Ethical concerns in the student/preceptor relationship: a need for change.

Nursing schools are required to ensure that the clinical and academic milieu prepares nurses not only to recognize but also to act on various ethical issues. As a result of our years teaching nursing ethics to undergraduate nursing students we have come to believe there is a disconnect between classroom teaching and students' experiences in practice. How then can nurse educators help nursing students not only to see the ethical components of their work but also to take the necessary steps to solve ethical dilemmas and challenge unethical practice? One such strategy is the use of preceptorship. In this paper, we set out to learn about nursing students' ethical encounters in the clinical area, specifically those within the preceptor/student relationship. To this end we conducted an integrative review and are weaving in Gesler's (1992) concepts who argued that ethical issues play out in our physical and social environments. We identified nine articles that describe students' perceptions of ethical problems in their relationships with preceptors. However, it was rare for the authors of these articles to label these as 'ethical' issues. The integrative review revealed first, that students describe ethical issues in their narratives, and second, their most common response to these issues is silence. We continue to be concerned that nursing students' classroom learning of ethics is disconnected from their everyday nursing practice. Further research and education implications are discussed and explored in this paper.

Moving beyond the individual: examining the effects of domestic violence policies on social norms.

To be effective, criminal justice policies should affect the underlying social norms for which the policies were enacted. This study sought to determine whether public perceptions of criminal justice policies on domestic violence affected social norms. Two waves of data were collected via a telephone survey where a random probability sample of 973 residents was drawn from 4 communities. A structural equation model was tested and confirmed. Results provided strong support for the hypothesis that perceptions of criminal justice policies have direct effects on attitudes toward criminal justice response, and indirect effects on victim-blaming attitudes, both underlying social norms related to domestic violence. The enactment of criminal justice policies, therefore, may have an impact beyond victims and perpetrators and lead to a transformation of the community through the emergence of new social norms. Public awareness campaigns designed to disseminate criminal justice policies may be instrumental in provoking social change.