ABSTRACT
Analyses of potential dietary exposure to chlorpyrifos residues were conducted by the Department of Pesticide Regulation (DPR). Potential acute dietary ingestion of chlorpyrifos for all labelled uses was based on the 95th percentile of user-day exposures. Margins of safety (MOSs) for potential acute dietary exposure to chlorpyrifos residues were based on a no-observed-effect level (NOEL) for cholinergic signs in a human study, and ranged from 52 to 205 for all population subgroups. MOSs for potential chronic dietary exposure to chlorpyrifos residues were based on a NOEL for inhibition of brain cholinesterase activity in rats and dogs, and ranged from 2198 to 8065 for all population subgroups. The limitations on toxicity, consumption and residue data are discussed, with the assumptions necessitated by those limitations.
Subject(s)
Chlorpyrifos/toxicity , Pesticide Residues/toxicity , Animals , Behavior, Animal/drug effects , CHO Cells/drug effects , Chlorpyrifos/administration & dosage , Chlorpyrifos/pharmacokinetics , Cricetinae , Dogs , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Embryonic and Fetal Development/drug effects , Food Contamination , Humans , Mutation/drug effects , Mutation/genetics , Pesticide Residues/pharmacokinetics , Rats , Reproduction/drug effects , Risk FactorsSubject(s)
Orbit/surgery , Skull Neoplasms/surgery , Skull/surgery , Sphenoid Bone/surgery , Temporal Bone/surgery , Adenocarcinoma/surgery , Adult , Aged , Angiofibroma/surgery , Child , Female , Humans , Male , Meningeal Neoplasms/surgery , Meningioma/surgery , Methods , Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms/surgeryABSTRACT
We studied 58 adults with Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome diagnosed during childhood. Tics persisted in all patients but were moderate/severe in only 24%, compared with 60% at the time of worst function. Coprolalia persisted in 4%, compared with 22% at the time of worst function. For most patients, worst function occurred in adolescence (mode = 13 years). In spite of a high frequency of school and behavioral problems during development, 98% graduated high school and 90% were full-time students or fully employed. Features predictive of mild tic severity in adulthood were mild tics during the patient's worst pre-adulthood function and mild tics during early and late adolescence. Childhood tic severity had no predictive value, and likewise, coprolalia during development did not increase the risk for adult moderate/severe tics.
Subject(s)
Tic Disorders/complications , Tourette Syndrome/complications , Adult , Age Factors , Female , Humans , Language , Male , Middle Aged , Risk Factors , Tourette Syndrome/physiopathology , Tourette Syndrome/psychologyABSTRACT
D-Lactate-associated encephalopathy is a rare clinical syndrome characterized by dizziness, ataxia, confusion, headaches, memory loss, lethargy, and aggressiveness which may progress to frank but reversible coma. It occurs in patients with profound dysfunction of the short-bowel syndrome and is believed to result from massive carbohydrate malabsorption with resultant over-production of D-lactate and other organic anions by the colonic flora. Extremely elevated serum levels of D-lactate (but not L-lactate) confirm the diagnosis, but currently D-lactate is not clearly established as the putative neurotoxin. We describe a patient who repeatedly developed D-lactate encephalopathy after surgical removal of nearly the entire jejunum and ileum. Markedly elevated D-lactate serum levels were documented during an encephalopathic episode. Potential pathophysiologic mechanisms and the treatment rationale are discussed.
