Left ventricular diastolic function and cardiometabolic factors in obese normotensive children.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy and diastolic function have been found to be associated with obesity and hypertension in adults. However, there are scarce data about the association of obesity itself to cardiac alteration in children. The aim of this study was to detect early changes in LV structure and function in obese children and whether they are associated with the biomarkers of metabolic risk and endothelial activation. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 130 children aged 7-16 years (88 obese and 42 normal-weight children) were studied. All children had normal resting blood pressure. Two-dimensional ultrasound with M-mode imaging was performed to assess the LV mass index (LVMi), calculated as LV mass/height(2.7), and the peak diastolic of pulmonary venous flow velocity (PVFD). Tissue Doppler imaging was used to analyze ventricular performance through the ratio of the transmitral peak early filling velocity to the early average diastolic peak myocardial velocity (E/E'). The indicators of metabolic control, inflammation, and endothelial cell activation were evaluated. Compared to the controls, the obese subjects had significantly higher LVMi and E/E' and lower PVFD values, the two latest being found especially in severely obese subjects. In the multivariate analysis, the parameters of diastolic function (E/E' and PVFD) were independently associated with obesity, apolipoprotein A1, soluble vascular cell endothelial molecule-1 (sVCAM-1), and retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4). CONCLUSION: An echocardiographic evaluation of diastolic function is a useful tool to detect early cardiac changes in obese children. Emergent cardiovascular risk markers such as apolipoprotein A1, RBP4, and sVCAM-1 are associated with the parameters of diastolic function.

[Brimonidine absorption and release from 1. Day acuvue disposable contact lenses]. / Absorción y liberación de brimonidina por lentes de contacto desechables 1.Day acuvue.

PURPOSE: We studied absorption and release of brimonidine tartrate while wearing 1 Day Acuvue contact lenses. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A regression chart was obtained from 320 nm ultraviolet absorption (UV) for different dilutions of brimonidine tartrate in ophthalmic solutions (Alphagan(R)). 40 microliter of opthalmic solution was placed in the concavity of the contact lens; after a series of time intervals, lens was drained and introduced in a test-tube containing 2 ml of saline and underwent a quick cleansing. Next, lens was withdrawn from this tube and introduced into another test tube containing 2 ml of saline. Test tube was changed at intervals of 5 minutes. UV absorption is measured on each resulting tube until reading is 0. Contents of tubes in microgram of product were calculated according to regression chart. Total absorption will show substance penetration in lens. Release of substance is appreciated when lens is loaded during 1 minute and then placed in a tube containing 2 ml of saline introduced in the spectrophotometer which measures UV absorption minute by minute. RESULTS: Within the first minute, 51.54 microgram of product are absorbed (64.42% of a total of 80 microgram contained in a drop of ophthalmic solution), 20% found in lens surface and 44% penetrated the lens. If soaked during 3 minutes, lens takes 71% of fluid, 20% on surface and 50% into the lens itself. Release in 2 ml of saline is 19.33 microgram (37.5% of 51.54 microgram) in 1 hour, 25.57 microgram (49.6%) in 2 hours and 29.7 microgram (57.6%) after 3 hours. If saline is changed every 5 minutes, 100% of product is released in 35 minutes. CONCLUSION: Disposable contact lenses 1. DAY ACUVUE(R) are able to take and release brimonidine tartrate in vitro.

Absorción y liberación de brimonidina por lentes de contacto desechables 1.Day Acuvue / Brimonidine absorption and release from 1.Day acuvue disposable contact lenses

Objetivo: Estudiar la absorción y liberación de tartrato de brimonidina por LC desechables 1.Day Acuvue. Métodos: Se obtiene la fórmula de ajuste por regresión de la curva de absorción de rayos ultravioleta de 320 nm (UV), de distintas diluciones del colirio de tartrato de brimonidina (Alphagan®). Ponemos en la concavidad de la LC 40 µl del colirio y, tras distintos períodos de tiempo, escurrimos la lente y la introducimos en un tubo de ensayo con 2 ml de suero fisiológico (SF), donde se hace un lavado rápido de la superficie de la lente, luego la pasamos a otro tubo con otros 2 ml de SF, donde permanece 5 minutos pasándola posteriormente a nuevos tubos cada 5 minutos. Medimos la absorción de UV de los sucesivos tubos, hasta que ésta es nula, y con la fórmula convertimos las unidades de absorción en µg del producto, que sumados nos da la cantidad total absorbida. Si a esta cantidad le restamos la del primer lavado rápido, que era la adherida a la superficie, obtenemos la que penetra dentro de la lente. Para ver como se libera el producto, cargamos la LC durante 1 minuto y la colocamos en un tubo con 2 ml de SF introducido en el espectrofotómetro, que mide cada minuto la absorción de UV. Resultados: Con un minuto se absorben ya 51,54 µg del producto, equivalente al 64,42 por ciento del total de 80 µg de una gota del colirio, de los que un 20 por ciento queda adherido a superficie y un 44 por ciento penetra dentro de la LC. Empapada durante 3 minutos la LC coge un 71 por ciento: 20 por ciento en superficie y 50 por ciento dentro de la lente. La liberación, en 2 ml de SF, es 19,33 µg (37,5 por ciento de 51,54 µg) en 1 hora, 25,57 µg ( 49,6 por ciento) en 2 horas y 29,7 µg (57,6 por ciento) en 3 horas. Cambiando el SF cada 5 minutos, se libera el 100 por ciento a los 35 minutos. Conclusiones: Las LC desechables, 1.DAY ACUVUE®, in vitro, son capaces de absorber y liberar el tartrato de brimonidina (AU)

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