Evaluation of the Garmin Vivofit 4 for assessing sleep in youth experiencing sleep disturbances.

Objective: Wearable monitors are increasingly used to assess sleep. However, validity is unknown for certain monitors and populations. We tested the Garmin Vivofit 4 in a pediatric clinical sample. Methods: Participants (n = 25) wore the monitor on their nondominant wrist during an overnight polysomnogram. Garmin and polysomnography were compared using 95% equivalence testing, mean absolute error, and Bland-Altman analysis. Results: On average (mean ± SD), the Garmin predicted later sleep onset (by 0.84 ± 1.60 hours) and earlier sleep offset (by 0.34 ± 0.70 hours) than polysomnography. The resulting difference for total sleep time was -0.55 ± 1.21 hours. Sleep onset latency was higher for Garmin than polysomnography (77.4 ± 100.9 and 22.8 ± 20.0 minutes, respectively), while wake after sleep onset was lower (5.2 ± 9.3 and 43.2 ± 37.9 minutes, respectively). Garmin sleep efficiency averaged 3.3% ± 13.8% lower than polysomnography. Minutes in light sleep and deep sleep (the latter including rapid eye movement) were within ±3.3% of polysomnography (both SDs = 14.9%). No Garmin means were significantly equivalent with polysomnography (adjusted p > 0.99). Mean absolute errors were 0.47 to 0.95 hours for time-based variables (sleep onset, offset, and latency, plus total sleep time and wake after sleep onset), and 8.9% to 21.2% for percentage-based variables (sleep efficiency and sleep staging). Bland-Altman analysis showed systematic bias for wake after sleep onset, but not other variables. Conclusions: The Vivofit 4 showed consistently poor individual-level validity, while group-level validity was better for some variables (total sleep time and sleep efficiency) than others.

Neighborhood environments and psychological distress 6-years later: results from the San Diego HCHS/SOL community and surrounding areas study.

PURPOSE: The current study examined associations of social and built features of neighborhood environments with psychological distress 6 years later and whether these associations were explained by stress and social factors, among Hispanic/Latino adults from the HCHS/SOL and SOL CASAS Ancillary Study. METHODS: In the SOL CASAS Ancillary Study, HCHS/SOL San Diego participants' baseline (2008-2011) home addresses were geocoded, neighborhoods were defined using 800 m radial buffers, and variables representing neighborhood socioeconomic deprivation, social disorder, walkability, and greenness were created. Psychological distress (anxiety and depression symptoms) and proposed pathway variables chronic stress, social support, and family cohesion were assessed at HCHS/SOL Visit 2 (2014-2017). RESULTS: On average, the population (n = 2785) was 39.47 years old, 53.3% were women, and 92.3% were of Mexican heritage. In complex survey regression analyses that accounted for sociodemographic covariates, the complex sampling design, and sample weights, greater baseline neighborhood socioeconomic deprivation predicted lower family cohesion at Visit 2 (B = -0.99, 95% CI [-1.97, -0.06]). Path models showed indirect associations of baseline neighborhood socioeconomic deprivation with Visit 2 psychological distress through family cohesion (MacKinnon's 95% CI depression [0.001, 0.026]; 3.9% of the variance accounted for; anxiety [0.00071, 0.019] 3.0% of the variance accounted for). CONCLUSIONS: Among adults of mostly Mexican heritage from the San Diego, CA area, neighborhood deprivation indirectly predicted later psychological distress through family cohesion. No other effects of neighborhood variables were observed.

Movement- and Posture-based Measures of Sedentary Patterns and Associations with Metabolic Syndrome in Hispanic/Latino and non-Hispanic Adults.

BACKGROUND: Sedentary behavior has been identified as a significant risk factor for Metabolic Syndrome (MetS). However, it is unclear if the sedentary pattern measurement approach (posture vs. movement) impacts observed associations or if associations differ for Hispanic/Latino communities, who have higher risk of MetS. METHODS: Participants from the Community of Mine (CoM) study (N = 602) wore hip-based accelerometers for 14 days and completed MetS-associated biomarker assessment (triglycerides, blood pressure, fasting glucose, HDL cholesterol, waist circumference). Sedentary patterns were classified using both cutpoints (movement-based) and the Convolutional Neural Network Hip Accelerometer Posture (CHAP) algorithm (posture-based). We used logistic regression to estimate associations between MetS with sedentary patterns overall and stratified by Hispanic/Latino ethnicity. RESULTS: CHAP and cutpoint sedentary patterns were consistently associated with MetS. When controlling for total sedentary time and moderate to vigorous physical activity, only CHAP-measured median sedentary bout duration (OR = 1.15, CI: 1.04, 1.28) was significant. In stratified analysis, CHAP-measured median bout duration and time spent in sedentary bouts ≥ 30 min were each associated with increased odds of MetS, but the respective associations were stronger for Hispanic/Latino ethnicity (OR = 1.71 and 1.48; CI = 1.28-2.31 and 1.12-1.98) than for non-Hispanic/Latino ethnicity (OR = 1.43 and 1.40; CI = 1.10-1.87 and 1.06-1.87). CONCLUSIONS: The way sedentary patterns are measured can impact the strength and precision of associations with MetS. These differences may be larger in Hispanic/Latino ethnic groups and warrants further research to inform sedentary behavioral interventions in these populations.

Concurrent validity of the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire to accelerometry in Hispanic/Latino adults: The Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL).

OBJECTIVES: The validity of the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire has not been thoroughly evaluated among Hispanics/Latinos. In this cross-sectional study, we assessed the concurrent validity and correlates of discordance of the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire by comparing it to accelerometry in estimating sedentary behavior, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, and meeting United States physical activity guidelines by sociodemographic, behavioral, and health characteristics. DESIGN: The Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos is a 4-site cohort study of United States adults aged 18-74 years enrolled from 2008 to 2011. METHODS: Participants (n = 11,873) completed the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire and wore an accelerometer for 1 week. Lin's concordance and Pearson correlations assessed concurrent validity between self-reported and accelerometry-assessed measures of sedentary behavior and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. Kappa coefficients assessed agreement of meeting physical activity guidelines. Linear and logistic regression models identified correlates of discordance. RESULTS: The overall Lin's concordance and Pearson correlations between the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire and accelerometry estimates were 0.10 (95 % confidence interval 0.09, 0.12) and 0.24 (0.21, 0.27) for sedentary behavior, and 0.04 (0.03, 0.05) and 0.18 (0.15, 0.22) for moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, respectively. Agreement was poor for meeting the physical activity guideline classifications (Kappa coefficients: 0.12 to 0.26). Over a 16-hour day, sedentary behavior was under-reported by 3.8 h and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity was over-reported by 1.9 h. CONCLUSIONS: The concurrent validity of the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire in measuring moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and sedentary behavior when compared to accelerometry was poor among Hispanic/Latino adults.

Relationship between youth cardiometabolic health and physical activity in medical records.

BACKGROUND: Thers is limited research examining modifiable cardiometabolic risk factors with a single-item health behavior question obtained during a clinic visit. Such information could support clinicians in identifying patients at risk for adverse cardiometabolic health. We investigated if children meeting physical activity or screen time recommendations, collected during clinic visits, have better cardiometabolic health than children not meeting recommendations. We hypothesized that children meeting either recommendation would have fewer cardiometabolic risk factors. METHODS AND FINDINGS: This cross-sectional study used data from electronic medical records (EMRs) between January 1, 2013 through December 30, 2017 from children (2-18 years) with a well child visits and data for ≥1 cardiometabolic risk factor (i.e., systolic and diastolic blood pressure, glycated hemoglobin, alanine transaminase, high-density and low-density lipoprotein, total cholesterol, and/or triglycerides). Physical activity and screen time were patient/caregiver-reported. Analyses included EMRs from 63,676 well child visits by 30,698 unique patients (49.3% female; 41.7% Black, 31.5% Hispanic). Models that included data from all visits indicated children meeting physical activity recommendations had reduced risk for abnormal blood pressure (odds ratio [OR] = 0.91, 95%CI 0.86, 0.97; p = 0.002), glycated hemoglobin (OR = 0.83, 95%CI 0.75, 0.91; p = 0.00006), alanine transaminase (OR = 0.85, 95%CI 0.79, 0.92; p = 0.00001), high-density lipoprotein (OR = 0.88, 95%CI 0.82, 0.95; p = 0.0009), and triglyceride values (OR = 0.89, 95%CI 0.83, 0.96; p = 0.002). Meeting screen time recommendations was not associated with abnormal cardiometabolic risk factors. CONCLUSION: Collecting information on reported adherence to meeting physical activity recommendations can provide clinicians with additional information to identify patients with a higher risk of adverse cardiometabolic health.

Using functional principal component analysis (FPCA) to quantify sitting patterns derived from wearable sensors.

BACKGROUND: Sedentary behavior (SB) is a recognized risk factor for many chronic diseases. ActiGraph and activPAL are two commonly used wearable accelerometers in SB research. The former measures body movement and the latter measures body posture. The goal of the current study is to quantify the pattern and variation of movement (by ActiGraph activity counts) during activPAL-identified sitting events, and examine associations between patterns and health-related outcomes, such as systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP). METHODS: The current study included 314 overweight postmenopausal women, who were instructed to wear an activPAL (at thigh) and ActiGraph (at waist) simultaneously for 24 hours a day for a week under free-living conditions. ActiGraph and activPAL data were processed to obtain minute-level time-series outputs. Multilevel functional principal component analysis (MFPCA) was applied to minute-level ActiGraph activity counts within activPAL-identified sitting bouts to investigate variation in movement while sitting across subjects and days. The multilevel approach accounted for the nesting of days within subjects. RESULTS: At least 90% of the overall variation of activity counts was explained by two subject-level principal components (PC) and six day-level PCs, hence dramatically reducing the dimensions from the original minute-level scale. The first subject-level PC captured patterns of fluctuation in movement during sitting, whereas the second subject-level PC delineated variation in movement during different lengths of sitting bouts: shorter (< 30 minutes), medium (30 -39 minutes) or longer (> 39 minute). The first subject-level PC scores showed positive association with DBP (standardized ß ^ : 2.041, standard error: 0.607, adjusted p = 0.007), which implied that lower activity counts (during sitting) were associated with higher DBP. CONCLUSION: In this work we implemented MFPCA to identify variation in movement patterns during sitting bouts, and showed that these patterns were associated with cardiovascular health. Unlike existing methods, MFPCA does not require pre-specified cut-points to define activity intensity, and thus offers a novel powerful statistical tool to elucidate variation in SB patterns and health. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03473145; Registered 22 March 2018; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03473145 ; International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID): DERR1-10.2196/28684.

Social and built neighborhood environments and sleep health: The Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos Community and Surrounding Areas and Sueño Ancillary Studies.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: To test associations between neighborhood social, built, and ambient environment characteristics and multidimensional sleep health in Hispanic/Latino adults. METHODS: Data were from San Diego-based Hispanic/Latino adults mostly of Mexican heritage enrolled in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (N = 342). Home addresses were geocoded to ascertain neighborhood characteristics of greenness, walkability (density of intersections, retail spaces, and residences), socioeconomic deprivation (e.g. lower income, lower education), social disorder (e.g. vacant buildings, crime), traffic density, and air pollution (PM 2.5) in the Study of Latinos Communities and Surrounding Areas Study. Sleep dimensions of regularity, satisfaction, alertness, timing, efficiency, and duration were measured by self-report or actigraphy approximately 2 years later. Multivariable regression models accounting for study design (stratification and clustering) were used to examine associations of neighborhood variables with individual sleep dimensions and a multidimensional sleep health composite score. RESULTS: Neighborhood characteristics were not significantly associated with the multidimensional sleep health composite, and there were few significant associations with individual sleep dimensions. Greater levels of air pollution (B = 9.03, 95% CI: 1.16, 16.91) were associated with later sleep midpoint, while greater social disorder (B = -6.90, 95% CI: -13.12, -0.67) was associated with earlier sleep midpoint. Lower walkability was associated with more wake after sleep onset (B = -3.58, 95% CI: -7.07, -0.09). CONCLUSIONS: Living in neighborhoods with lower walkability and greater air pollution was associated with worse sleep health, but otherwise findings were largely null. Future research should test these hypotheses in settings with greater variability and investigate mechanisms of these associations.

Sedentary Bout Patterns and Metabolic Health in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latino Youth (SOL Youth).

Background There is limited evidence on the potential negative metabolic health impacts of prolonged and uninterrupted sedentary bouts in structurally disadvantaged youth. This study investigated associations between sedentary bout variables and metabolic health markers in the Hispanic Community Health Study/SOL Youth (Study of Latino Youth). Methods and Results SOL Youth was a population-based cohort of 1466 youth (age range, 8-16 years; 48.5% female); 957 youth were included in the analytic sample based on complete data. Accelerometers measured moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), total sedentary time, and sedentary bout patterns (daily time spent in sedentary bouts ≥30 minutes, median sedentary bout duration, and number of daily breaks from sedentary time). Clinical measures included body mass index, waist circumference, fasting glucose, glycated hemoglobin, fasting insulin, and the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance. After adjusting for sociodemographics, total sedentary time, and MVPA, longer median bout durations and fewer sedentary breaks were associated with a greater body mass index percentile (bbouts=0.09 and bbreaks=-0.18), waist circumference (bbouts=0.12 and bbreaks=-0.20), and fasting insulin (bbouts=0.09 and bbreaks=-0.21). Fewer breaks were also associated with a greater homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (b=-0.21). More time in bouts lasting ≥30 minutes was associated with a greater fasting glucose (b=0.18) and glycated hemoglobin (b=0.19). Conclusions Greater accumulation of sedentary time in prolonged and uninterrupted bouts had adverse associations with adiposity and glycemic control over and above total sedentary time and MVPA. Findings suggest interventions in Hispanic/Latino youth targeting both ends of the activity spectrum (more MVPA and less prolonged/uninterrupted sedentary patterns) may provide greater health benefits than those targeting only MVPA.

Association of census-tract level gentrification and income inequality with 6-year incidence of metabolic syndrome in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos, an epidemiologic cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Metabolic syndrome varies by socio-demographic characteristics, with younger (18-29 years) and older (50-69 years) Hispanic/Latino having higher prevalence compared to other groups. While there is substantial research on neighborhood influences on cardiometabolic health, there are mixed findings regarding the effects of gentrification and few studies have included Hispanic/Latinos. The role of neighborhood income inequality on metabolic health remains poorly understood. OBJECTIVES: Examined associations of neighborhood gentrification and income inequality with metabolic syndrome (MetSyn) using data from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL). DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: The HCHS/SOL is a community-based cohort of adults of Hispanic/Latinos (aged 18-74). Analyses included 6710 adults who did not meet criteria for MetsS at baseline (2008-2011) and completed the visit 2 examination (2014-2017). Poisson regressions estimated odds ratios (IRR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for neighborhood gentrification and change in income inequality with MetSyn incidence. MAIN OUTCOME AND EXPOSURE MEASURES: Gentrification was measured with an index that included changes (2000 to 2006-2010) in education, poverty, and income. Change in neighborhood income inequality (2005-2009 to 2012-2016) was measured using the Gini coefficient of income distribution. MetSyn was defined using National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. RESULTS: Among 6647 Hispanic/Latino adults, 23% (N = 1530) had incident MetSyn. In models adjusted for socio-demographic, health insurance status, and neighborhood characteristics, gentrification (IRR, 1.00, 95%CI, 0.96-1.03) and income inequality change (IRR, 1.00, 95%CI, 0.99-1.00) were not associated with MetSyn at visit 2. There was no association between cross-sectional income inequality (2005-2009) and MetSyn at visit 2 (IRR, 0.97, 95%CI, 0.82-1.15). CONCLUSION: Neighborhood gentrification and income inequality change were not associated with incidence of MetSyn over 6 years among Hispanic/Latino adults. This study demonstrated that income-based residential changes alone may not be sufficient to explain neighborhood influences on health outcomes among this population.

Neighborhood park access and park characteristics are associated with weight status in youth.

This study investigated park access and park quality in the context of childhood obesity. Participants were 20,638 children ages 6-17y from a large primary care health system. Analyses tested associations of park access and park characteristics with children's weight status, and sociodemographic interactions. Both park access and the quality of nearest park were associated with a lower odds of having obesity. Park quality interacted with age, sex, and income. Findings suggest park access is important for supporting a healthy weight in children. Park quality may be most important among 12-14-year-olds, girls, and higher income groups.

Low movement, deep-learned sitting patterns, and sedentary behavior in the International Study of Childhood Obesity, Lifestyle and the Environment (ISCOLE).

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Sedentary behavior (SB) has both movement and postural components, but most SB research has only assessed low movement, especially in children. The purpose of this study was to compare estimates and health associations of SB when derived from a standard accelerometer cut-point, a novel sitting detection technique (CNN Hip Accelerometer Posture for Children; CHAP-Child), and both combined. METHODS: Data were from the International Study of Childhood Obesity, Lifestyle, and the Environment (ISCOLE). Participants were 6103 children (mean ± SD age 10.4 ± 0.56 years) from 12 countries who wore an ActiGraph GT3X+ accelerometer on the right hip for approximately one week. We calculated SB time, mean SB bout duration, and SB breaks using a cut-point (SBmovement), CHAP-Child (SBposture), and both methods combined (SBcombined). Mixed effects regression was used to test associations of SB variables with pediatric obesity variables (waist circumference, body fat percentage, and body mass index z-score). RESULTS: After adjusting for MVPA, SBposture showed several significant obesity associations favoring lower mean SB bout duration (b = 0.251-0.449; all p < 0.001) and higher SB breaks (b = -0.005--0.052; all p < 0.001). Lower total SB was unexpectedly related to greater obesity (b = -0.077--0.649; p from <0.001-0.02). For mean SB bout duration and SB breaks, more associations were observed for SBposture (n = 5) than for SBmovement (n = 3) or SBcombined (n = 1), and tended to have larger magnitude as well. CONCLUSIONS: Using traditional measures of low movement as a surrogate for SB may lead to underestimated or undetected adverse associations between SB and obesity. CHAP-Child allows assessment of sitting posture using hip-worn accelerometers. Ongoing work is needed to understand how low movement and posture are related to one another, as well as their potential health implications.

Characterizing longitudinal change in accelerometry-based moderate-to-vigorous physical activity in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos and the Framingham Heart Study.

BACKGROUND: Physical activity promotes health and is particularly important during middle and older age for decreasing morbidity and mortality. We assessed the correlates of changes over time in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in Hispanic/Latino adults from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL: mean [SD] age 49.2 y [11.5]) and compared them to a cohort of primarily White adults from the Framingham Heart Study (FHS: mean [SD] 46.9 y [9.2]). METHODS: Between 2008 and 2019, we assessed accelerometry-based MVPA at two time points with an average follow-up of: 7.6 y, SD 1.3 for HCHS/SOL, and 7.8 y, SD 0.7 for FHS. We used multinomial logistic regression to relate socio-demographic and health behaviors with changes in compliance with 2018 US recommendations for MVPA from time 1 to time 2 (remained active or inactive; became active or inactive) across the two cohorts. RESULTS: In HCHS/SOL mean MVPA was 22.6 (SD, 23.8) minutes at time 1 and dropped to 16.7 (19.0) minutes at time 2. In FHS Mean MVPA was 21.7 min (SD, 17.7) at time 1 and dropped to 21.3 min (SD, 19.2) at time 2. Across both cohorts, odds of meeting MVPA guidelines over time were about 6% lower in individuals who had lower quality diets vs. higher, about half in older vs. younger adults, about three times lower in women vs. men, and 9% lower in individuals who had a higher vs. lower BMI at baseline. Cohorts differed in how age, gender, income, education, depressive symptoms, marital status and perception of general health and pain associated with changes in physical activity. High income older Hispanics/Latino adults were more likely to become inactive at the follow-up visit as were HCHS/SOL women who were retired and FHS participants who had lower levels of education and income. Higher depressive symptomology was associated with becoming active only in HCHS/SOL women. Being male and married was associated with becoming inactive in both cohorts. Higher perception of general health and lower perception of pain were associated with remaining active only in FHS adults. CONCLUSIONS: These findings highlight potentially high-risk groups for targeted MVPA intervention.

Rationale and design of integrating a parents first obesity intervention with a pediatric weight management intervention for rural families - Evaluating the ripple effect.

Rural families are disproportionately affected by obesity. Obesity often runs in families and is impacted by hereditary components, the shared home environment, and parent modeling/child observational learning. Moreover, parent changes in weight predict child changes in weight. Thus, targeting the family unit has the potential to enhance outcomes for adults and children simultaneously. Additionally, engaging rural nurses in medical clinics and schools may be important in determining whether rural telehealth programs are successfully implemented and sustained. This paper describes the rationale and design of a randomized control trial (RCT) evaluating the effectiveness of an integrated adult- and child-focused obesity treatment tailored for rural participants. Outcomes of this study include participant weight loss from baseline to 9-months, device-measured physical activity, and dietary intake. This project will additionally compare reach between clinic and school settings and evaluate the impact of nurse engagement. This study will include 240 participants from eight rural communities who will be randomized to either a Parent +Family-based group or a Newsletter +Family-based group. Parents in the Parent +Family-based group will receive a 3-month adult obesity treatment designed for adult behavior change as a first step. Then, parents and children together will enter the family-based program (iAmHealthy), allowing for potential enhancement of a theorized ripple effect. Parents in the Newsletter +Family-based group will receive 3 monthly newsletters and then participate in the 6-month family-based intervention designed for child behavior change. This study is the first RCT to examine the effectiveness of an integrated adult- and child-focused obesity treatment program. Registered with ClinicalTrials.gov NCT ID NCT05612971.

Convergent validity of time in bed estimates from activPAL and Actiwatch in free-living youth and adults.

Actiwatch devices are often used to estimate time in bed (TIB), but recently became commercially unavailable. Thigh-worn activPAL devices could be a viable alternative. We tested convergent validity between activPAL (CREA algorithm) and Actiwatch devices. Data were from free-living samples comprising 47 youth (3-16 valid nights/participant) and 42 adults (6-26 valid nights/participant) who wore both devices concurrently. On average, activPAL predicted earlier bedtimes and later risetimes compared to Actiwatch, resulting in longer overnight intervals (by 1.49 hours/night for youth and 0.67 hours/night for adults; both p < 0.001). TIB interruptions were predicted less commonly by activPAL (mean < 2 interruptions/night for both youth and adults) than Actiwatch (mean of 24-26 interruptions/night in both groups; both p < 0.001). Overnight intervals for both devices tended to overlap for lengthy periods (mean of 7.38 hours/night for youth and 7.69 hours/night for adults). Within these overlapping periods, the devices gave matching epoch-level TIB predictions an average of 87.9% of the time for youth and 84.3% of the time for adults. Most remaining epochs (11.8% and 15.1%, respectively) were classified as TIB by activPAL but not Actiwatch. Overall, the devices had fair agreement during the overlapping periods, but limited agreement when predicting interruptions, bedtime, or risetime. Future work should assess the criterion validity of activPAL devices to understand implications for health research. The present findings demonstrate that activPAL is not interchangeable with Actiwatch, which is consistent with their differing foundations (thigh inclination for activPAL versus wrist movement for Actiwatch).

Location-specific psychosocial and environmental correlates of physical activity and sedentary time in young adolescents: preliminary evidence for location-specific approaches from a cross-sectional observational study.

BACKGROUND: A better understanding of the extent to which psychosocial and environmental correlates of physical activity are specific to locations would inform intervention optimization. PURPOSE: To investigate cross-sectional associations of location-general and location-specific variables with physical activity and sedentary time in three common locations adolescents spend time. METHODS: Adolescents (N = 472,Mage = 14.1,SD = 1.5) wore an accelerometer and global positioning systems (GPS) tracker and self-reported on psychosocial (e.g., self-efficacy) and environmental (e.g., equipment) factors relevant to physical activity and sedentary time. We categorized each survey item based on whether it was specific to a location to generate psychosocial and environmental indices that were location-general or specific to either school, non-school, or home location. Physical activity (MVPA) and sedentary time were based on time/location match to home, school, or all "other" locations. Mixed-effects models investigated the relation of each index with location-specific activity. RESULTS: The location-general and non-school physical activity psychosocial indices were related to greater MVPA at school and "other" locations. The school physical activity environment index was related to greater MVPA and less sedentary time at school. The home activity environment index was related to greater MVPA at home. The non-school sedentary psychosocial index was related to less sedentary time at home. Interactions among indices revealed adolescents with low support on one index benefited (i.e., exhibited more optimal behavior) from high support on another index (e.g., higher scores on the location-general PA psychosocial index moderated lower scores on the home PA environment index). Concurrent high support on two indices did not provide additional benefit. CONCLUSIONS: No psychosocial or environment indices, including location-general indices, were related to activity in all locations. Most of the location-specific indices were associated with activity in the matching location(s). These findings provide preliminary evidence that psychosocial and environmental correlates of activity are location specific. Future studies should further develop location-specific measures and evaluate these constructs and whether interventions may be optimized by targeting location-specific psychosocial and environmental variables across multiple locations.

CHAP-child: an open source method for estimating sit-to-stand transitions and sedentary bout patterns from hip accelerometers among children.

BACKGROUND: Hip-worn accelerometer cut-points have poor validity for assessing children's sedentary time, which may partly explain the equivocal health associations shown in prior research. Improved processing/classification methods for these monitors would enrich the evidence base and inform the development of more effective public health guidelines. The present study aimed to develop and evaluate a novel computational method (CHAP-child) for classifying sedentary time from hip-worn accelerometer data. METHODS: Participants were 278, 8-11-year-olds recruited from nine primary schools in Melbourne, Australia with differing socioeconomic status. Participants concurrently wore a thigh-worn activPAL (ground truth) and hip-worn ActiGraph (test measure) during up to 4 seasonal assessment periods, each lasting up to 8 days. activPAL data were used to train and evaluate the CHAP-child deep learning model to classify each 10-s epoch of raw ActiGraph acceleration data as sitting or non-sitting, creating comparable information from the two monitors. CHAP-child was evaluated alongside the current practice 100 counts per minute (cpm) method for hip-worn ActiGraph monitors. Performance was tested for each 10-s epoch and for participant-season level sedentary time and bout variables (e.g., mean bout duration). RESULTS: Across participant-seasons, CHAP-child correctly classified each epoch as sitting or non-sitting relative to activPAL, with mean balanced accuracy of 87.6% (SD = 5.3%). Sit-to-stand transitions were correctly classified with mean sensitivity of 76.3% (SD = 8.3). For most participant-season level variables, CHAP-child estimates were within ± 11% (mean absolute percent error [MAPE]) of activPAL, and correlations between CHAP-child and activPAL were generally very large (> 0.80). For the current practice 100 cpm method, most MAPEs were greater than ± 30% and most correlations were small or moderate (≤ 0.60) relative to activPAL. CONCLUSIONS: There was strong support for the concurrent validity of the CHAP-child classification method, which allows researchers to derive activPAL-equivalent measures of sedentary time, sit-to-stand transitions, and sedentary bout patterns from hip-worn triaxial ActiGraph data. Applying CHAP-child to existing datasets may provide greater insights into the potential impacts and influences of sedentary time in children.

Micro-scale pedestrian streetscapes and physical activity in Hispanic/Latino adults: Results from HCHS/SOL.

We examined associations of micro-scale environment attributes (e.g., sidewalks, street crossings) with three physical activity (PA) measures among Hispanic/Latino adults (n = 1776) living in San Diego County, CA. Systematic observation was used to quantify micro-scale environment attributes near each participant's home. Total PA was assessed with accelerometers, and PA for transportation and recreation were assessed by validated self-report. Although several statistically significant interactions between individual and neighborhood characteristics were identified, there was little evidence micro-scale attributes were related to PA. An important limitation was restricted environmental variability for this sample which lived in a small area of a single county.

Neighborhood built environments and Hispanic/Latino adults' physical activity in the U.S.: The Hispanic community health study/study of Latinos community and surrounding areas study.

Despite experiencing health inequities, less is known about neighborhood environments and physical activity among Hispanic/Latino adults compared to other populations. We investigated this topic in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL). Hispanic/Latino adults in the San Diego, California area of the U.S. completed measures of overall moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) via accelerometry and domain-specific MVPA via questionnaire at Visits 1 (2008-2011; n = 4086) and 2 (2014-2017; n = 1776), ~6 years apart. 800-m home neighborhood buffers were used to create objective measures of residential, intersection, and retail density, bus/trolley stops, greenness, parks, and recreation area at Visit 1. Regression models tested the association of each neighborhood feature with MVPA at Visit 1 and over 6 years, adjusting for individual characteristics and neighborhood socioeconomic deprivation. At Visit 1, those in neighborhoods with higher vs. lower retail density or recreation area (+1 vs. -1 standard deviation from the mean) engaged in 10% more overall MVPA and 12-22% more active transportation. Those in neighborhoods with higher vs. lower residential density engaged in 22% more active transportation. Those in neighborhoods with higher vs. lower greenness and park count engaged in 14-16% more recreational MVPA. Neighborhood features were unassociated with changes in MVPA over 6 years. Although changes in MVPA over time were similar across neighborhoods, Hispanic/Latino adults living in neighborhoods with design features supportive of walking and recreational activity (e.g., greater residential and retail density, more parks and recreation facilities) were consistently more active. Improving neighborhood environments appears important for supporting physical activity among Hispanic/Latino adults.

Neighborhood Environment and Metabolic Risk in Hispanics/Latinos From the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos.

INTRODUCTION: This study examines the associations of neighborhood environments with BMI, HbA1c, and diabetes across 6 years in Hispanic/Latino adults. METHODS: Participants from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos San Diego site (n=3,851, mean age=39.4 years, 53.3% women, 94.0% Mexican heritage) underwent assessment of metabolic risk factors and diabetes status (categorized as normoglycemia, prediabetes, and diabetes) at baseline (2008-2011) and approximately 6 years later (2014-2017). In the Study of Latinos Community and Surrounding Areas Study ancillary study (2015-2020), participant baseline addresses were geocoded, and neighborhoods were defined using 800-meter circular buffers. Neighborhood variables representing socioeconomic deprivation, residential stability, social disorder, walkability, and greenness were created using Census and other public databases. Analyses were conducted in 2020-2021. RESULTS: Complex survey regression analyses revealed that greater neighborhood socioeconomic deprivation was associated with higher BMI (ß=0.14, p<0.001) and HbA1c (ß=0.08, p<0.01) levels and a higher odds of worse diabetes status (i.e., having prediabetes versus normoglycemia and having diabetes versus prediabetes; OR=1.25, 95% CI=1.06, 1.47) at baseline. Greater baseline neighborhood deprivation also was related to increasing BMI (ß=0.05, p<0.01) and worsening diabetes (OR=1.27, 95% CI=1.10, 1.46) statuses, whereas social disorder was related to increasing BMI levels (ß=0.05, p<0.05) at Visit 2. There were no associations of expected protective factors of walkability, greenness, or residential stability. CONCLUSIONS: Neighborhood deprivation and disorder were related to worse metabolic health in San Diego Hispanic/Latino adults of mostly Mexican heritage. Multilevel interventions emphasizing individual and structural determinants may be most effective in improving metabolic health among Hispanic/Latino individuals.

Associations of steps per day and step intensity with the risk of diabetes: the Hispanic Community Health Study / Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL).

BACKGROUND: Higher levels of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity have been associated with a lower risk of diabetes, but less is known about how daily step counts (steps/day) are associated with diabetes risk. Therefore, we examined the association of steps/day and step intensity with incident diabetes. METHODS: We included 6634 adults from the population-based prospective cohort Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL) (2008-2017). Cox proportional hazard models that accounted for complex survey design and sampling weights were used to estimate the association of baseline accelerometer-assessed steps/day and step intensity with 6-year risk of incident diabetes as hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). We further examined whether the percent of intense steps at a given accumulation of steps/day was associated with diabetes risk, and if associations were modified by specific cohort characteristics. RESULTS: The average age of cohort members was 39 years and 52% were female. Adults had an average of 8164 steps/day and spent 12 min/day in brisk ambulation (> 100 steps/min). Over 6 years of follow-up, there were 1115 cases of diabetes. There was a suggestive lower risk of diabetes with more steps/day- adults had a 2% lower risk per 1000 steps/day (HR = 0.98 (95% CI 0.95, 1.00)). Inverse associations between average steps/day and diabetes incidence were observed across many cohort characteristics, but most importantly among adults at high risk for diabetes - those who were older, or had obesity or prediabetes. Adults who accumulated 17 min/day in brisk ambulation compared to < 2 min/day had a 31% lower risk of diabetes (HR = 0.69 (95% CI 0.53, 0.89)). A greater percent of intense steps for a given accumulation of steps/day was associated with further risk reduction. CONCLUSION: Adults who accumulate more daily steps may have a lower risk of diabetes. Accumulating more steps/day and greater step intensity appear to be important targets for preventing diabetes.