Loss of gut microbial diversity in the cultured, agastric fish, Mexican pike silverside (Chirostoma estor: Atherinopsidae).

Teleost fish are the most diverse group of extant vertebrates and have varied digestive anatomical structures and strategies, suggesting they also possess an array of different host-microbiota interactions. Differences in fish gut microbiota have been shown to affect host development, the process of gut colonization, and the outcomes of gene-environment or immune system-microbiota interactions. There is generally a lack of studies on the digestive mechanisms and microbiota of agastric short-intestine fish however, meaning that we do not understand how changes in gut microbial diversity might influence the health of these types of fish. To help fill these gaps in knowledge, we decided to study the Mexican pike silverside (Chirostoma estor) which has a simplified alimentary canal (agastric, short-intestine, 0.7 gut relative length) to observe the diversity and metabolic potential of its intestinal microbiota. We characterized gut microbial populations using high-throughput sequencing of the V3 region in bacterial 16S rRNA genes while searching for population shifts resulting associated with fish development in different environments and cultivation methods. Microbiota samples were taken from the digesta, anterior and posterior intestine (the three different intestinal components) of fish that grew wild in a lake, that were cultivated in indoor tanks, or that were raised in outdoor ponds. Gut microbial diversity was significantly higher in wild fish than in cultivated fish, suggesting a loss of diversity when fish are raised in controlled environments. The most abundant phyla observed in these experiments were Firmicutes and Proteobacteria, particularly of the genera Mycoplasma, Staphylococcus, Spiroplasma, and Aeromonas. Of the 14,161 OTUs observed in this experiment, 133 were found in all groups, and 17 of these, belonging to Acinetobacter, Aeromonas, Pseudomonas, and Spiroplasma genera, were found in all samples suggesting the existence of a core C. estor microbiome. Functional metagenomic prediction of bacterial ecological functions using PICRUSt2 suggested that different intestinal components select for functionally distinct microbial populations with variation in pathways related to the metabolism of amino acids, vitamins, cofactors, and energy. Our results provide, for the first time, information on the bacterial populations present in an agastric, short-gut teleost with commercial potential and show that controlled cultivation of this fish reduces the diversity of its intestinal microbiota.

Cannibalism rate and mLeptin expression are influenced by photoperiod and diets in Piracanjuba, Brycon orbignyanus (Valenciennes, 1850) larvae.

Piracanjuba (Brycon orbignyanus) is a species with great productive potential, and during its larval phase, it presents intense cannibal activity. The photoperiod and diet are primary feed behaviour and cannibalism modulators to fishes. This experiment aimed to verify the effect of different photoperiods and diets in Piracanjuba larviculture. Larvae were kept under different photoperiods - 12 h light: 12 h dark (12 L: 12D); 24 h light:00 h dark (24hL: 00D) - Larvae were fed with Artemia nauplii and a formulated micro-diet in a factorial scheme for 10 days, and at the end of the experimental period, the influences of the treatments on performance and quantitative expression of mLeptin and mBmall1 were evaluated. In order to quantify the expression of mLeptin and mBmall1, qPCR adopting ß-actin and Elongation Factor 1 as endogenous genes was used. The primers for all the analysed transcripts were obtained through multiple sequences alignments of different fish species. It was observed that the diet and photoperiod influence the performance of Piracanjuba (B. orbignyanus) larvae in the initial phase of larviculture. Feeding with artemia nauplii and the photoperiod of 24 L:00D reduce cannibalism rates in intensive Piracanjuba larviculture. The results on the rate of cannibalism, rate of survival and the relative expression of mLeptin are related to the survival rate of the larvae, and it is inversely proportional to the cannibalism rate. The expression levels of mBmall1 showed a correlation with the final weight of the larvae. Piracanjuba Larvae under a photoperiod of 24 light and fed Artemia nauplii showed more significant levels of mLeptin expression.

Sperm characterization and cryopreservation of the endangered freshwater fish Chirostoma estor (Atheriniformes).

The knowledge of the physiology of sperm of an endangered species allows the implantation of reproductive biotechnologies that aim at conservation. The aim of this study was to characterize fresh sperm and evaluate different cryopreservation solutions for sperm in Chirostoma estor. The characterization of Chirostoma estor fresh sperm (n = 22 males) was performed through analyzes of sperm concentration, membrane integrity, sperm morphology, motility rate, motility quality score, and motility duration. For cryopreservation (n = 42 males), 3 extenders (BTS™, MIII™, or Androstar Plus™) in combination with 2 permeable cryoprotectants (dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or methyl glycol (Methyl)) were used. Analyzes of post-thaw sperm were performed as described for fresh sperm and additionally the fertilization rate analysis was performed. Fresh sperm presented a sperm concentration of 29.2 × 109 spermatozoa/mL, membrane integrity of 82.4%, and morphologically normal cells of 53%. After glucose activation (150 mM) a motility rate of 87.5%, sperm quality score of 5.0, and a duration of motility of 285 s were observed. For post-thaw sperm, MIII + Methyl and Androstar + Methyl solutions resulted in the highest motility rates of 40-48%. No differences were observed for motility duration, membrane integrity, and sperm morphology. Samples cryopreserved in Methyl (12-20%) showed a higher fertilization rate than DMSO, independently of the extender. In conclusion, the fresh sperm collected artificially from Chirostoma estor presents a compatible quality to carry out fertilization and can be cryopreserved in the commercial extenders MIII™ and Androstar Plus™ together with the cryoprotectant Methyl glycol.

Helicobacter pylori: History and facts in Peru.

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a cosmopolite bacteria and the main responsible for the high burden of gastric cancer in developing countries, such as Peru. In this review, we describe some historical facts in the H. Pylori discovery, the first researches of this bacterium in Peru, as well as its epidemiology, clinical characteristics, diagnosis, treatments, and outcomes. Our literature and review of real-life data suggest that several efforts should be conducted in our country to deal with antibiotic-resistance and lack of adherence to treatment in order to reduce our incidence of gastric cancer.

Estudio comparativo de sobrepeso y obesidad mediante el índice de masa corporal en estudiantes del colegio Manuel Vicente Ballivian y personas adultas de 20 a 32 años La Paz-Bolivia 2015 / Comparative study of overweight and obesity by means of the body mass index in students of the colegio Manuel Vicente Ballivian and adults 20 to 32 years old La Paz-Bolivia 2015

El sobrepeso y obesidad se considera un importante problema de salud en la sociedad que ha ido en aumento en los últimos años y también a nivel mundial. Se realizó una comparación mediante el índice de masa corporal (IMC) en estudiantes de sexto de secundaria del Colegio Manuel Vicente Ballivian y personas adultas de 20 a 32 años con la participación de estudiantes de la asignatura de estadística de 2do año de la carrera de Química Farmacéutica de la UMSA. Se obtuvieron los pesos con una báscula y la altura con una cinta métrica, una vez que se obtuvieron estos datos se realizó el cálculo correspondiente para el IMC y con estos datos una tabla de distribución de frecuencias basada en una clasificación del estado nutricional según la OMS. Mediante los cálculos obtenidos y la tabla se observó que en la Unidad Educativa un 3.85% presenta delgadez moderada, 11.5% delgadez aceptable, 57.7% normal y 19.2% sobre peso y 7.69% obesidad grado I. Y en las personas adultas un 6.45% delgadez severa, 3.23% delgadez moderada, 45.2% normal, 38.7% sobrepeso y 6,45% obesidad grado I. En nuestro estudio se pudo determinar que el porcentaje de delgadez severa y sobrepeso aumenta en las personas de 20 a 32 años con respecto a los estudiantes esto debido a muchos factores entre ellos los más importantes el sedentarismo y la mala alimentación por falta de información respecto al tema.

Overweight and obesity is considered a major health problem in society that has been increasing in recent years and also worldwide. a comparison was performed using the body mass index (BMI) in sixthsecondary of Manuel Vicente Ballivian College and adults 20 to 32 years with the participation of students of the subject of statistical 2nd year of study Pharmaceutical Chemistry UMSA. weights were obtained with a scale and height with a tape measure, once obtained this information the corresponding calculation for BMI (Body Mass Index) was conducted and the data table of frequency distribution based on a classification nutritional status according to WHO. Obtained by calculations and the table is noted that the Education Unit has one moderate thinness 3.85%, 11.5% acceptable thinness, 57.7% and 19.2% on average and 7.69% weight obesity degree I. And adults thinness 6.45% severe, moderate thinness 3.23%, average 45.2% 38.7% 6.45% overweight and obesity degree I. In our study it was determined that the percentage of severely underweight and overweight increased in people 20 to 32 years with regard to the students that due to many factors including the most important physical inactivity and poor nutrition due to lack of information on the subject.

Factores de riesgo asociados a la prevalencia de anemia ferropénica en niños de 24 a 59 meses de edad atendidos en el Hospital Militar Escuela Doctor Alejandro Dávila Bolaños enero a diciembre del 2009 / Risk factors related to the prevalence of iron deficiency anemia in children 24-59 months of age treated at the Military Training Hospital Doctor Alejandro Dávila Bolaños January to December 2009

El objetivo del presente estudio fue valorar los factores de riesgo que se asocian a la prevalencia de anemia ferropénica en un grupo de niños (1892) que ingresaron a la sala de hospitalización pediátrica en edades de dos a cinco años en el periodo correspondiente de Enero a Diciembre del 2009, de estos 357 presentaron hemoglobina menor de 11 gr/dl (valor de referencia por debajo del cual debe considerarse anemia según OMS) a partir de los cuales se seleccionaron 110 casos (niños anémicos) y 220 controles (no anémicos) a través del software Epi info 6.04 utilizando los siguientes parámetros: OR: 2, frecuencia de exposición entre los controles 50%, nivel de seguridad 95% y poder estadístico de 80%. El muestreo se realizó de forma aleatoria simple, tanto para los casos como para los controles. La prevalencia de anemia en el universo estudiado es de 18.9%, el 20% de los casos presentaba desnutrición con respecto a los controles los cuales tenían un 8.3%, el nivel de analfabetismo de la madre de los niños en ambos grupos alcanzó un 4.8%, la infección parasitaria en ambos grupos representó el 37.6%, de estos los más afectados son los niños anémicos (51.8%). La anemia microcítica hipocrómica fue la que predominó en el grupo casos, se observó un 5.4% de anemia moderada, con hemoglobina entre el rango de 7 a 9 gr/dl. Se concluyó que son factores de riesgo para anemia los siguientes: Presentar algún tipo de desnutrición, Ser hijo de madre que no haya estudiado o que sólo haya cursado primaria incompleta, que el niño tenga algún tipo de infección parasitaria (excepto por saprófito) y Presentar más de tres episodios en el año de enfermedad diarreica. Se recomendo Indicar tratamiento intrahospitalario y/o ambulatorio con hierro en los casos que lo ameriten y de no poderse indicar, se debe dar seguimiento por la consulta externa...