such as high salt intake, have been shown to change the intestinal microbiome composition, stimulating the immune branch of the gut-brain axis through the production of inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-17, which can stimulate the brain immune system. In this review, we address the latest findings supporting the hypothesis that immune signaling in the brain could produce a reduction in thirst and sodium appetite and, therefore, contribute to sodium intake control.

Intra-articular ozone slows down the process of degeneration of articular cartilage in the knees of rats with osteoarthritis.

BACKGROUND: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a joint disease of multifactorial etiology, affecting mainly the knees. We aimed to evaluate the effects of two different doses of gaseous ozone intra-articularly on the knee cartilage morphology of rats with osteoarthritis (OA). METHODS: The articular lesion was induced by sodium monoiodoacetate (MIA). 40 Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups: G1 control (without lesion and without treatment), G2 articular lesion (AL) (only lesion MIA-induced), G3 AL + treatment with 5 µg/mL of ozone intra-articular, and G4 AL + treatment with 10 µg/mL of ozone intra-articular. The experiment was carried out for 60 days. RESULTS: Both doses of ozone intra-articular demonstrated less reduction in joint space (G3 and G4) compared to the G2, formation of osteophytes, but without subchondral sclerosis. Ozone decreased the volumetric density of the articular lesion (VV(AL)) of tibial. The treatments recovered VV(AL) of the femur similar to G1. Ozone lower dose (G3) showed lower tibia and femur macroscopic scores. CONCLUSION: Intra-articular gaseous ozone can delay the degeneration of articular cartilage and can represents an integrative therapy in the OA treatment of knee after 60 days of treatment. For the first time the role of ozone in articular cartilage degeneration was evaluated helping to understand this therapy.

Conhecimentos e práticas de enfermeiros perante a assistencia às vítimas de violência em unidades de pronto atendimento em Belém-PA / Knowledge and practices of nurses regarding the care of victims of violence in emergency care units in Belém-PA

Objetivo: Identificar conhecimentos e práticas de enfermeiros perante a assistencia às vítimas de violência em Unidades de Pronto Atendimento em Belém-PA. Método: trata-se de um estudo qualitativo, descritivo, realizado em uma unidade de pronto atendimento. Coletaram-se os dados mediante entrevistas semiestruturadas por meio de um roteiro, analisando-os a partir da técnica de Análise de Conteúdo. Resultados: 1) Conhecimento de enfermeiros sobre sinais clínicos da violência; 2) Tipo de violência mais comum sob a ótica dos Enfermeiros; 3) Assistência de Enfermagem e o acolhimento frente às vítimas de violência; 4) Capacitação profissional para o manejo de enfermagem perante as vítimas de violência e 5) Percepções sobre fluxo e encaminhamentos. Conclusão: identificaram-se diversos desafios, tais como a identificação da vítima de violência, a qualidade da assistência, a falta de capacitação dos profissionais e o desconhecimento do fluxo do atendimento.(AU)

Objective: to identify nurses' knowledge and practices regarding the care of victims of violence in Emergency Care Units in Belém-PA. Method: this is a qualitative, descriptive study carried out in an emergency care unit. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews using a script, and analyzed using the Content Analysis technique. Results: 1) Nurses' knowledge about clinical signs of violence; 2) Most common type of violence from the perspective of nurses; 3) Nursing care and welcoming of victims of violence; 4) Professional training for nursing management of victims of violence and 5) Perceptions about flow and referrals. Conclusion: several challenges were identified, such as the identification of the victim of violence, the quality of assistance, the lack of training of professionals and the lack of knowledge about the flow of care.(AU)

Objetivo: Identificar los conocimientos y prácticas de las enfermeras sobre la atención a las víctimas de violencia en las Unidades de Atención de Emergencia de Belém-PA. Método: se trata de un estudio cualitativo, descriptivo, realizado en una unidad de urgencias. Los datos fueron recolectados a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas utilizando un guion, analizándolos mediante la técnica de Análisis de Contenido. Resultados: 1) Conocimiento de enfermeros sobre signos clínicos de violencia; 2) El tipo de violencia más común desde la perspectiva de los enfermeros; 3) Asistencia de enfermería y acogida a víctimas de violencia; 4) Formación profesional para la gestión de enfermería ante a las víctimas de violencia y 5) Percepciones sobre el flujo y derivaciones. Conclusión: se identificaron varios desafíos, como la identificación de la víctima de violencia, la calidad de la atención, la falta de formación de los profesionales y el desconocimiento sobre el flujo de atención.(AU)

Swimming training improves cardiovascular autonomic dysfunctions and prevents renal damage in rats fed a high-sodium diet from weaning.

NEW FINDINGS: What is the central question of this study? How does swimming exercise training impact hydro-electrolytic balance, renal function, sympathetic contribution to resting blood pressure and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) [Na+ ] in rats fed a high-sodium diet from weaning? What is the main finding and its importance? An exercise-dependent reduction in blood pressure was associated with decreased CSF [Na+ ], sympathetically driven vasomotor tonus and renal fibrosis indicating that the anti-hypertensive effects of swimming training in rats fed a high-sodium diet might involve neurogenic mechanisms regulated by sodium levels in the CSF rather than changes in blood volume. ABSTRACT: High sodium intake is an important factor associated with hypertension. High-sodium intake with exercise training can modify homeostatic hydro-electrolytic balance, but the effects of this association are mostly unknown. In this study, we sought to investigate the effects of swimming training (ST) on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Na+ concentration, sympathetic drive, blood pressure (BP) and renal function of rats fed a 0.9% Na+ (equivalent to 2% NaCl) diet with free access to water for 22 weeks after weaning. Male Wistar rats were assigned to two cohorts: (1) fed standard diet (SD) and (2) fed high-sodium (HS) diet. Each cohort was further divided into trained and sedentary groups. ST normalised BP levels of HS rats as well as the higher sympathetically related pressor activity assessed by pharmacological blockade of ganglionic transmission (hexamethonium). ST preserved the renal function and attenuated the glomerular shrinkage elicited by HS. No change in blood volume was found among the groups. CSF [Na+ ] levels were higher in sedentary HS rats but were reduced by ST. Our findings showed that ST effectively normalised BP of HS rats, independent of its effects on hydro-electrolytic balance, which might involve neurogenic mechanisms regulated by Na+ levels in the CSF as well as renal protection.

Challenges in the diagnosis of dementia: insights from the United Kingdom-Brazil Dementia Workshop.

In July 2019, a group of multidisciplinary dementia researchers from Brazil and the United Kingdom (UK) met in the city of Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, to discuss and propose solutions to current challenges faced in the diagnosis, public perception and care of dementia. Here we summarize the outcomes from the workshop addressing challenges in diagnosis. Brazil faces a major problem in dementia underdiagnosis, particularly involving the population in an adverse socioeconomic context. There is poor availability of resources and specialists, and the knowledge of general practitioners and other healthcare professionals is far from satisfactory. Low education level is a further obstacle in diagnosing dementia, as the most commonly used screening tests are not designed to evaluate this population. Patients and their families must overcome the stigma of a diagnosis of dementia, which is still prevalent in Brazil and increases the burden of this condition. Whilst the UK has greater resources, dedicated memory services and a National Dementia Strategy plan, the National Health Service (NHS) has limited funding. Therefore, some challenges regarding diagnosis are common across both countries. The authors suggest possible solutions to confront these, with the goal of improving assessment and recognition of dementia and reducing misdiagnosis.

Em julho de 2019, um grupo multidisciplinar de pesquisadores em demência do Brasil e do Reino Unido se reuniu em Belo Horizonte para discutir e propor soluções para os desafios no diagnóstico, percepção pública e tratamento dessa condição. Neste artigo, sintetizamos as conclusões do workshop sobre os desafios no diagnóstico de demência. O Brasil enfrenta um grande problema no subdiagnóstico de demência, principalmente entre a população em condições socioeconômicas adversas. Há pouca disponibilidade de recursos e de especialistas e o conhecimento de médicos generalistas e de outros profissionais de saúde é pouco abrangente. Baixa escolaridade é também um obstáculo no diagnóstico de demência, uma vez que os testes de rastreio mais utilizados na prática clínica não são estruturados para avaliar a população com esse perfil. Os pacientes com demência e suas famílias ainda têm que superar o estigma do diagnóstico, que é ainda muito prevalente no Brasil e colabora para a piora da qualidade de vida. O Reino Unido, por outro lado, dispõe de mais recursos financeiros e de pessoal, possui serviços dedicados à avaliação de problemas de memória e um plano estratégico nacional para demência. Contudo, o National Health Service (NHS) tem verbas limitadas, o que faz com que alguns dos desafios no diagnóstico de demência sejam comuns aos dois países. Os autores sugerem possíveis soluções para enfrentá-los, com o objetivo de melhorar a avaliação e o reconhecimento da demência e reduzir os erros de diagnóstico.

Challenges in the diagnosis of dementia: insights from the United Kingdom-Brazil Dementia Workshop / Desafios no diagnóstico de demência: conclusões do Workshop de Demência Reino Unido-Brasil

ABSTRACT. In July 2019, a group of multidisciplinary dementia researchers from Brazil and the United Kingdom (UK) met in the city of Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, to discuss and propose solutions to current challenges faced in the diagnosis, public perception and care of dementia. Here we summarize the outcomes from the workshop addressing challenges in diagnosis. Brazil faces a major problem in dementia underdiagnosis, particularly involving the population in an adverse socioeconomic context. There is poor availability of resources and specialists, and the knowledge of general practitioners and other healthcare professionals is far from satisfactory. Low education level is a further obstacle in diagnosing dementia, as the most commonly used screening tests are not designed to evaluate this population. Patients and their families must overcome the stigma of a diagnosis of dementia, which is still prevalent in Brazil and increases the burden of this condition. Whilst the UK has greater resources, dedicated memory services and a National Dementia Strategy plan, the National Health Service (NHS) has limited funding. Therefore, some challenges regarding diagnosis are common across both countries. The authors suggest possible solutions to confront these, with the goal of improving assessment and recognition of dementia and reducing misdiagnosis.

RESUMO. Em julho de 2019, um grupo multidisciplinar de pesquisadores em demência do Brasil e do Reino Unido se reuniu em Belo Horizonte para discutir e propor soluções para os desafios no diagnóstico, percepção pública e tratamento dessa condição. Neste artigo, sintetizamos as conclusões do workshop sobre os desafios no diagnóstico de demência. O Brasil enfrenta um grande problema no subdiagnóstico de demência, principalmente entre a população em condições socioeconômicas adversas. Há pouca disponibilidade de recursos e de especialistas e o conhecimento de médicos generalistas e de outros profissionais de saúde é pouco abrangente. Baixa escolaridade é também um obstáculo no diagnóstico de demência, uma vez que os testes de rastreio mais utilizados na prática clínica não são estruturados para avaliar a população com esse perfil. Os pacientes com demência e suas famílias ainda têm que superar o estigma do diagnóstico, que é ainda muito prevalente no Brasil e colabora para a piora da qualidade de vida. O Reino Unido, por outro lado, dispõe de mais recursos financeiros e de pessoal, possui serviços dedicados à avaliação de problemas de memória e um plano estratégico nacional para demência. Contudo, o National Health Service (NHS) tem verbas limitadas, o que faz com que alguns dos desafios no diagnóstico de demência sejam comuns aos dois países. Os autores sugerem possíveis soluções para enfrentá-los, com o objetivo de melhorar a avaliação e o reconhecimento da demência e reduzir os erros de diagnóstico.

Salt-dependent hypertension and inflammation: targeting the gut-brain axis and the immune system with Brazilian green propolis.

Systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) is a major health problem around the world and its development has been associated with exceeding salt consumption by the modern society. The mechanisms by which salt consumption increase blood pressure (BP) involve several homeostatic systems but many details have not yet been fully elucidated. Evidences accumulated over the last 60 decades raised the involvement of the immune system in the hypertension development and opened a range of possibilities for new therapeutic targets. Green propolis is a promising natural product with potent anti-inflammatory properties acting on specific targets, most of them participating in the gut-brain axis of the sodium-dependent hypertension. New anti-hypertensive products reinforce the therapeutic arsenal improving the corollary of choices, especially in those cases where patients are resistant or refractory to conventional therapy. This review sought to bring the newest advances in the field articulating evidences that show a cross-talking between inflammation and the central mechanisms involved with the sodium-dependent hypertension as well as the stablished actions of green propolis and some of its biologically active compounds on the immune cells and cytokines that would be involved with its anti-hypertensive properties.

Fitness is improved by adjustments in muscle intracellular signaling in rats with renovascular hypertension 2K1C undergoing voluntary physical exercise.

AIM: To evaluate physical fitness and cardiovascular effects in rats with renovascular hypertension, two kidneys, one clip (2K1C) submitted to voluntary exercise (ExV). MAIN METHODS: 24 h after surgery (SHAM and 2K1C) rats were submitted to ExV for one week (adaptation). ExV adherent rats were separated into exercise (2K1C-EX and SHAM-EX) or sedentary (2K1C-SED and SHAM-SED) groups. After 4 weeks, exhaustion test, plasma lactate, cardiovascular parameters were evaluated and gastrocnemius muscle was removed for evaluation of gene expression of muscle metabolism markers (PGC1α; AMPK, SIRT-1, UCP-3; MCP-1; LDH) and of the redox process. KEY FINDINGS: ExV decreased blood lactate concentration and increased SOD and CAT activity and a SIRT-1 and UCP-3 gene expression in the gastrocnemius muscle of 2K1C-ExV rats compared to 2K1C-SED rats. Gene expressions of PGC1α, UCP-3, MCT-1, AMPK were higher in 2K1C-ExV rats compared to SHAM-SED rats. Blood pressure in 2K1C-ExV was lower compared to 2K1C-SED and higher in SHAM-SED rats. Reflex bradycardia in 2K1C-EX rats increased compared to 2K1C-SED and was similar to SHAM-SED. The variation in mean blood pressure induced by ganglion blocker hexamethonium and Ang II AT1 receptor antagonist, losartan in the 2K1C-ExV rats was smaller compared to the 2K1C-SED rats and it was similar to the SHAM-SED rats. SIGNIFICANCE: O ExV induced adaptive responses in 2K1C-ExV rats by decreasing sympathetic and Ang II activities and stimulating intracellular signaling that favors redox balance and reduced blood lactate concentration. These adaptive responses, then, contribute to reduced arterial pressure, improved baroreflex sensitivity and physical fitness of 2K1C rats.

Maternal high-fat diet triggers metabolic syndrome disorders that are transferred to first and second offspring generations.

A high-fat (H) diet increases metabolic disorders in offspring. However, there is great variability in the literature regarding the time of exposure, composition of the H diets offered to the genitors and/or offspring and parameters evaluated. Here, we investigated the effect of a H diet subjected to the genitors on different cardio-metabolic parameters on first (F1)- and second (F2)-generation offspring. Female Fischer rats, during mating, gestation and breast-feeding, were subjected to the H diet (G0HF) or control (G0CF) diets. Part of F1 offspring becomes G1 genitors for generating the F2 offspring. After weaning, F1 and F2 rats consumed only the C diet. Nutritional, biometric, biochemical and haemodynamic parameters were evaluated. G0HF genitors had a reduction in food intake but energy intake was similar to the control group. Compared with the control group, the F1H and F2H offspring presented increased plasma leptin, insulin and fasting glucose levels, dietary intake, energy intake, adiposity index, mean arterial pressure, sympathetic drive evidenced by the hexamethonium and insulin resistance. Our data showed that only during mating, gestation and breast-feeding, maternal H diet induced cardio-metabolic disorders characteristic of human metabolic syndrome that were transferred to both females and males of F1 and F2 offspring, even if they were fed control diet after weaning. This process probably occurs due to the disturbance in mechanisms related to leptin that increases energy intake in F1H and F2H offspring. The present data reinforce the importance of balanced diet during pregnancy and breast-feeding for the health of the F1 and F2 offspring.

Acute volume expansion decreased baroreflex response after swimming but not after running exercise training in hypertensive rats.

Background: Physical training (ET) is important to restore the reflex sensitivity involved in controlling blood pressure in various diseases. Recent investigations have demonstrated an interaction between cardiopulmonary baroreceptors and arterial baroreflex during dynamic exercise.Objective: Considering that acute and chronic hemodynamic responses to swimming (SW) are different from the race (RUN), the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of SW and RUN on baroreflex response before and after acute volume expansion in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR).Methods: SHR were divided into three groups: RUN, SW and sedentary (SED) groups. After training, the mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Baroreflex response was assessed before and after acute volume expansion.Results: Both ET conditions reduced basal levels of HR and MAP. The first volume of injected isotonic saline solution (1.25% of body weight) produced a greater decrease in HR for the SW group (-105.8 ± 8.7 bpm) compared to RUN groups (-68 ± 5.2 bpm) and SED (-49.8 ± 7.2 bpm). Both training modalities increase the baroreflex response in relation to the SED group, but after the total volume expansion, the SW group presented attenuated response (0.7 ± 0.1 µPIms/mmHg) compared to RUN (1.5 ± 0.17 PIms/mmHg) and was not different from SED group (0.8 ± 0.2 mPIms/mmHg).Conclusion: The results show that the swim-trained group has a different baroreflex response to that observed by the run-trained group after the activation of the load receptors by saline expansion.

Duration of co-feeding on the Nishikigoi Cyprinus carpio larvae during weaning from live to inert food in an indoor system / Período de co-alimentação na transição alimentar de larvas de Nishikigoi Cyprinus carpio em sistema "in door"

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the co-feeding period (C) on the survival and growth of larvae of nishikigoi Cyprinus carpio, during the weaning period from live to inert food. A total of 1680 larvae with initial weight of 1.33 ± 0.12mg and initial length of 6.0 ± 0.33mm were used. The inert diet used was a commercial ration with 55% crude protein and the live food was the newly hatched nauplii of Artemia franciscana. The experiment was conducted following a completely randomized design with six treatments and four replications. Treatments constituted of: a) LF = supply of live food throughout the experimental period; b) C4 = 6 days of live food + 4 days of co-feeding (inert diet and live food) + 16 days of inert diet; c) C8 = 6 days of live food + 8 days of co-feeding + 12 days of inert diet; d) C12 = 6 days of live food + 12 days of co-feeding + 8 days of inert diet; e) IF = supply with inert diet throughout the experimental period; and f) F = fasting. Our results showed that the co-feeding period influences the survival and growth of the larvae. Survival in the treatment with the longest co-feeding period showed an improvement of over 70% when compared to the shortest period. Further, we noted a doubling of the juvenile weight after 26 days of age. There was a quadratic effect for all parameters, with maximum points ranging between 19.4 and 22.6 days of supply of live food. We concluded that the supply of commercial feed as exclusive food is unworkable in nishikigoi larviculture.

RESUMO: Com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos do período de co-alimentação (C) na sobrevivência e crescimento de larvas de nishikigoi Cyprinus carpio, durante o período de transição de alimentos vivos (AV) para dieta inerte (DI), foram utilizados um total de 1680 larvas com peso inicial de 1,33 ± 0,12mg e comprimento inicial de 6,0 ± 0,33mm. Para a dieta inerte foi utilizada uma ração comercial com 55% de proteína bruta e como alimento vivo, nauplios recém eclodidos de Artemia franciscana. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com seis tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por: LF = suprimento de alimento vivo ao longo de todo período experimental; C4 = 6 dias de alimento vivo + 4 dias de co-alimentação (dieta inerte e alimento vivo) + 16 dias de dieta inerte; C8 = 6 dias de alimento vivo + 8 dias de co-alimentação + 12 dias de dieta inerte; C12 = 6 dias de alimento vivo + 12 dias de co-alimentação + 8 dias de dieta inerte; ID = dieta inerte durante todo o período experimental, J = jejum. O período de co-alimentação influencia a sobrevivência e o crescimento das larvas melhorando mais de 70% a sobrevida entre os períodos de co-alimentação mais longos e curtos testados. Além disso, foi verificado um aumento de duas vezes o peso juvenil após 26 dias de idade. Houve um efeito quadrático para todos os parâmetros, com pontos máximos variando entre 19,4 e 22,6 dias de suprimento de alimentos vivos. Também é possível concluir que o fornecimento de alimentação comercial, como alimento exclusivo, é inviável na larvicultura de nishikigoi.

O potencial terapêutico de uma oficina no território: autonomia e noção de pertença / El potencial terapéutico de un taller en el territorio: la autonomía y el sentido de pertinência / The therapeutic potential of a workshop in the territory: autonomy and sense of belonging

Objective: This study describes the therapeutic potential of a workshop in the territory for users of the Psychosocial Care Center and discuss the proposed therapy workshop and user interaction with the territory. Methods: Descriptive and exploratory research. The data resulted from participant observation and interviews as two coordinators. Thematic kind of content analysis was used for data processing. Results: As a result we obtained two thematic categories: Pool and the territory, and Benefits of a Pool Workshop. Conclusion: The workshop held in the territory allows the user to see himself/herself as part of it and also reframe the ways of living in that territory. The notion of belonging, social acceptance and citizenship are keys in building the social subject.

Objetivo: Descrever o potencial terapêutico de uma oficina no território para os usuários de saúde mental e discutir a proposta terapêutica da oficina e a interação dos usuários com o território. Método: Trata-se de estudo descritivo-exploratório. Os dados resultaram da observação participante e das entrevistas com os coordenadores, sendo utilizada a Análise de Conteúdo do tipo Temática para o tratamento dos dados. Resultados: Apresentaram-se duas categorias temáticas: Piscina e o território; e Os benefícios da Oficina de Piscina. Conclusão: A oficina realizada no território permite que o usuário se perceba parte dele e, ainda, ressignificar as formas de viver naquele território, bem como a noção de pertença, de aceitação social e cidadania que são fundamentais na construção do sujeito social.

Objetivo: El presente estudio describe el potencial terapéutico de un taller en el territorio, para los usuarios del Centro de Atención Psicosocial y discutir el taller de terapia propuesta y la interacción del usuario con el territorio. Método: La investigación descriptiva y exploratoria. Los datos de resultado de la observación participante y entrevistas como dos coordinadores. Tipo temático de análisis de contenido fue utilizado para el procesamiento de datos. Resultados: Como resultado se obtuvieron dos categorías temáticas: Piscina y el territorio; y Privilegios taller. El taller realizado en el territorio permite que el usuario se da cuenta parte de ella y también replantear las formas de vivir en ese territorio. Conclusión: La noción de pertenencia, aceptación social y la ciudadanía son clave en la construcción del sujeto social.

Chronic high-sodium diet intake after weaning lead to neurogenic hypertension in adult Wistar rats.

In this study, we investigated some mechanisms involved in sodium-dependent hypertension of rats exposed to chronic salt (NaCl) intake from weaning until adult age. Weaned male Wistar rats were placed under high (0.90% w/w, HS) or regular (0.27% w/w, Cont) sodium diets for 12 weeks. Water consumption, urine output and sodium excretion were higher in HS rats compared to control. Blood pressure (BP) was directly measured by the arterial catheter and found 13.8% higher in HS vs Cont rats. Ganglionic blockade with hexamethonium caused greater fall in the BP of HS rats (33%), and central antagonism of AT1 receptors (losartan) microinjected into the lateral ventricle reduced BP level of HS, but not of Cont group. Heart rate variability analysis revealed sympathetic prevalence on modulation of the systolic interval. HS diet did not affect creatinine clearance. Kidney histological analysis revealed no significant change in renal corpuscle structure. Sodium and potassium concentrations in CSF were found higher in HS rats despite no change in plasma concentration of these ions. Taken together, data suggest that animals exposed to chronic salt intake to a level close to that reported for human' diet since weaning lead to hypertension, which appears to rely on sodium-driven neurogenic mechanisms.