Conocimiento del uso correcto del condón masculino en alumnos de preparatoria de una población indígena del estado de Michoacán / Knowledge of the correct use of the male condom in high-school students of an indigenous population of the state of Michoacan

Resumen ANTECEDENTES: las infecciones de trasmisión sexual y los embarazos no planeados son dos grandes problemas de salud pública. El condón masculino disminuye los riesgos a medida que las personas adquieren mayor experiencia y conocimiento de su uso correcto y sistemático. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: estudio observacional, analítico, transversal y prospectivo, de tipo encuesta. El tipo de muestreo fue por conglomerados, se seleccionaron nueve grupos de la preparatoria, a quienes se les aplicó el cuestionario de "Conocimiento del uso correcto del condón masculino". RESULTADOS: se incluyeron 201 alumnos, de los que 105 eran hombres. El promedio de edad fue de 16 años; 191 eran solteros, 4 casados y 6 vivían en unión libre. Los resultados mostraron que menos de la mitad de los encuestados tenía conocimiento correcto del uso del condón masculino, independientemente de su sexo y estado civil. CONCLUSIONES: a pesar de la información que se ha proporcionado constantemente por los diversos medios de comunicación, los profesionales de salud y las instituciones académicas, un porcentaje muy bajo de los sujetos en este tipo de comunidad tiene conocimiento acerca del uso correcto del condón masculino.

Abstract BACKGROUND: Sexually transmitted infections and unplanned pregnancies are two major public health problems. The male condom reduces the risks while as people acquire more experience and knowledge of their correct and consistent use. MATERIAL AND METHOD: An observational, analytical, transversal and prospective study was done. The type of sample was by conglomerates, selecting 9 groups of high school students. A questionnaire called "knowledge of the correct use of masculine condoms" was applied to these students. RESULTS: There were included 201 students, from which 105 were men. The mean age was 16 years old; 191 were single, 4 were married and 6 lived in free union. Results showed that less than a half of the people has a correct knowledge of the use of the masculine condom whether of their sex or marital status. CONCLUSION: Despite of the information given constantly by diverse media, professionals in health and academic institutions, a very low percentage of subjects have knowledge about the correct use of the male condom.

Triglicéridos y riesgo cardiovascular / Triglycerides and cardiovascular risk

Resumen: La relación entre triglicéridos y riesgo cardiovascular ha dado lugar a un conflicto de información. Por un lado, se sugiere una fuerte asociación epidemiológica, pero por otro, existe carencia de pruebas generadas por la investigación clínica de que su reducción se asocie con disminución de eventos cardiovasculares. En este artículo se tratan de explicar las posibles razones fisiopatogénicas y metodológicas de esta controversia, se muestran datos recientes del análisis del riesgo que confieren las diferentes clases de dislipidemias encontradas en la clínica, y de probables beneficios del tratamiento con fibratos, así como recomendaciones prácticas de manejo de las dislipidemias asociadas con hipertrigliceridemia más comunes en nuestra población.

Abstract: The relationship between triglycerides and cardiovascular risk has led to an information conflict. On the one hand, a strong epidemiological association is suggested, but on the other hand there is a lack of evidence generated by clinical research that its reduction is associated with a decrease in cardiovascular events. In this article we try to explain the possible pathophysiological and methodological reasons for this controversy, we show recent data on the risk analysis of the different types of dyslipidemias found in the clinic, and the probable benefits of treatment with fibrates, as well as practical recommendations of management of the hypertriglyceridaemia-associated dyslipidemias most common in our population.

Efectos de la inhibición selectiva y no selectiva de la ciclooxigenasa en la vasodilatación dependiente de óxido nítrico y prostaciclina en pacientes hipertensos / Effects of selective and non-selective cycloxigenase inhibition on nitric oxide and prostacycline dependent vasodilation in hypertensive patients

Antecedentes: La seguridad de los fármacos inhibidores selectivos de la ciclooxigenasa 2(COX-2), especialmente cuando se usan en hipertensos o en pacientes de alto riesgo, hasido cuestionada. Esto puede deberse a los efectos de estos medicamentos en la funciónendotelial.Objetivo: Evaluar los efectos de la inhibición selectiva y no selectiva de la COX en lavasodilatación dependiente de NO y prostaciclina (PGI2) en pacientes hipertensos.Métodos: Se incluyó a 24 pacientes hipertensos en un estudio prospectivo, controlado,aleatorizado, a doble ciego en el cual se evaluaron los efectos de la indometacina y el rofecoxiben la vasodilatación dependiente de flujo y el efecto hipotensor agudo del captopril.Se midió la vasodilatación de la arteria humeral en respuesta a 5 min de isquemiamediante ultrasonido Doppler de alta resolución con transductores arteriales de 10 MHz.El efecto hipotensor agudo del captopril se evaluó con un esfigmomanómetro electrónicovalidado a las 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 12 y 24 h tras los tratamientos.Resultados: Ni la indometacina, el rofecoxib, el captopril, el captopril más indometacinao el captopril más rofecoxib tuvieron efecto en la vasodilatación dependiente de flujo. Laindometacina, pero no el rofecoxib, inhibió el efecto hipotensor agudo del captopril.Conclusiones: Esto indica que la vasodilatación aguda inducida por captopril dependeen buena medida de PGI2 cuya liberación es mediada por COX-1 y que el riesgo cardiovascularinducido por los inhibidores selectivos de COX-2 pudiera reducirse con la administraciónconcomitante de captopril u otros inhibidores de la enzima de conversión de angiotensina(AU)

Background: The cardiovascular safety of new selective COX-2 inhibitors, especially whenused in hypertensive or high risk patients, has been recently questioned. This may berelated to the effects of these drugs on endothelial function.Aim: Evaluate the effects of selective and non-selective COX-inhibition on NO and PGI2-dependent vasodilation in hypertensive patients. Methods. Twenty-four hypertensivepatients were included in a controlled, randomized, prospective, double-blind trial inwhich the effects of indomethacin and rofecoxib on flow-dependent vasodilation and theacute hypotensive captopril effect were evaluated. Brachial artery flow-dependentvasodilation in response to 5-minute ischemia was measured by means of a high resolutionDoppler ultrasound device with 10 MHz arterial transducers. The acute hypotensivecaptopril effect was measured by means of an electronic validated device at 0, 1, 2, 3,4, 5, 12 and 24 h after treatments.Results: Neither indomethacin, rofecoxib, captopril, captopril plus indomethacin norcaptopril plus rofecoxib modified the flow-dependent vasodilation. Captopril-inducedvasodilation indomethacin but not rofecoxib blunted the acute hypotensive effect ofcaptopril.Conclusions: These results suggest that the acute vasodilation induced by captopril isCOX-1 dependent and the excess of cardiovascular risk of COX-2 inhibitors may bedecreased by concomitant administration of ACE-inhibitors in hypertensive patients(AU)

Effects of a vegetarian diet vs. a vegetarian diet enriched with avocado in hypercholesterolemic patients.

To determine the effects of a vegetarian diet with avocado as a source of monounsaturated fat on serum lipids, thirteen patients with phenotype II (twelve with IIa and one with IIb) dyslipidemia were included in a prospective, transversal and comparative study in which three four-week diets randomly assigned were assessed. One vegetarian diet (ALVD) was composed of 70% carbohydrates, 10% proteins and 20% lipids. Another was composed of 60% carbohydrates, 10% proteins and 30% lipids, 75% of which was supplied by avocado (AVD). A third diet was an avocado-added free diet (FDWA). Body weight, body mass index (BMI), and serum lipids (total cholesterol (TC), high (HDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and triglycerides (TG)) were evaluated. AVD produced a significant decrease in LDL. ALVD did not change TC and LDL, while FDWA increased them slightly. The three diets reduced TG levels, but only ALVD did so significantly. All three diets reduced HDL levels, particularly ALVD, which produced the greatest reduction. Low-fat, carbohydrate-rich vegetarian diets may be harmful to hypercholesterolemic patients. The avocado addition to a vegetarian diet does not correct these undesirable effects. To obtain beneficial effects on lipid profile with avocado, lower amounts of carbohydrates and polyunsaturated fatty acids are probably needed.

Differences in basal nocturnal, meal-stimulated, and pentagastrin-stimulated gastric secretion values in a sample of healthy volunteers in basal conditions and under ranitidine influence.

The gastric secretion values from 16 healthy male volunteers are reported. A nasogastric tube was positioned in the gastric antrum and 10-min gastric secretion samples were obtained hourly by continuous suction. Basal nocturnal, meal-stimulated, and pentagastrin-stimulated gastric acid secretion were measured. Experimental sessions were carried out in control conditions and repeated after a 7-day treatment with placebo and ranitidine (150 mg b.i.d.) in a double-blind procedure. We found six subjects (group I) with basal nocturnal, meal-stimulated, and pentagastrin-stimulated gastric secretion values statistically lower than then rest of the group (group II). Basal nocturnal secretion mean values were 3.99 +/- 6.6 mmol/L (group I) and 59.2 +/- 22.1 mmol/L (group II) (p < 0.01). Meal-stimulated gastric acidity mean values were 33.1 + 17.3 mmol/L (group I) and 65.6 +/- 30.6 mmol/L (group II) (p < 0.05). Pentagastrin-stimulated gastric secretion mean values were 8 +/- 2 mmol/h (group I) and 19.2 +/- 2.7 mmol/h (group II) (p < 0.01). Ranitidine significantly inhibited basal nocturnal, meal-stimulated, and pentagastrin-stimulated gastric acidity values mostly in group II. These results suggest that there are two different patterns of gastric secretion in the healthy male population.

[Demonstration of clinical bioequivalency of teldane and feliberal using a bioassay with intradermal histamine challenge in healthy volunteers]. / Demostración de la bioequivalencia clínica de Teldane y Feliberal mediante un bioensayo con reto de histamina intradérmica en voluntarios sanos.

To demonstrate the bioequivalence of two terfenadine formulations, a clinical-equivalence trial was performed. The antihistaminic's ability to prevent the response to intradermal histaminic challenge was herein assessed. Twelve healthy volunteers underwent a randomized, double blind, cross over trial with seven-day treatments. Dermal response to histamine concentrations of 0, 1, 2, 5 and 10 mcg was determined by measuring the wheal produced on the deltoid area. Measurements were made 72 hours prior to terfenadine administration, 1 hour after the first dose and 11 hours after second and last doses of each treatment. Both formulations showed the same latency, extent and duration in protective effect against histaminic challenge. This confirms the clinical equivalence of the two formulations and suggests that they have a similar bioavailability.

Effects of avocado as a source of monounsaturated fatty acids on plasma lipid levels.

To examine the effects of avocado on plasma lipid concentrations, a three-diet trial involving 16 healthy volunteers was carried out. A diet rich in monounsaturated fatty acids using avocado as their major source (30% of the total energy was consumed as fat: 75% of the total fat from the avocado), with restriction of saturated fats and less than 300 mg of cholesterol per day was evaluated. Subjects also were in a free-diet period with the addition of the same amount of avocado. Finally, volunteers received a low-saturated fat diet without avocado. The first and third diets were designed to simulate a usual diet and volunteers carried on their normal activities during the trial, only the three daily meals were eaten in our clinical unit. Diets lasted 2 weeks and they were assigned in a randomized order. In both rich-monounsaturated fat (RMF) and low-saturated fat (LSF) diets, there were similar reductions in the plasma total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. The levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol significantly decreased (p < 0.05) after 2 weeks of the LSF and free monounsaturated-enriched (FME) diets. The plasma triacyglycerol levels lessened after RMF and FME diets, while LSF diet increased them. In total cholesterol and in low-lipoprotein cholesterol levels, there were statistically significant differences between the FME and the LSF diet periods. Avocado is an excellent source of monounsaturated fatty acid in diets designed to avoid hyperlipidemia without the undesirable effects of low-saturated fat diets on HDL-cholesterol and triacylglycerol concentrations.