ABSTRACT
Yawning is a stereotyped behavioral pattern characterized by wide opening of the mouth associated with deep inspiration followed by short expiration. All vertebrate species yawn, but with low frequencies. We obtained two sublines of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats by a strict inbreeding process: one with a high-yawning frequency (HY) of 20 yawns/h, which is one order of magnitude higher with respect to the low-yawning frequency (LY) subline, with 2 yawns/h. Outbred SD rats had a yawning frequency of 1 yawn/h. HY dams had a different organization of maternal care with respect to that displayed by LY and SD dams because HY dams constructed lower quality nests and had more re-retrieving and atypical retrieving. The aim of this study was to analyze the changes in maternal care using in- and cross-fostering between the sublines and SD dams and to measure spontaneous and dopaminergic-induced yawning, penile erections, grooming and scratching bouts. We also measured the expression of dopamine D2 receptors in the striatum using Western blot analysis. Our results showed that HY male rats reared by SD or LY dams did not significantly differ in yawning frequencies with respect to HY male rats reared by mothers of their own phenotype. Maternal care did not differ between sublines and SD dams independent of the litter they reared. However, LY rats reared by HY dams showed a significant increase in the number of spontaneous penile erections. Importantly, in-fostered HY male rats had the highest number of yawns induced by systemic administration of (-)-quinpirole supporting that higher maternal care display can influence the frequency of dopaminergic-induced yawning. In fact HY male rats in all conditions yawned more than did LY and SD male rats independent of the dam that raised them supporting a strong influence of genetic background. However SD male rats raised by LY dams showed significantly increased the dopamine D2 receptor expression. In conclusion, maternal care and the environmental nest conditions during the lactation period did not change the phenotypic characteristics of the yawning sublines supporting that their genetic background is fundamental for the expression of spontaneous or dopaminergic-induced yawning.
ABSTRACT
El cóccix es un hueso con morfología y movilidad propia y puede presentar dolor por causas traumáticas como el parto dificultoso o con terminación instrumental. Sufrir coccidinia puede imposibilitar la realización de las actividades de la vida diaria y afectar desde la esfera física hasta el área psicosocial, dando gran morbilidad a la puérpera. El presente artículo resalta los factores que predisponen a la puérpera a sufrir coccigodinia y qué acciones realizar para su alivio y mejora. La coccidinia posparto es el dolor que aparece tan pronto se adopta posición sentada tras el parto. Son factores de riesgo la morfología del cóccix, el índice de masa corporal, el parto vaginal, el parto instrumental, multiparidad, sexo femenino, edad madura y con periné corto en mujer con parto difícil. Entre las actividades para mejorar el dolor se encuentran los analgésicos y coadyuvantes, la rehabilitación y el masaje del suelo pélvico, las infiltraciones, la psicoterapia y, por último, la cirugía
The coccyx is a bone with its own morphology and mobility and pain can occur due to trauma such as a difficult or instrumental delivery. Coccydynia can make it impossible to carry out the activities of daily life, its affects can be both physical and psychosocial, and causes great maternal morbidity. This article highlights the factors that predispose women to coccydynia and actions to relieve and improve it. Postpartum coccydynia is pain that appears as soon as a sitting position is adopted after delivery. Coccyx morphology, body mass index, vaginal delivery, instrumental delivery, multiparity, female sex, mature age and short perineum in women with difficult delivery are risk factors. The activities to improve pain begin with analgesia and coadjuvants, rehabilitation and pelvic floor massage, infiltrations, psychotherapy or, finally, surgery
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Coccyx , Pain Management , Pain/complications , Pelvis , Risk Factors , Postpartum Period , Nurse MidwivesABSTRACT
The coccyx is a bone with its own morphology and mobility and pain can occur due to trauma such as a difficult or instrumental delivery. Coccydynia can make it impossible to carry out the activities of daily life, its affects can be both physical and psychosocial, and causes great maternal morbidity. This article highlights the factors that predispose women to coccydynia and actions to relieve and improve it. Postpartum coccydynia is pain that appears as soon as a sitting position is adopted after delivery. Coccyx morphology, body mass index, vaginal delivery, instrumental delivery, multiparity, female sex, mature age and short perineum in women with difficult delivery are risk factors. The activities to improve pain begin with analgesia and coadjuvants, rehabilitation and pelvic floor massage, infiltrations, psychotherapy or, finally, surgery.
Subject(s)
Coccyx , Pain , Puerperal Disorders , Female , Humans , Pain/etiology , Pain Management , Puerperal Disorders/etiology , Puerperal Disorders/therapyABSTRACT
In the vacuum thermoforming process, the group effects of the processing parameters, when related to the minimizing of the product deviations set, have conflicting and non-linear values which make their mathematical modelling complex and multi-objective. Therefore, this work developed models of prediction and optimization using artificial neural networks (ANN), having the processing parameters set as the networks' inputs and the deviations group as the outputs and, furthermore, an objective function of deviation minimization. For the ANN data, samples were produced in experimental tests of a product standard in polystyrene, through a fractional factorial design (2k-p). Preliminary computational studies were carried out with various ANN structures and configurations with the test data until reaching satisfactory models and, afterwards, multi-criteria optimization models were developed. The validation tests were developed with the models' predictions and solutions showed that the estimates for them have prediction errors within the limit of values found in the samples produced. Thus, it was demonstrated that, within certain limits, the ANN models are valid to model the vacuum thermoforming process using multiple parameters for the input and objective, by means of reduced data quantity.
ABSTRACT
La osteogénesis imperfecta (OI) se produce por un trastorno del tejido conectivo que afecta a la producción de colágeno. Los embarazos asociados a la OI están relacionados con una mayor morbilidad. La incidencia de fracturas no se incrementa durante el embarazo, pero sí las deformidades pélvicas, con una mayor incidencia de desproporciones cefalopélvicas y anomalías comunes en la presentación fetal. Resulta imprescindible la valoración preanestésica, pero la inducción al trabajo de parto está contraindicada. La vía del parto debe ser consensuada e individualizada con la gestante, valorando el estado materno y fetal en todo momento. Una actuación correcta, y sobre todo un buen asesoramiento preconcepcional por parte de la matrona, contribuye a disminuir las complicaciones desencadenadas por esta patología
Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is produced by a connective tissue disorder that affects the production of collagen. Pregnancies associated with OI are related to increased morbidity, the incidence of fractures does not increase during pregnancy, but pelvic deformities with a higher incidence of cephalopelvic disproportions and common abnormalities in fetal presentation. Preanesthetic assessment is essential and induction of labor is contraindicated. The way of delivery should be agreed and individualized with the woman assessing the maternal and fetal status at all times. A correct performance, and above all a good preconceptional counseling by the midwife, contributes to decrease the complications triggered by this pathology
