Accuracy of interferon gamma release assays for the COVID-19 immunity assessment.

Emerging evidence suggests that T-cells play a significant role in COVID-19 immunity both in the context of natural infection and vaccination. Easy to use IGRA assays including QFN SARS are considered attractive alternatives to more "traditional" but laborious methods for detection of SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cell responses. In our Letter we are proposing explanations to an apparently lower than expected T-cell responses (44 % reactive individuals) reported by Krüttgen et al in a small cohort of healthy double vaccinated individuals. These results could have been affected by reporting raw optical density values instead of calculated Interferon-É£ concentrations which is supported by unexpectedly low mitogen responses in healthy individuals. This study highlights an importance of adhering to good laboratory practice principles as well as overall importance of accurate T-cell immunity assessment using IGRA assays.

Spirituality: a dimension of holistic critical care nursing.

Although many patients face significant physical needs, their mind and spirit may be ill as well. Three facets make up an individual: physical, mental, and spiritual. To provide optimal holistic care, the critical care nurse must take into consideration each of these three aspects. But most importantly, the critical care nurse must recognize that spiritual care begins with oneself. Spirituality is one such area of patient care that, when addressed, can reap positive benefits for both the client and the healthcare provider. This article explores all aspects of spirituality for the critical care nurse.