ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Streptococcus pneumoniae is the leading cause of acute otitis media, pneumonia, meningitis, and sepsis. The heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) was incorporated into the national immunization program in Mexico in 2008. The aim of the study was to analyze the frequency of S. pneumoniae serotypes isolated from children ≤5 years of age with invasive diseases before and after the introduction of PCV7. METHODS: Isolates from sterile fluids, tissues and other body fluids were obtained from 1993 to 2012. Isolates collected in hospitals for the surveillance network were sent to the Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica. Serotyping was done using the Quellung reaction. The pre-vaccination period was considered from 1993-2007. RESULTS: A total of 1346 isolates were collected during 1993-2012. In the pre-vaccination era, serotypes included in PCV7 accounted for 59.7% of the strains, whereas in 2012 they represented only 21% of cases. There was a significant decrease in all PCV7-included serotypes. A gradual increase of the 19A serotype was detected during the vaccination period from 7% in 2008 to 39% of the isolates in 2012. In this year, 29% of the serotypes causing invasive disease were not included in any of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccines. CONCLUSION: The emergence of PCV7 non-included serotypes after vaccination demands increased surveillance. Currently in Mexico, the 13-valent conjugate vaccine (PCV13) offers better coverage than the 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV10).
Subject(s)
Pneumococcal Infections/epidemiology , Pneumococcal Vaccines/immunology , Streptococcus pneumoniae/immunology , Acute Disease , Bacterial Typing Techniques , Child , Child, Preschool , Feces , Female , Heptavalent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine , Hospitals , Humans , Immunization Programs , Infant , Male , Mexico/epidemiology , Pneumococcal Infections/immunology , Pneumococcal Infections/microbiology , Serotyping , Streptococcus pneumoniae/isolation & purification , Vaccination , Vaccines, ConjugateSubject(s)
Community-Acquired Infections/diagnosis , Community-Acquired Infections/microbiology , Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/isolation & purification , Staphylococcal Infections/diagnosis , Staphylococcal Infections/microbiology , Child , Child, Preschool , DNA, Bacterial/genetics , Female , Humans , Infant , Male , Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/classification , Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/genetics , Mexico , Multilocus Sequence Typing , Virulence Factors/genetics , Young AdultABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: For the last 14 years the Pan American Health Organization has been promoting surveillance of invasive pneumococcal disease in Latin American children for better understanding of the disease tendencies regarding capsular types circulation in each country and susceptibility to antimicrobials. METHODS: Laboratory-based surveillance data from 10 Latin American countries collected from 2000 to 2005 were analyzed, including serotype distribution and susceptibility to beta-lactam antibiotics. RESULTS: Although 61 different capsular types were identified during the 6-year surveillance, 13 serotypes accounted for 86% of all isolates. These were consistently the most prevalent throughout the study period with serotype 14 predominating. Diminished susceptibility to penicillin was detected in 38% of all Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates, with the highest prevalence in Dominican Republic and Mexico. Decreased susceptibility to penicillin increased in Brazil and Colombia whereas decreased high resistance rates was recorded in Chile. CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate that 10 countries of the Region continue to have high quality laboratory-based surveillance for pneumococcal disease thus generating valuable information so that healthcare decision makers may prioritize interventions. The heptavalent vaccine will potentially cover from 52.4% to 76.5% of strains causing invasive pneumococcal disease and the 13 valent from 76.7% to 88.3%.
