ABSTRACT
Pharmacological treatment of Chagas disease is based on benznidazole, which displays poor efficacy when administered during the chronic phase of infection. Therefore, the development of new therapeutic options is needed. This study reports on the structural design and synthesis of a new class of anti-Trypanosoma cruzi thiazolidinones (4 a-p). (2-[2-Phenoxy-1-(4-bromophenyl)ethylidene)hydrazono]-5-ethylthiazolidin-4-one (4 h) and (2-[2-phenoxy-1-(4-phenylphenyl)ethylidene)hydrazono]-5-ethylthiazolidin-4-one (4 l) were the most potent compounds, resulting in reduced epimastigote proliferation and were toxic for trypomastigotes at concentrations below 10â µM, while they did not display host cell toxicity up to 200â µM. Thiazolidinone 4 h was able to reduce the in vitro parasite burden and the blood parasitemia in mice with similar potency to benznidazole. More importantly, T.â cruzi infection reduction was achieved without exhibiting mouse toxicity. Regarding the molecular mechanism of action, these thiazolidinones did not inhibit cruzain activity, which is the major trypanosomal protease. However, investigating the cellular mechanism of action, thiazolidinones altered Golgi complex and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) morphology, produced atypical cytosolic vacuoles, as well as induced necrotic parasite death. This structural design employed for the new anti-T.â cruzi thiazolidinones (4 a-p) led to the identification of compounds with enhanced potency and selectivity compared to first-generation thiazolidinones. These compounds did not inhibit cruzain activity, but exhibited strong antiparasitic activity by acting as parasiticidal agents and inducing a necrotic parasite cell death.
Subject(s)
Drug Design , Hydrazines/chemical synthesis , Thiazolidinediones/chemical synthesis , Thiazolidines/chemistry , Trypanocidal Agents/chemical synthesis , Animals , Cells, Cultured , Crystallography, X-Ray , Cysteine Endopeptidases/metabolism , Endoplasmic Reticulum/drug effects , Female , Golgi Apparatus/drug effects , Hydrazines/chemistry , Hydrazines/pharmacology , Macrophages/drug effects , Mice , Mice, Inbred BALB C , Molecular Conformation , Molecular Docking Simulation , Protein Structure, Tertiary , Protozoan Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors , Protozoan Proteins/metabolism , Spleen/cytology , Spleen/drug effects , Structure-Activity Relationship , Thiazolidinediones/chemistry , Thiazolidinediones/pharmacology , Thiazolidines/chemical synthesis , Thiazolidines/pharmacology , Trypanocidal Agents/chemistry , Trypanocidal Agents/pharmacology , Trypanosoma cruzi/drug effectsABSTRACT
In previous studies, we identified promising anti-Trypanosoma cruzi cruzain inhibitors based on thiazolylhydrazones. To optimize this series, a number of medicinal chemistry directions were explored and new thiazolylhydrazones and thiosemicarbazones were thus synthesized. Potent cruzain inhibitors were identified, such as thiazolylhydrazones 3b and 3j, which exhibited IC(50) of 200-400nM. Furthermore, molecular docking studies showed concordance with experimentally derived structure-activity relationships (SAR) data. In the course of this work, lead compounds exhibiting in vitro activity against both the epimastigote and trypomastigote forms of T. cruzi were identified and in vivo general toxicity analysis was subsequently performed. Novel SAR were documented, including the importance of the thiocarbonyl carbon attached to the thiazolyl ring and the direct comparison between thiosemicarbazones and thiazolylhydrazones.
