Intermittent catheterization: Clinical practice guidelines from Association Française d'Urologie (AFU), Groupe de Neuro-urologie de Langue Française (GENULF), Société Française de Médecine Physique et de Réadaptation (SOFMER) and Société Interdisciplinaire Francophone d'UroDynamique et de Pelvi-Périnéologie (SIFUD-PP).

INTRODUCTION: Our objective was to provide guidelines covering all aspects of intermittent catheterisation (intermittent self-catheterisation and third-party intermittent catheterisation). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A systematic review of the literature based on Pubmed, Embase, Google scholar was initiated in December 2014 and updated in April 2019. Given the lack of robust data and the numerous unresolved controversial issues, guidelines were established based on the formal consensus of experts from steering, scoring and review panels. RESULTS: This allowed the formulation of 78 guidelines, extending from guidelines on indications for intermittent catheterisation, modalities for training and implementation, choice of equipment, management of bacteriuria and urinary tract infections, to the implementation of intermittent catheterisation in paediatric, geriatric populations, benign prostatic hyperplasia patients and continent urinary diversion patients with a cutaneous reservoir as well as other complications. These guidelines are pertinent to both intermittent self-catheterisation and third-party intermittent catheterisation. CONCLUSION: These are the first comprehensive guidelines specifically aimed at intermittent catheterisation and extend to all aspects of intermittent catheterisation. They assist in the clinical decision-making process, specifically in relation to indications and modalities of intermittent catheterisation options. These guidelines are intended for urologists, gynaecologists, geriatricians, paediatricians, neurologists, physical and rehabilitation physicians, general practitioners and other health professionals including nurses, carers….

[The impact of mellitus diabetes on the lower urinary tract: A review of Neuro-urology Committee of the French Association of Urology]. / Le retentissement du diabète sur le bas appareil urinaire : une revue du comité de neuro-urologie de l'Association française d'urologie.

OBJECTIVES: Specify urinary functional impairment associated with diabetic pathology. Propose guidance for screening, monitoring of clinical signs of lower urinary tract (LUTS) and describe the specifics of the urological treatment of patients. METHODS: A review of literature using PubMed library was performed using the following keywords alone or in combination: "diabetes mellitus", "diabetic cystopathy", "overactive bladder", "bladder dysfunction", "urodynamics", "nocturia". RESULTS: LUTS are more common in the diabetic population with an estimated prevalence between 37 and 70 %, and are probably underevaluated in routine practice. They are heterogeneous and are frequently associated with other diabetic complications. Both storage and voiding symptoms can coexist. Despite a major evaluation in the literature, no recommendation supervises the assessment and management of LUTS in this specific population. An annual screening including medical history, bladder and kidney ultrasound and post-void residual measurement is required in the follow-up of diabetic patients. Specific urologial referral and urodynamic investigations will be performed according to the findings of first-line investigations. The type of bladder dysfunction, the risk of urinary tract infections and dysautonomia should be considered in the specific urological management of these patients. CONCLUSION: Diabetes mellitus significantly impacts on the lower urinary tract function. A screening of LUTS is required as well as other complications of diabetes. The management of LUTS must take into consideration the specific risks of the diabetic patient regarding the loss of bladder contractility, the possibility of dysautonomia and infectious complications.

Acute sacral nerve stimulation reduces visceral mechanosensitivity in Rat through spinal opioid pathway.

BACKGROUND: Sacral nerve stimulation (SNS) is an alternative surgical treatment of refractory urge incontinence and/or fecal incontinence. Despite its clinical efficacy, the mechanisms of action of SNS remain poorly understood. The aim of this experimental study was to evaluate the effect of SNS on visceral mechanosensitivity in rats. METHODS: Anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with SNS or sham stimulation. SNS was performed by implanting an electrode close to the sacral nerve root S1. Rats were administered either a non-selective opioid receptor antagonist (naloxone) or a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor (L-NAME). Colonic mechanosensitivity was evaluated using the variation of arterial blood pressure as a spino-bulbar reflex in response to graded isobaric colorectal distension (CRD). C-fos immunoreactive neurons were quantified in spinal and supraspinal sites. µ-opioid receptor (MOR) internalization was counted in the sacral spinal cord with sham or effective SNS in response to CRD. KEY RESULTS: SNS reduced visceral mechanosensitivity in response to CRD. This effect was reversed by intrathecal and intraveinous naloxone administration. In both models, CRD induced increased c-fos immunoreactivity in the dorsal horn neurons of the sacral spinal cord and supraspinal areas. This increase was prevented by SNS. MOR internalization was significantly higher in stimulated group. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES: SNS impacts on visceral mechanosensitivity by decreasing the spino-bulbar reflex in response to CRD. Spinal opioid receptors are likely involved in this effect.

[Drug therapy of bladder dysfunction]. / Les médicaments de la vessie.

AIM: To describe drugs targeting urinary bladder to treat bladder dysfunctions such as OAB, NDO and bladder pain syndrome. METHOD: Pubmed search for efficacy, mode of action and side effects for each molecule. Additional data were searched from the French regulatory agencies web sites (HAS and ANSM). RESULTS: Anticholinergics antimuscarinics remain the first-line treatment option for both OAB and NDO. Beta-3 adrenergics emerges as a new therapeutic class for OAB. Post approval safety as well as association with other micturition cycle's drugs need to be evaluated. Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors are effective to treat BPH-related LUTS including storage symptoms. Botulinum toxin type A injections within the detrusor are effective and approved to treat NDO in MS and spinal cord injured patients voiding with clean intermittent catheterization. Evaluation of such approach to treat OAB is ongoing. Drug therapy for bladder pain syndrome has limited efficacy including pentosan polyphosphate despite it has a temporary autorisation. There is no drug treatment to restore or improve bladder contraction. CONCLUSION: Armamenterium to treat bladder dysfunction has recently increased. Three new therapeutic classes emerged. Careful post approval evaluation is mandatory and study of these drugs' combination is expected. Results should drive changes in bladder dysfunction treatment algorithms.

The two-year outcome of the I-Stop TOMS™ transobturator sling in the treatment of male stress urinary incontinence in a single centre and prediction of outcome.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to present the results of the 2 year outcome of I-Stop TOMS™ transobturator sling for post-prostatectomy (UIPP) minor to moderate male urinary incontinence treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective, single center study, including 26 patients with minor to moderate IUPP and operated on using a suburethral sling (MS) TOMS™ (four arms) was performed. UIPP assessment was made preoperatively and 1 year postoperatively, using validated questionnaires (SF36 and ICIQ), number of pads daily, and the 24 hours Pad-test (LPT). Telephone follow-up evaluation was performed in 21 patients over a 2 years period following surgery. RESULTS: Radical prostatectomy was performed 48.4 months earlier and average patient age was 67.3 years. Preoperatively, the mean number of pads used daily was 2.3 with an average weight loss of 207.1grams at LPT. At 1 year, ICIQ and SF36 scores significantly improved. Weight loss in the LPT as well as the number of pads significantly decreased (P<0.05). At 1 year, 13 patients were cured, 12 were improved, one reached improvement criteria, and 96.2% using a pad daily maximum. With more than a 2 year follow-up, 10/21 patients were dry, nine improved and two failed, and 90.5% using 0 to 1 pad per day. CONCLUSIONS: The transobturator TOMS™ male sling is a simple and well-tolerated procedure permitting a significant improvement of UIPP, with 50% of patients achieving complete continence at 1 year postoperatively, these good results continued beyond 2 years. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4.

[Lower urinary tract dysfunctions in parkinsonian syndromes: a review by the Neuro-Urology Comittee of the French Association of Urology]. / Troubles vésicosphinctériens des syndromes parkinsoniens: une revue du comité de neuro-urologie de l'Association française d'urologie.

INTRODUCTION: Lower urinary tract disorders (LUTD) are common in Parkinson's disease (PD) and other parkinsonian syndromes (PS). They are responsible for a significant morbidity and mortality and impair patients' quality of life. The therapeutic management of these LUTD requires to know how to distinguish the PD from other PS and their epidemiology and pathophysiology. OBJECTIVE: To provide a diagnostic and therapeutic management of LUTD in patients with PS. METHOD: A review of litterature using PubMed library was performed using the following keywords: Parkinson's disease, multiple system atrophy, lower urinary tract disorders, neurogenic bladder, overactive bladder, obstruction, anticholinergics, dopamine, prostate surgery. RESULTS: Sometimes revealing the neurological disease, LUTD in PS raise a diagnostic problem because they occur at an age when various urogynecological disorders can be intricated with neurogenic bladder dysfunction. The differential diagnosis between PD and multiple system atrophy is important to know by the urologist. The distinction is based on the semiological analysis, the clinical response to dopaminergic therapy and the clinical outcome but also on data from urodynamic explorations. The therapeutic management of these LUTD cannot be easy due to the difficulty of use of some pharmacological treatments and the risk of deterioration after inappropriate surgery. The different treatments include the careful use of anticholinergics, posterior tibial nerve stimulation, deep thalamic stimulation and low-dose intradetrusor injections of botulinum toxin without approval. The decision to perform prostate surgery will be taken with caution after proving the bladder obstruction. CONCLUSION: When analysing LUTD in PS, the urologist must know to question the initial diagnosis of PD. Treatments in order to reduce morbidity and mortality of these LUTD and to improve the quality of life of patients suffering from these degenerative diseases, will be proposed after multidisciplinary neuro-urologic concertation. The decision to perform prostate surgery must be taken with caution after proving sub-vesical obstruction.

[Expert opinion on surgical care pathway management of neurologic patients from Neuro-Urology Committee of the French National Association of Urology (AFU)]. / Le parcours de l'opéré en neuro-urologie: de la programmation opératoire à la convalescence. L'avis d'expert du Comité de Neuro-Urologie de l'AFU.

The surgical care pathway of neurologic patients has two aims: preventing urinary morbidity and mortality and improving their quality of life. It requires taking into account the specificities of disabilities in domains of body functions: circulatory, ventilation and digestive physiology, motor functions, sensory functions, mental functions, and skin fragility which are responsible of dependencies in this heterogeneous group of patients. This management is necessarily multidisciplinary to be optimal and through specific clinical care pathway, providing guidance to the surgical procedure: preparation of the surgery, its realization, and post-operative rehabilitation. The indication for surgery must be coordinated and validated in neuro-urology multidisciplinary staff. Preoperative stay in a physical and rehabilitation medicine center may be useful to ensure a complete assessment and anticipate problems related to surgery. The patient will be hospitalized in the urology department in a single room suited to their disabilities and handicaps. The chronic treatments should be not modified if possible. The lack of sensitivity does not dispense anesthesia to prevent autonomic hyperreflexia, the most severe complication after high complete spinal cord injury. The laparoscopy and sub-peritoneal surgery, the early removal nasogastric tube and early refeeding make it possible to early resumption of intestinal transit. In many cases, the patients should be transferred to a physical and rehabilitation medicine during post-operative period where the nursing care will be most suitable. A quickly adapted rehabilitation must be able to reduce loss of function and physical dependence.

[Post-traumatic syringomyelia: What should know the urologist?]. / Syringomyélie post-traumatique : ce que doit savoir l'urologue ?

The incidence of post-traumatic syringomyelia (PTS) is estimated according to recent studies at 25 to 30% of patients with traumatic spinal cord injuries in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which remains the gold standard exam for syringomyelia diagnosis and monitoring. Syringomyelia is translated by an increased cord signal (similar to CSF) with low-density T1-weighted image and high-density T2-weighted image, which extends beyond site of initial lesion at least to two vertebral segments. Two conditions are required for development of PTS: traumatic spinal cord injury and blocked the flow of CSF epidural. The mean interval from spinal cord injury to diagnosis SPT was 2.8years (range, 3months to 34years). The commonest symptoms are pain and sensory loss. PTS should be suspected if the patient has new neurological symptoms above level of injury, such as dissociated sensory injuries, reflexes abolition, and motor deficit, after the neural function becomes stable for certain time. In urologic practice, new neurological symptoms could be bladder and/or erectile dysfunction. The medical management based on prevention efforts with closed-glottis pushing, which could aggravate the syrinx cavity. In urology, extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy, and laparoscopic or robotic surgery could extend the syrinx cavity for the same reason (increase abdominal pressure). The indications for surgical intervention and optimal surgical treatment technique for patients with PTS are not consensual. The literature demonstrated that surgery PTS is effective at arresting or improving motor deterioration, but not sensory dysfunction or pain syndromes.

[Results of sacral neuromodulation on the urinary and fecal incontinence and sexuality in 20 women suffering from a double incontinence]. / Résultats de la neuromodulation des racines sacrées sur la continence et la sexualité dans une cohorte de 20 patientes ayant une double incontinence.

CONTEXT: Urinary and faecal incontinence (defining double incontinence) are common conditions, which are frequently associated and can altered sexuality. The effectiveness of the sacral nerve modulation (NMS) in the treatment of the urge urinary incontinence, faecal incontinence and double incontinence was shown. OBJECTIVE: The present article aims to determine the impact of SNM on female sexual function in twenty women suffering from a double incontinence. METHODS: All patients who received sacral neuromodulation for urge urinary and/or faecal incontinence between 2005 and 2010 and who still had the implant were included. Only 20 sexually active patients suffering from double incontinence were considered eligible. They completed a questionnaire on follow-up examinations. RESULTS: The initial indication of NMS was the urge urinary incontinence for 15 patients and the faecal incontinence for five patients. Ten patients (50%) were improved on two incontinence. All patients preserved sexual activity after the treatment of NMS. NMS improves the quality of sexual activity in 45% patients. The numbers of urinary and faecal episodes of incontinence are decreased respectively for 50% and 15% patients during sexual activity. The quality of sexual's life and orgasm score are significantly increased in the group of patients improved on the DI. CONCLUSION: This study confirms the effectiveness of NMS in the treatment of double incontinence which half patients are improved on the two incontinence. This study shows that improvement of urinary or faecal incontinence could have a positive impact on sexuality of these patients, especially for patients improved double incontinence. It is difficult to know if these results are related to its direct action on the neurological ways of sexual function or on its benefit on the continence.

[Continent cystostomy: monocentric experience]. / Cystostomies continentes : expérience monocentrique.

AIMS: To evaluate the feasibility, the efficiency, the results of continent cystostomy in adult population. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective study of patients who underwent a continent cystostomy between 1987 and 2011. RESULTS: Forty-three patients underwent a continent cystostomy (13 men and 30 women). The mean age at surgery was 53.4±14.6years. The mean BMI was 25kg/m(2). No death in relation with the cystostomy was reported. Thirty-two patients had a neurological pathology (74.4%), 11 a pathology other than neurological (25.6%). A retention bladder was reported for 12 patients (27.9%), 17 (39.5%) were incontinent, and 14 (32.6%) had a mixed symptomatology. All patients had urodynamics and an evaluation of the urinary tract. Nineteen appendicovesicostomy were made, 15 double Monti-procedure, six simple Monti-procedure, three channels were made of an association of ileon and appendix. Seventeen patients underwent an augmentation cystoplasty in combination with the continent catheterizable conduit. The mean follow-up was 47.6±29months. Continence was achieved in 37 patients (86%), two patients underwent a Bricker. Stomal stenosis occurred in eight patients (18.6%), with a median time of 16.1±20.4 months. Leakage occurred after bladder neck closure for two patients (4.6%). Clean intermittent catheterization were performed by 30 patients, catheterization by a care giver for four patients, seven did not use their stomy because of the evolution of their causal pathology, or because of an intercurrent pathology. No difference between the channels (Mitrofanoff versus Monti) was reported. CONCLUSION: Continent catherizable cystostomy were a feasible method of continent urinary diversion in an adult population. This study demonstrated their feasibility in an adult population and their long-term efficiency with a mean follow-up of 47.6months and 127months for one of them. With a rate of continence upper than 80%, it was an effective technique of urinary diversion associated with intermittent catheterization.

[Rectourethral fistulae: diagnosis and management. Review of the literature]. / Fistules urétrorectales : quelle prise en charge diagnostique et thérapeutique ? Revue de la littérature et état de l'art.

INTRODUCTION: Rectourethral fistulae are predominantly of iatrogenous origin. They alter the patient's quality of life and are difficult to manage from a medical standpoint. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The major series of patients of the last 20 years have been analyzed, in order to define the best management of rectourethral fistulae. RESULTS: Many surgical techniques have been tried, as well as several protocols, ranging from simple urinary and fecal diversion to diversion followed by reconstruction and regional flap in case of tissue damage. CONCLUSION: The fistula's cause and the use of radiotherapy had a major impact on its prognosis. The best-suited protocol was the 3-step protocol, which has been described within. The flap, which seemed to have the best results, was the gracilis muscle flap.

[Bladder reinnervation with creation of a "somato-autonomic" reflex pathway in spinal cord injured or spina bifida, a new way for treatment?]. / Réinnervation vésicale par création d'un arc réflexe « somato-autonome ¼ chez les patients blessés médullaires ou spina bifida, un traitement d'avenir?

CONTEXT: The restoration of physiological micturition is a major objective for patients presenting a medullary injury, which is not possible with current treatment. Several recent studies have purposed some techniques for bladder reinnervation. Their purpose was to begin a voluntary micturition by the stimulation of an artificial reflex arc created by the anastomosis of a somatic root with a root innervating the bladder. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We searched on Medline and Cochrane for articles in English. The keywords used were: bladder reinnervation, spinal cord injury neurogenic bladder, reflex pathway for micturition. RESULTS: These studies reported a variable efficacy as high as 85% of the treated patients. These patients could begin micturition voluntarily, associated with a significant improvement observed in their postoperative urodynamic evaluation. In fact, an improvement of the detrusor external sphincter dyssynergia and/or bladder overactivity was reported, and the patients presented a better quality of life by the control of their micturition associated with an improvement in continence with no need for intermittent catheterisation. However, these results were variable from one study to the other, and certain results seem difficult to explain notably concerning the abolition of bladder overactivity and the improvement of the detrusor external sphincter dyssynergia. CONCLUSION: Further experimental studies are still required, notably with animals to confirm the encouraging results of these initial studies, and to better understand the mechanism before possible routine patient use.

[Limit of short Pad-Test and questionnaires about urinary incontinence evaluation after prostatectomy]. / Limite du Pad-Test Court et des questionnaires dans l'évaluation de l'incontinence urinaire post-prostatectomie.

PURPOSE: Clinical study among men suffering from postprostatectomy urinary incontinence comparing the short term Pad-Test to urinary symptom questionnaires. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From June 2006 to November 2008, 16 patients presenting a urinary incontinence after prostatectomy have been operated by I-Stop® TOMS male sling. The incontinence has been evaluated by analyzing data from the short Pad-Test, ICIQ and SF36 questionnaires. This evaluation has been done before surgery (Day 0) and 90 days after (Day 90). The short term Pad-Test was recommended by the International Continence Society. The analysis between the values has been appreciated by Kendall ratio with a significant value, for the independence test, if smaller than 0.05. RESULT: We can't demonstrate any significant evolutive correlation of the short term Pad-Test and ICIQ or SF36 questionnaires results between Day 0 and Day 90. At Day 0, there is no significant link between short-term Pad-Test and ICIQ or SF36 questionnaires results. CONCLUSION: The absence of correlation between the two evaluations before surgery confirms the interest of a double evaluation, objective and subjective. The short-term Pad-Test is easy to perform but presents a limited variability of the measure and a lack of precision in leakage detection. Nevertheless, there is a bias of selection in the recruited population who suffered from a minor or moderated urinary incontinence after prostatectomy, according to Stamey standards. The authors propose to prefer 24 hours Pad-Test which evaluate the leakage on a larger period of time.

[Treatment of the lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia by phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors. Review article]. / Traitement des troubles du bas appareil urinaire liés à une hyperplasie bénigne de prostate par inhibiteur de la phosphodiestérase de type 5.

CONTEXT: In aging males, there is an increased prevalence of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) related to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and erectile dysfunction (ED) whose affect significantly their quality of life. LUTS would represent for ED an independent risk factor. Some treatment of LUTS have undesirable effects on the erectile function. The phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (IPDE 5) revolutionized the treatment of ED. Several recent clinical studies evaluated the effect daily treatment by IPDE 5 on the LUTS secondary to BPH among patients with or without ED. MATERIALS AND METHODS: we searched Medline for the peer-reviewed articles in English published, pertaining to findings of potential interest supporting a role of IPDE5 in LUTS due to BHP. The keywords used were: benign prostatic hyperplasia; cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase type 5; lower urinary tract symptoms; erectile dysfunction. RESULTS: Generally, daily treatment with IPDE 5 improves the LUTS secondary to BPH as well as in both the storage and voiding domains of the international prostate symptom score (IPPS) and in quality of life questionnaire. It was not observed adverse events. CONCLUSION: The first results of the use of IPDE 5 in the LUTS treatment secondary to the HBP seem promising. However, a direct comparison of efficacy of IPDE 5 and alpha-blockers or 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors is not yet available. The mechanism(s) of action(s) of these compounds in this indication remain difficult to affirm even if new hypotheses can be formulated.