Reduced IL-8 Secretion by NOD-like and Toll-like Receptors in Blood Cells from COVID-19 Patients.

Severe inflammatory responses are associated with the misbalance of innate and adaptive immunity. TLRs, NLRs, and cytokine receptors play an important role in pathogen sensing and intracellular control, which remains unclear in COVID-19. This study aimed to evaluate IL-8 production in blood cells from COVID-19 patients in a two-week follow-up evaluation. Blood samples were taken at admission (t1) and after 14 days of hospitalization (t2). The functionality of TLR2, TLR4, TLR7/8, TLR9, NOD1, and NOD2 innate receptors and IL-12 and IFN-γ cytokine receptors was evaluated by whole blood stimulation with specific synthetic receptor agonists through the quantification of IL-8, TNF-α, or IFN-γ. At admission, ligand-dependent IL-8 secretion was 6.4, 13, and 2.5 times lower for TLR2, TLR4, and endosomal TLR7/8 receptors, respectively, in patients than in healthy controls. Additionally, IL-12 receptor-induced IFN-γ secretion was lower in COVID-19 patients than in healthy subjects. We evaluated the same parameters after 14 days and observed significantly higher responses for TLR2, TLR4, TLR7/8, TLR9, and NOD1, NOD2, and IFN-γ receptors. In conclusion, the low secretion of IL-8 through stimulation with agonists of TLR2, TLR4, TLR7/8, TLR9, and NOD2 at t1 suggests their possible contribution to immunosuppression following hyperinflammation in COVID-19 disease.

El impacto de una capacitación en nutrición sobre alimentación especializada, para el personal del servicio de alimentación del Ministerio de Justicia y Paz / The impact of a nutritional training on specialized nutrition for the foodservice staff of the Ministerio de Justicia y Paz

ResumenObjetivo:Mejorar el conocimiento del personal del servicio de alimentación y cocina de centros penitenciarios, sobre recomendaciones nutricionales en los casos especiales de salud, que más afectan a los privados de libertad.Metodología:Estudio cuasi-experimental, realizado en ocho centros penitenciarios del Área Metropolitana. Se utilizó un formulario semi-estructurado, como método de recolección de datos para la etapa de diagnóstico y la etapa posterior a las capacitaciones, con el objetivo de medir el impacto de las mismas. Se utilizó la prueba estadística de McNemar para evaluar diferencias significativas. Los resultados del diagnóstico sirvieron como base para determinar la metodología y temas a incluir en las capacitaciones.Resultados:La muestra consistió en 42 miembros del personal de cocina. Se desarrollaron capacitaciones sobre alimentación especializada en cuatro temas claves (hipertensión arterial, diabetes mellitus, alimentación tipo papilla y alimentación tipo blanda), en los cuales se encontró un mayor déficit de conocimiento durante la etapa de diagnóstico. Para dichas sesiones, se elaboraron materiales educativos (desplegables, manuales y rotafolios) acorde con las necesidades y preferencias del grupo de estudio. Posterior a las sesiones educativas, se logró observar un aumento significativo en el conocimiento sobre alimentación especializada por parte del personal de cocina gracias a la aplicación estadística del Test de McNemar.Discusión:La elaboración de este estudio provee evidencia sobre el déficit de conocimiento en personal de cocina de los 8 centros penitenciarios, sobre temas de alimentación especializada. A su vez, demuestra que las capacitaciones son una forma eficaz de transmitir el conocimiento en temas de nutrición.

AbstractObjective:Improve the knowledge of foodservice staff on the importance of healthy eating in different health situations that most affects people in custody of Penitentiary Centers from the Metropolitan Area of Costa Rica.Methodology:Quasi-experimental study was developed in eight penitentiary centers from the Metropolitan Area. A semi-structured survey was created to collect data pre and post training with the aim of measuring impact. McNemar Test was used to evaluate significant differences. Data obtained in the pre training stage was used to develop topics included in the training.Results:Sample consisted of 42 members of kitchen staff. Four main topics were addressed (hypertension, diabetes mellitus, pap feeding, and soft feeding), were the biggest gap in knowledge was found during pre-training stage. For the sessions, educational materials (leaflets, manuals and flipcharts) were created, according to the needs and preferences of the sample. After the training sessions, a significant increase in knowledge about specialized feeding by the foodservice staff was observed.Discussion:the development of this study provides evidence about a gap in knowledge about heathy eating in different health situations by the kitchen staff from 8 penitentiary centers. This study acknowledges the importance of training as an effective way to improve knowledge in nutritional topics.

Half-sandwich rhodium and iridium complexes containing homochiral imidazolyl-imine ligands: synthesis, characterization and catalytic applications.

Condensation of homochiral primary amines with 1-methyl-1H-imidazole-2-carbaldehyde affords the corresponding imidazolyl-imine compounds (L1-L3) which have been employed as ligands for the preparation of half-sandwich rhodium and iridium complexes of the formula [(η(5)-C5Me5)MClLn][SbF6]. Treatment of these chloride compounds with AgSbF6 renders dicationic aqua-complexes [(η(5)-C5Me5)MLn(H2O)] [SbF6]2 which act as catalysts for the Diels-Alder reaction between methacrolein and cyclopentadiene. Catalysis occurs with good exo:endo selectivity and poor enantioselectivity. All the compounds have been completely characterized by analytical and spectroscopic methods. Characterization includes the molecular structure determination of the complexes [(η(5)-C5Me5)MClLn][SbF6] (Ln = L1, M = Rh, (1) Ir (4); Ln = L3, M = Ir (6)) and [(η(5)-C5Me5)ML1(H2O)][SbF6]2 (M = Rh (7), Ir (10)) using X-ray diffraction. From the stereochemical properties of the organometallic precursors the catalytic outcome is discussed.

Bioética. Lugar y problema: una aproximación a la investigación en bioética / Bioethics. Place and problems: an approach to research in bioethics / Bioética. Lugar e problema: uma abordagem à pesquisa na bioética

Este escrito esboza cuestiones acerca del lugar y el problema de la Bioética, tanto como preguntas que no tienen respuestas preestablecidas y, como tal, exigen investigación. Como lugar, en Bioética se heredan las transformaciones de la racionalidad, la Epistemología y la Ética ocurridas en las interacciones sociales asumidas como contexto; la "Bioética" no tiene un lugar establecido y propio, se sitúa en un campo que se configura sólo al asumir la pregunta por la vida y por lo vivo. Propongo la tesis siguiente: La Bioética se constituye en la acción de introducir la vida como problema en lo cotidiano; esto conlleva la creación de nuevas sensibilidades a lo aún no sentido, lo aún no pensado, lo aún no valorado. De esta manera, el lugar de la Bioética se muestra como un juego de figuras diversas en y con las que se crean opciones de otras vidas aún no vividas y que remite a los aprendizajes como exposición al cambio y a las narrativas en las que éstos ocurren y son posibles. Esta tesis se perfila, en la perspectiva de la Bioética, como el conocimiento de cómo usar el conocimiento...

This writing sketches matters about the place and the problem of bioethics like no trivial questions, as they don`t have pre - existent answers, so they require investigation. In bioethics, the place inherits the rational, epistemological and ethical transformations that happened in those social interactions assumed as the context; Bioethics doesn´t have an own and established place, it is located in a field that shapes itself only when we assume the question about life and the living. I propose the theory that bioethics constitutes itself when we introduce life as a problem in our daily being and what this entails the creation of new sensibilities for what we still have no felt, no thought and no valued. So, the place of bioethics reveals itself like a game of varied figures with those we can create other life options, we still have not experienced; all this refers to learning styles which expose us to changes and to narratives in which those are possible and can occur. This theory outlines itself in the perspective of bioethics like the knowledge of how to use knowledge...

Este trabalho esboça questões quanto ao lugar e o problema da bioética, sobre como perguntas não triviais também não têm respostas pré-estabelecidas e como tal exigem pesquisa. Como lugar, na bioética são herdadas as transformações da racionalidade, epistemologia e ética ocorridas nas interações sociais assumidas como contexto; a “bioética” não tem um lugar estabelecido e próprio, situa-se em um campo que só é configurado ao assumir a pergunta pela vida e pelo vivo. Proponho a seguinte tese: a bioética se constitui na ação de introduzir a vida como problema no cotidiano; isto conduz à criação de novas sensibilidades quanto ao ainda não sentido, ao ainda não pensado, ao ainda não avaliado. Desta forma, o lugar da bioética se mostra como um jogo de figuras diversas, onde e com as quais são criadas opções de outras vidas ainda não vividas e que levam a aprendizagens como a exposição à mudança, e a narrativas sobre onde elas ocorrem e são possíveis. Esta tese se perfila na perspectiva da bioética como sendo o conhecimento de como usar o conhecimento...