Prurigiform Angiomatosis: Reactive Angioproliferation in the Skin and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors.

BACKGROUND: Cutaneous benign angioproliferations can be diagnostically challenging and may mimic vascular tumors. Keratinocytes express vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs). We studied the angiogenic factor expression pattern in cutaneous lesions with a distinctive pattern of remarkable dermal angiomatosis underlying prurigo-like epidermal changes. METHODS: Cases were selected retrospectively from 2012 to 2018, and their VEGF staining pattern was compared with normal skin and other reactive skin conditions. RESULTS: Thirty-eight patients, median age 76 years, mostly men (74%), presented with asymptomatic patches or plaques, most commonly located on the buttocks (n = 17) and/or intergluteal fold (n = 12), often eliciting concern for neoplasia (n = 19). Microscopically, all cases featured a prominent proliferation of dilated capillaries and postcapillary venules, underneath epidermal changes resembling prurigo or lichen simplex chronicus. In one-third, a subepidermal lymphocytic infiltrate was present. Immunostaining with VEGF was positive in the upper 4/5 of the epidermis overlying the angioproliferation, in contrast with nonlesional skin, where VEGF positivity was limited to the stratum granulosum. Receptor VEGFR-2 was expressed in the endothelia of neovessels. CONCLUSIONS: We propose the term prurigiform angiomatosis for the morphological picture of prurigo/lichen simplex chronicus-like epidermal hyperplasia with prominent dermal angioproliferation. Mechanical injury and inflammation are the likely triggers of this reactive angiogenesis pattern, driven by epidermal VEGF expression.

Para-phenylenediamine-specific lymphocyte activation test: a sensitive in vitro assay to detect para-phenylenediamine sensitization in patients with severe allergic reactions.

Patients sensitized to para-phenylenediamine (PPD) by semi-permanent tattoos increasingly develop threatening allergic reactions in response to black hair dye. The gold standard to diagnose allergic contact dermatitis is to perform epicutaneous patch tests, however, iatrogenic sensitizations and severe patch test reactions to PPD have been described, the latter especially in patients with severe allergic reactions. We examined nine patients with severe allergic reactions in response to permanent hair dyes. Patch tests using the standard concentration of 1% or 0.5% PPD resulted in severe and sometimes even bullous reactions in all patients responsive to PPD. Titration revealed that at 1% of the standard concentration (0.01% PPD), patch test sensitivity decreased and only 50% of patients responded. Consequently, we established an in vitro assay to diagnose PPD allergy. Freshly isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were cultured with titrated concentrations of PPD with or without IL-2 supplementation, and cell proliferation was determined by [3H]-thymidine incorporation. Lymphocyte activation test (LAT) detected PBMC cell proliferation specific to PPD, with at least 3.5-fold increase in [3H]-thymidine uptake in all PPD allergic patients. Most importantly, PPD-LAT without IL-2 supplementation remained negative in three out of eight PPD allergic patients. Thus, PPD-LAT with IL-2 supplementation demonstrated a sensitivity of 100%, remained unresponsive in controls not sensitized to PPD, and in one patient sensitive to other p-amino compounds. These data demonstrate that LAT with PPD can be used to detect PPD sensitization as a possible alternative to patch testing at least in patients with severe allergic reactions to PPD.

Factory packed and expired - about emergency insect sting kits.

BACKGROUND: Patients allergic to insect venom are instructed to always carry emergency medication-an emergency kit. According to the current guidelines, these emergency kits should contain a H1-receptor-blocking antihistamine and corticosteroid for oral use, as well as an epinephrine inhaler and in particular situations an epinephrine auto-injector. PATIENTS AND METHODS: For quality management reasons patients with wasp venom allergy who presented for sting challenge provocation test were told to demonstrate their emergency kits. Concomitantly, constituents of the patient's emergency kits were checked for date of expiry of the medication and the patients were interviewed on storage and use of the emergency kits. RESULTS: In total 42 patients with a median duration time of systemic immunotherapy of 2.5 year were evaluated. Medication post date of expiration was found in 54% of the kits (n = 39). Only 31% of the patients could demonstrate how to use the kits correctly. Problems were especially evident concerning for using the application of the inhaler and auto-injector. 50% of the patients demonstrated using epinephrine auto-injectors in such way that an accidental injection into the fingers would have resulted. CONCLUSION: To assure safe and effective handling of all components of the emergency kit, continuous training and repeated supervised practice is necessary.

A phase III, randomized, open label study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of imiquimod 5% cream applied thrice weekly for 8 and 12 weeks in the treatment of low-risk nodular basal cell carcinoma.

OBJECTIVE: The present study was planned to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of topical treatment with imiquimod in nodular basal cell carcinoma (nBCC). METHODS: One hundred two patients were randomized to receive thrice-weekly topical imiquimod for either 8 or 12 weeks. Twelve patients dropped out. A total of 90 patients were evaluated for tolerability and efficacy. Histologic clearance was controlled by excising the original tumor location with 3-mm margins and evaluating with permanent sections the cut-surgical margin, including the deep margin, and with serial step-sectioning the central portion of the tissue for tumor persistence. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between the treatment arms with respect to efficacy and tolerability. Of 90 evaluable patients, 70 had a complete clinical clearance (78%). Clinically visible tumor was still present in 20 patients (22%). A complete histopathological clearance was observed in 58 patients (64%). Tumor persisted in 32 patients (36%). In 12 patients, despite complete clinical clearance, tumor remnants were still detected in histopathological evaluation. Efficacy was better in nBCC that was less than 1 cm in diameter, showing 82% clinical and 72% histopathologic clearing. Adverse events were reported in 92% of the patients and were mainly classified as minor or moderate local inflammation. LIMITATIONS: Clinical follow-up was limited to the time period between end of treatment and final complete excision. CONCLUSION: Imiquimod applied thrice weekly for 8 and 12 weeks shows modest activity against small nBCC. Residual tumor was present in more than one third of treated patients. Clinical appearance after treatment does not accurately reflect the presence or absence of disease in nearly 1 of every 5 patients with nBCC. Since 17% of patients with clinical clearance still have pathologic evidence of disease, excisional biopsy of the treated site is still indicated.

[Experiences with the new American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) classification of cutaneous melanoma]. / Erfahrungen mit der neuen American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC)-Klassifikation des kutanen malignen Melanoms.

A new AJCC/UICC staging classification of malignant melanoma was published in 2001 and has been in use since then. Compared to the TNM classification used for the previous 15 years, the new classification contains fundamental changes. The classification of the primary tumor is now based on newly defined classes for Breslow's tumor thickness (0 - 1.0 mm; 1.01 - 2.0 mm, 2.01 - 4.0 mm; > 4.0 mm). Histopathologically diagnosed ulceration is the second prognostic factor in primary melanoma and its presence leads to upstaging into the next higher T category. Clark level of invasion is now only relevant for tumors up to 1 mm thick; levels IV and V are also reasons for upstaging. Classification of regional lymph node metastasis distinguishes between microscopic metastasis only as detected with sentinel lymph node biopsy and clinically detectable macroscopic metastasis. Additionally, the number of metastatic nodes and the presence of satellite and in-transit metastasis are prognostic factors for classification of regional lymph node metastasis. In distant metastasis, the kind of organ involvement has a role for classification (only skin and lymph nodes vs. lung vs. other organs) and an elevated LDH value leads to upstaging. A critical analysis of data of the German Central Malignant Melanoma Registry did not confirm the strong role of histopathological ulceration of the primary tumor in all T- and N-stages. Furthermore, there is an inconsistency of the classification as stage IIC displays a significantly worse prognosis as compared to stage IIIA. In spite of these drawbacks the new staging classification should used particularly in clinical trials in order to make data internationally comparable.

Multicenter evaluation of the analytical and clinical performance of the Elecsys S100 immunoassay in patients with malignant melanoma.

The aim of this multicenter study was to evaluate the technical and clinical performance of the Elecsys S100 electrochemiluminescence immunoassay and to assess its utility as a tumor marker in patients with malignant melanoma. Imprecision studies yielded within-run coefficients of variation (CVs) of 0.7-2.0% and between-day CVs of 1.0-6.4%. Serum samples that were distributed to 11 participating laboratories for a comparability analysis resulted in excellent recoveries of 93-105% related to the median for all laboratories. The functional sensitivity of the assay was determined to be below 0.02 microg/L. The lot-to-lot reproducibility of Elecsys S100 was tested by analyzing 110 sera with three different reagent lots on an E2010 analyzer. This lot-to-lot comparison showed excellent correlation, with a coefficient of 0.99. A 95th percentile cut-off value of 0.10 microg/L was calculated from values measured in 206 healthy individuals. Using this cut-off value, sensitivity of 41% was found, with positive and negative predictive values of 0.50 and 0.91, respectively. Method comparison with the Sangtec 100 luminescence immunoassay, run on two different analyzers, showed correlation with coefficients ranging from 0.76 to 0.95. A comparison of S100 values obtained with both tests showed identical patterns in 68 serial samples from 15 patients with malignant melanoma during follow-up. These findings indicate that serial measurements with the Elecsys S100 assay are useful for the follow-up and monitoring of therapy in patients with malignant melanoma.

Palliative therapy of disseminated malignant melanoma: a systematic review of 41 randomised clinical trials.

We undertook a systematic review of 41 randomised studies in disseminated melanoma, identified by a comprehensive search. We aimed to investigate rates of response to various treatment modalities and the outcome for the patients. We analysed seven studies that compared polychemotherapy with single-agent dacarbazine, six that compared different chemotherapeutic schedules with each other, five on the addition of tamoxifen to a reference therapy, and six that included non-specific immunostimulators. In 17 studies, the addition of interferon alfa, interleukin 2, or both, to a reference therapy was investigated, including trials with biochemotherapy. Many trials had small sample sizes and did not report a power analysis; not all were analysed by intention to treat. Although some treatment regimens, especially polychemotherapeutic schedules, seem to increase response rates, none of the treatment schedules was proven to prolong overall survival. Patients with disseminated melanoma should be treated with well-tolerated drug regimens, such as single-agent treatments or in combination with interferon alfa. Systemic treatments should preferably be investigated in randomised trials so that the potential benefits of new treatment concepts can be thoroughly examined.

Fibroblast growth factor-2 but not Mel-CAM and/or beta3 integrin promotes progression of melanocytes to melanoma.

A variety of melanoma-associated antigens have been identified that mediate adhesion, growth, proteolysis, and modulation of immune response. However, the mechanisms by which human normal melanocytes become malignant are not clearly understood. Among the most consistent observations is the up-regulation of fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) and of the adhesion molecules beta3 integrin and Mel-CAM during melanoma progression. To evaluate the potential role of FGF-2, beta3 integrin and Mel-CAM in melanoma development we overexpressed FGF-2, beta3 integrin and Mel-CAM in normal human melanocytes using replication-deficient adenoviruses as a gene delivery vehicle. Fibroblast growth factor-2 overexpressing melanocytes in monolayer culture displayed cytological atypia. Furthermore, in human skin reconstructs where the physiological milieu is recreated in vitro, FGF-2-overexpressing melanocytes exhibited marked proliferation, upwards migration, cluster formation and type IV collagen expression within the epidermal compartment, simulating early radial growth phase melanoma. In contrast, overexpression of beta3 integrin and/or Mel-CAM in melanocytes did not affect their biological behaviour in human skin reconstructs. The described results of the current and previous studies emphasise the key role of FGF-2 in melanoma development and progression, underscoring the promise of FGF-2 as a target for therapy.