ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: We investigated the possible association between coping style and depressive feelings among caregivers of end-stage renal disease patients undergoing hemodialysis. METHODS: We studied 107 main caregivers of hemodialysis patients. Main caregiver was defined as the person on whom the patient counts for daily care or the one the patient calls upon in case of difficulties. Demographic data of caregivers and clinical data of patients were collected. The Jalowiec Coping Scale was applied to score two styles of coping: problem-oriented coping (POC) and emotion-oriented coping (EOC). Depression was screened by the 20-item version of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). A score ≥16 was used to classify depression. Comparisons were made by Student's t and Chi-square tests. The Pearson's test was used to assess correlation between scores. Linear and logistic regressions were used, respectively, to test variables as predictors of the CES-D scores and the presence of depression. RESULTS: The depression rate among caregivers was 71.9%. In the comparison between depressed and non-depressed caregivers, only EOC score differed, being higher among depressed ones (69.8 vs. 62.4; p < 0.001). EOC score was positively correlated with depression score (r = 0.368; p = <0.001). In the multivariate analysis, EOC independently predicted both the depression score (b = 0.272; p = 0.001) and the presence of depression (OR 1.221; 95% CI 1.123-1.339; p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that EOC is associated with and increases the risk of depression among caregivers of HD patients. We propose that strategies aiming to strengthen POC and diminish EOC can be applied to minimize depressive feelings.
Subject(s)
Adaptation, Psychological , Caregivers/psychology , Depression/etiology , Emotions , Adult , Depression/diagnosis , Female , Humans , Kidney Failure, Chronic/therapy , Male , Middle Aged , Psychiatric Status Rating Scales , Renal Dialysis , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
RESUMO De acordo com a Lei Arouca (Lei n° 11.794 – 2008), que estabelece critérios para “a criação e a utilização de animais em atividades de ensino e pesquisa científica, em todo o território nacional”, tem-se que, “sempre que possível, as práticas de ensino deverão ser fotografadas, filmadas ou gravadas, de forma a permitir sua reprodução para ilustração de práticas futuras, evitando-se a repetição desnecessária de procedimentos didáticos com animais”. O objetivo deste estudo foi relatar o desenvolvimento de um software (Pharmasoftware®) como método alternativo de ensino em Farmacologia no curso de Medicina da Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC), Campus Sobral. Para a certificação, foram utilizados dois grupos de alunos, um em aula prática convencional e outro com o Pharmasoftware®. A análise dos resultados revelou que ambas as atividades foram igualmente eficazes em auxiliar na consolidação do tema Vias de Administração dos Fármacos, evidenciando, assim, o Pharmasoftware® como uma ferramenta capaz de auxiliar no ensino da Farmacologia e, ainda, de fomentar a implantação de outros métodos alternativos de ensino de Farmacologia nas Instituições de Ensino Superior.
ABSTRACT The Brazilian Law on scientific and teaching use of animals, Arouca’s Law (n° 11.794 – 2008), clearly states that animals should not be used if an alternative method is available. The aim of this study was to describe the development of a software (Pharmasoftware®) as an alternative method of teaching in pharmacology at a Medical School (Federal University of Ceara, Campus Sobral). To support the development and validation of the Pharmasoftware® as an alternative method, students were allocated into two groups: one attending a conventional practical class and the other employing Pharmasoftware®. The results showed that two activities were equally effective in improving the students’ knowledge of drug administration. Pharmasoftware® may therefore represent a tool capable of supporting pharmacology teaching and it also fostering the establishment of alternative methods for teaching Pharmacology in the undergraduate courses.
