Histology-dependent prognostic role of pERK and p53 protein levels in early-stage non-small cell lung cancer.

Lung tumors represent a major health problem. In early stage NSCLC tumors, surgical resection is the preferred treatment, but 30-55% of patients will relapse within 5 years after surgery. Thus, the identification of prognostic biomarkers in early stage NSCLC patients, especially those which are therapeutically addressable, is crucial to enhance survival of these patients. We determined the immunohistochemistry expression of key proteins involved in tumorigenesis and oncogenic signaling, p53, EGFR, pAKT and pERK, and correlated their expression level to clinicopathological characteristics and patient outcome. We found EGFR expression is higher in the squamous cell carcinomas than in adenocarcinomas (p=0.043), and that nuclear p53 staining correlated with lower differentiated squamous tumors (p=0.034). Regarding the prognostic potential of the expression of these proteins, high pERK levels proved to be an independent prognostic factor for overall (p<0.001) and progression-free survival (p<0.001) in adenocarcinoma patients, but not in those from the squamous histology, and high p53 nuclear levels were identified as independent prognostic factor for progression-free survival (p=0.031) only in squamous cell carcinoma patients. We propose a role as early prognostic biomarkers for pERK protein levels in adenocarcinoma, and for nuclear p53 levels in squamous cell lung carcinoma. The determination of these potential biomarkers in the adequate histologic context may predict the outcome of early stage NSCLC patients, and may offer a therapeutic opportunity to enhance survival of these patients.

Effects of electrical stimulation in the treatment of osteonecrosis of the femoral head.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to examine whether the use of an internal electrostimulator could improve the results obtained with core decompression alone in the treatment of osteonecrosis of the femoral head. METHODS: We performed a retrospective study of 41 patients (55 hips) treated for osteonecrosis of the femoral head between 2005 and 2014. Mean follow-up time was 56 (12-108) months. We recorded 3 parameters: time to recurrence of pain, time to conversion to arthroplasty and time to radiographic failure. Survival was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. The equality of the survival distributions was determined by the Log rank test. RESULTS: Implanted electrostimulator was a factor that increased the survival of hips in a pre-op Steinberg stage of II or below, while it remained unchanged if the stage was III or higher. CONCLUSIONS: The addition of an internal electrostimulator provides increased survival compared to core decompression alone at stages below III.

Prognostic Role of the FGFR4-388Arg Variant in Lung Squamous-Cell Carcinoma Patients With Lymph Node Involvement.

BACKGROUND: The identification of prognostic biomarkers for lung squamous-cell carcinoma (SCC) pathology is crucial because of its poor prognosis. A variant of the FGFR4 (fibroblast growth factor receptor 4) gene, FGFR4-388Arg, has been associated with prognosis and is linked to oncogenesis in vitro in several types of cancer. We analyzed the association of this variant with prognosis and downstream signaling alteration in lung SCC patients. METHODS: The presence of the FGFR4-388Arg variant was determined in 114 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded lung SCC tissue samples by DNA genotyping and was correlated with clinicopathologic data. The activation of the protein kinase B (AKT) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways was determined by immunohistochemistry, and its association with the presence of FGFR4-388Arg was analyzed. RESULTS: We found that tumor differentiation status and adjuvant chemotherapy administration could be independent prognostic factors for overall survival (OS) in lymph node-affected patients, as expected. The progression-free survival and OS of patients with lymph node involvement (n = 41) and the FGFR4-388Arg genotype were significantly lower than those of patients lacking this variant (P = .035 and P = .042, respectively). Importantly, multivariate analysis supported the independent prognostic role of the FGFR4-388Arg genotype in OS (P = .025). Regarding downstream signaling, the FGFR4-388Arg genotype was not correlated with altered AKT signaling but was associated with increased MAPK activation in the SCC tumor samples (P = .017). CONCLUSION: The FGFR4-388Arg variant may represent a promising prognostic biomarker in SCC patients with lymph node involvement. For these patients, FGFR4 may be a potential therapeutic target.

Increased nuclear localization of substance P in human gastric tumor cells.

Gastric cancer (GC) is an aggressive disease that remains the fourth most common type of cancer and is the second leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Treatment of advanced or metastatic GC has seen little progress and median overall survival in this group remains <1 year. It is urgent to investigate new mechanisms to understand GC progression. It is known that substance P (SP), after binding to the neurokinin-1 (NK-1) receptor, elicits GC proliferation; that GC cells and samples express NK-1 receptors; that NK-1 receptor antagonists, in a concentration dependent manner, inhibit the proliferation of GC cells and that these cells die by apoptosis. However, the presence of SP in GC and normal gastric cells is unknown. In order to know more on the involvement of the SP/NK-1 receptor system in GC, we studied in thirty human GC and normal gastric samples the immunolocalization of SP after using an immunohistochemical technique. SP was observed in the cytoplasm and in the nucleus of GC and normal gastric cells. The nuclear expression of SP was higher in GC cells than in normal cells. No significant difference was observed when the cytoplasmatic expression of SP in normal and GC cells was compared. The findings suggest that SP plays an important role in both nuclear function and GC.

The neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist aprepitant is a promising candidate for the treatment of breast cancer.

The substance P (SP)/neurokinin (NK)-1 receptor system plays an important role in the development of cancer. No in-depth studies of the involvement of this system in breast cancer (BC) have been carried out, and the action exerted by the drug aprepitant on BC cells is currently unknown. We show the involvement of this system in human BC cell lines: i) these cells express mRNA for the NK-1 receptor; ii) they overexpress NK-1 receptors; iii) the NK-1 receptor is involved in their viability; iv) SP induces their proliferation; v) NK-1 receptor antagonists block SP-induced mitogen stimulation of these cells; vi) the specific antitumor action of such antagonists on these cells occurs through the NK-1 receptor; and vii) BC cell death is due to apoptosis. We also found NK-1 receptors and SP in all human BC samples studied. The NK-1 receptor may be a promising target in the treatment of BC and NK-1 receptor antagonists could be candidates as a new antitumor drug in the treatment of BC.

MiR-107 and miR-99a-3p predict chemotherapy response in patients with advanced colorectal cancer.

BACKGROUND: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in numerous biological and pathological processes including colorectal cancer (CRC). The aim of our study was to evaluate the ability of miRNA expression patterns to predict chemotherapy response in a cohort of 78 patients with metastatic CRC (mCRC). METHODS: We examined expression levels of 667 miRNAs in the training cohort and evaluated their potential association with relevant clinical endpoints. We identified a miRNA profile that was analysed by RT-qPCR in an independent cohort. For a set of selected miRNAs, bioinformatic target predictions and pathway analysis were also performed. RESULTS: Eight miRNAs (let-7 g*, miR-107, miR-299-5p, miR-337-5p, miR-370, miR-505*, miR-889 and miR-99a-3p) were significant predictors of response to chemotherapy in the training cohort. In addition, overexpression of miR-107, miR-337-5p and miR-99a-3p, and underexpression of miR-889, were also significantly associated with improved progression-free and/or overall survival. MicroRNA-107 and miR-99a-3p were further validated in an independent cohort as predictive markers for chemotherapy response. In addition, an inverse correlation was confirmed in our study population between miR-107 levels and mRNA expression of several potential target genes (CCND1, DICER1, DROSHA and NFKB1). CONCLUSIONS: MiR-107 and miR-99a-3p were validated as predictors of response to standard fluoropyrimidine-based chemotherapy in patients with mCRC.

Uveal melanoma expresses NK-1 receptors and cyclosporin A induces apoptosis in human melanoma cell lines overexpressing the NK-1 receptor.

Substance P and neurokinin-1 (NK-1) receptor antagonists respectively induce proliferation and growth inhibition in human melanoma cell lines. The presence of NK-1 receptors in human melanoma cell lines and samples has been reported, but the presence of NK-1 receptors has not been demonstrated in uveal melanomas. It is known that melanoma express the tachykinin 1 receptor (TAC1R) gene. This gene is overexpressed in several human cancer cell lines, but such overexpression is currently unknown in human malignant melanoma cell lines (COLO 858, MEL HO, COLO 679). In this study, we attempt to demonstrate the overexpression of the TAC1R gene in such cells. We performed an in vitro study by real-time quantitative RT-PCR for TAC1R and found that the NK-1 receptor was overexpressed in the three human melanoma cell lines studied. Using a knockdown method, we demonstrate that the NK-1 receptor is involved in the viability of the COLO 858 melanoma cell line. Immunohistochemistry was also used to demonstrate NK-1 receptors in uveal melanoma samples. We observed that NK-1 receptors were present in the 21/21 uveal melanomas. In addition, cyclosporin A inhibited the growth of the three melanoma cell lines studied in a dose-dependent manner, and after the administration of this immunosuppresive drug apoptosis was observed. This indicates at least that the antitumor action of cyclosporin A is mediated by the NK-1 receptor. Our findings suggest that the NK-1 receptor could be a promising target in the treatment of human melanomas.

Antitumor activity of neurokinin-1 receptor antagonists in MG-63 human osteosarcoma xenografts.

Osteosarcoma is a highly malignant bone tumor in children and adolescents. Aprepitant is a selective high­affinity antagonist of the human neurokinin­1 (NK­1) receptor (NK1R) with robust antitumor activity. No data exist on the presence of NK1R in osteosarcoma and whether this tumor responds to NK1R antagonists. Here, we analyzed the expression of NK1R in the human osteosarcoma cell line MG-63 with western blot analysis and PCR and found significant expression both at the protein and mRNA levels. We further studied the growth inhibitory capacity of aprepitant and other NK1R antagonists on MG-63 in vitro using an MTS cytotoxicity assay and DAPI staining. All antagonists induced tumor growth inhibition and apoptosis. Synergism was observed for the combination of L-733,060 with common cytostatic drugs in MG-63, but not in non-malignant HEK293 cells. Pretreatment of HEK293 with L-733,060 prior to exposure to cytostatic drugs partially protected HEK293 cells from inhibition by these drugs. Furthermore, nanomolar concentrations of substance P (SP), the natural ligand of the NK1R, increased the growth rate of MG­63 cells and micromolar concentrations of aprepitant inhibited SP-induced growth in a dose­dependent manner. In vivo, a xenograft for MG-63 was created in nude mice and treated with peritumoral s.c. injections of fosaprepitant, which resulted in a significant reduction of tumor volume. Collectively, we demonstrated for the first time that the NK1R is expressed in human osteosarcoma cell line MG­63 and that this receptor can be targeted with NK1R antagonists both in vitro as well as in vivo.

Immunolocalization of substance P and NK-1 receptor in Hofbauer cells in human normal placenta.

Substance P (SP) after binding to the neurokinin-1 (NK-1) receptor regulates many biological functions. Both SP and the NK-1 receptor are expressed in human normal placenta cells, monocytes, and macrophages. However, to our knowledge, the presence of both SP and the NK-1 receptor in macrophages of the placenta, the Hofbauer cells, is unknown. We demonstrate by immunohistochemistry in human normal placenta samples the presence of both SP and NK-1 receptors in the cytoplasm and in the nucleus of Hofbauer cells. The findings suggest a functional role of the SP/NK-1 receptor system in the physiology and pathophysiology of Hofbauer cells in the human placenta.

The substance P/neurokinin-1 receptor system in lung cancer: focus on the antitumor action of neurokinin-1 receptor antagonists.

The last decades have seen no significant progress in extending the survival of lung cancer patients and there is an urgent need to improve current therapies. The substance P (SP)/neurokinin-1 receptor (NK-1R) system plays an important role in the development of cancer: SP and NK-1R antagonists respectively induce cell proliferation and inhibition in human cancer cell lines. No study of the involvement of this system in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cells has been carried out in depth. Here, we demonstrate the involvement of the SP/NK-1R system in human H-69 (SCLC) and COR-L23 (NSCLC) cell lines: (1) they express isoforms of the NK-1R and mRNA for the NK-1R; (2) they overexpress the tachykinin 1 gene; (3) the NK-1R is involved in their viability; (4) SP induces their proliferation; (5) NK-1R antagonists (Aprepitant (Emend), L-733,060, L-732,138) inhibit the growth of both cell lines in a concentration-dependent manner; (6) the specific antitumor action of these antagonists against such cells occurs through the NK-1R; and (7) lung cancer cell death is due to apoptosis. We also demonstrate the presence of NK-1Rs and SP in all the human SCLC and NSCLC samples studied. Our findings indicate that the NK-1R may be a promising new target in the treatment of lung cancer and that NK-1R antagonists could be new candidate antitumor drugs in the treatment of SCLC and NSCLC.

Problemas diagnósticos en tumores del nervio periférico (II) / Diagnostic problems of peripheral nerve tumours (II)

En esta segunda parte se revisan los criterios diferenciales entre mixomas de vainas neurales y neurotekeomas, neuromas mucosos y neuromas traumáticos y las lesiones neurales pigmentadas (neurofibroma pigmentado y schwannoma pigmentado). Asimismo, se describen los criterios de malignidad en las lesiones precursoras del tumor maligno de vaina neural periférica, los distintos tipos de lesiones de células granulares y los hallazgos diferenciales más significativos de las lesiones neurales de células fusiformes que asientan en piel y tubo digestivo(AU)

In the second part of this study, the criteria for the differentiation between neural sheath myxomas and neurothekeomas, mucous neuromas and traumatic neuromas and pigmented neural lesions (pigmented neurofibroma and pigmented schwannoma) are discussed. Furthermore, the criteria for malignancy in precursor lesions of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumours, the various types of granular cell lesions and the most significant differential findings in neural lesions with fusiform cells occurring in the skin and digestive tract are examined(AU)

Problemas diagnósticos en tumores del nervio periférico (I) / Diagnostic problems of peripheral nerve tumours (I)

Los tumores del nervio periférico son lesiones relativamente comunes que con frecuencia plantean problemas diagnósticos de marcada trascendencia. En la presente revisión se estudian de modo comparativo lesiones con nombres o con características morfológicas parecidas para poner en relieve los hallazgos diferenciales más significativos. En esta primera parte se revisan los siguientes diagnósticos: schwannoma convencional de tejidos blandos vs. neurofibroma intraneural; neurofibroma plexiforme vs. schwannoma plexiforme; schwannoma celular vs. tumor maligno de la vaina neural periférica (TMVNP); TMVNP vs. Melanoma, y TMVNP vs. sarcoma sinovial monofásico(AU)

Peripheral nerve tumours are relatively common and often pose important diagnostic problems. The present review makes a comparative study of lesions with similar names or morphological characteristics, highlighting the most significant findings. In this first part, the following diagnoses are considered: Conventional soft tissue schwannoma vs. intraneural neurofibroma; plexiform neurofibroma vs. plexiform schwannoma; cellular schwannoma vs. malignant peripheral neural sheath tumour (MPNST); MPNST vs. melanoma; and MPNST vs. monophasic synovial sarcoma(AU)

Tumor de células granulares traqueobronquial. Estudio clinicopatológico de 4 casos / Tracheobronchial granular cell tumors. A clinicopathologic study of 4 cases

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Carcinoma gástrico de tipo difuso asociado a enfermedad de Ménétrier localizada. Estudio clinicopatológico de dos casos / Diffuse gastric carcinoma associated with localized Ménétrier’s disease

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Cáncer de mama en varones. Características anatomoclínicas / Male breast cancer: histopathological characteristics

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Groove pancreatitis: MRI and pathologic findings.

OBJECTIVE: Our purpose is to describe the MRI findings with pathologic correlation, in five patients with groove pancreatitis, a specific form of chronic pancreatitis affecting the groove between the pancreatic head, the common bile duct and duodenum. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Five patients with pathologically proven (four cases) and clinical and MRI findings (follow-up) consistent with the diagnosis of groove pancreatitis (one case) were reviewed. Three patients underwent cephalic pancreatoduodenectomy (Whipple procedure) due to severe duodenal stenosis; MRI findings were correlated with the histological findings. RESULTS: In all patients a mass was seen affecting the groove between the pancreatic head and the duodenum. Precontrast images demonstrated hypointense tissue relative to pancreatic parenchyma on T1-weighted images and iso to slightly hyperintense tissue on STIR and T2-weighted images. Postcontrast dynamic Gd-DTPA images, showed peripheral mass enhancement on immediate postgadolinium images and progressive and centripetal mass enhancement on delayed images with good delineation of multiple cysts. Histologically, fibro-inflammatory tissue was demonstrated in the groove and the duodenal wall with obliterative concentric scarring of the distal common bile duct. CONCLUSIONS: MRI findings are demonstrative of the pathologic features characteristic of this entity: the fibrous tissue in the pancreaticoduodenal groove, the duodenal wall inflammation and the groove and/or duodenal wall cyst formation.