The experiences of daily smartphone use among older adults in Brazil: A grounded theory analysis.

Background: Digital inclusion of older people is an important agenda for the future and well-being of the older population, as it represents a form of social inclusion with significant gains for healthy aging. The present study aimed to understand the experiences of Brazilian older adults who use smartphones and the implications in their daily lives. Method: A qualitative study was developed using a constructivist grounded approach. Older people (≥60 years) with prior access to a smartphone were invited to participate in the study. Participation took place through semi-structured, audio-recorded interviews. Data collection and analysis occurred simultaneously using a constant comparative approach. Data management and analysis used the Atlas.ti® software. Results: Overall, 37 older people participated, with an average age of 70.60 ± 6.95 years, predominantly female (n = 33), white (n = 25), married (n = 26) and retired (n = 27). The first sample group included 27 older people with family support and the second group included 10 older people without family support (who lived alone in their homes). A core category emerged from the data analysis-"Expanding the personal and social development of older adults through smartphone communication"-around which three main categories emerged: 1) The smartphone as "a window to the world"; 2) The problem of misinformation and fake news on virtual networks; 3) Technological paradoxes in the use of smartphones. Conclusions: The digital transition associated with smartphone use brings unimaginable benefits to older adults who adopt positive habits to improve their well-being and expand their social connections, following efforts proposed by the Decade of Healthy Aging. However, older adults still face disparities and experience a significant digital divide, which represents a major challenge. Barriers to access are further aggravated in developing countries. We hope this study contributes to public health policies on digital inclusion and healthy aging.

Long COVID among Brazilian Adults and Elders 12 Months after Hospital Discharge: A Population-Based Cohort Study.

The persistence of symptoms for more than three months following infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 is referred to as "Long COVID". To gain a deeper understanding of the etiology and long-term progression of symptoms, this study aims to analyze the prevalence of Long COVID and its associated factors in a cohort of Brazilian adults and elders, twelve months after hospital discharge. An observational, prospective, and follow-up study was performed with a cohort of adults and older adults diagnosed with COVID-19 in 2020 in the State of Paraná, Brazil. Twelve months after hospital discharge, patients answered a phone questionnaire about the persistence of symptoms after three levels of exposure to COVID-19's acute phase (ambulatory, medical ward, and intensive care unit). According to the characteristics of participants, the prevalence of Long COVID-19 was calculated, and logistic regression analyses were conducted. We analyzed data from 1822 participants (980 adults [≥18-<60 years] and 842 older people [≥60 years]) across three exposure levels. The overall Long COVID prevalence was 64.2%. Long COVID was observed in 646 adults (55%; of which 326 were women) and 523 older people (45%; of which 284 were women). Females had a higher prevalence of long-term symptoms (52%) compared with men. The most common post-COVID-19 conditions in the 12-month follow-up were neurological (49.8%), followed by musculoskeletal (35.1%) and persistent respiratory symptoms (26.5%). Male individuals were less likely to develop Long COVID (aOR = 0.50). Other determinants were also considered risky, such as the presence of comorbidities (aOR = 1.41). Being an adult and having been hospitalized was associated with the development of Long COVID. The risk of developing Long COVID was twice as high for ward patients (aOR = 2.53) and three times as high for ICU patients (aOR = 3.56) when compared to non-hospitalized patients. Presenting clinical manifestations of digestive (aOR = 1.56), endocrine (aOR = 2.14), cutaneous (aOR = 2.51), musculoskeletal (aOR = 2.76) and psychological systems (aOR = 1.66) made adults more likely to develop Long COVID. Long COVID was present in a large proportion of people affected by the SARS-CoV-2 infection. Presence of Long COVID symptoms displayed a dose-response relationship with the level of disease exposure, with a greater prevalence of symptoms associated with the severe form in the acute period.

Physical Activity and Associated Factors among Brazilian Adult Inmates: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Previous studies on health in prison facilities have determined that imprisonment has adverse effects on both physical and emotional well-being. Therefore, the introduction of public health measures is encouraged. This study aimed to (a) evaluate the levels of physical activity and the health condition of a sample of Brazilian prisoners and (b) determine the predictors of low physical activity. An observational and cross-sectional study was developed following the STROBE checklist. Data collection took place between June and November 2019 in a maximum-security Brazilian prison institution. This study's final sample included 220 people selected through convenience sampling, of which 115 (53.2%) were aged 18 to 29 years, followed by 79 (36.6%) aged 30 to 44 years and 22 (10.2%) aged 45 to 59 years old. Overall, 64.3% of participants failed to meet the World Health Organization (WHO) recommendation for physical activity [at least 150-300 min of moderate-intensity or 75 min of vigorous-intensity aerobic physical activity per week]. The majority reported unhealthy food consumption (116; 53.7%). Regarding body mass index (BMI), 50.2% of individuals were classified as eutrophic, 38.1% were overweight and 11.6% were obese. Older age (AOR: 0.95; CI95%: 0.92-0.99; p = 0.01) and sitting time (AOR: 0.74; CI95%: 0.65-0.85; p < 0.01) were associated with low adherence to physical activity. Our results highlight the importance of practicing physical activity within the prison context and the need for institutional programs that promote regular physical activity.

Giving meaning to internalized violence throughout life by older adults living in rural areas.

OBJECTIVES: to understand the meanings of violence internalized throughout life by older adults living in rural areas. METHODS: a qualitative study, anchored in the Symbolic Interactionism theoretical framework and the Grounded Theory methodological framework in the constructivist aspect. Data collection occurred through individual interviews. Data were coded using the Atlas.ti software. RESULTS: it was possible to identify that the context of rural areas strengthens patriarchy culture as well as contributing to violence silence and naturalization. It was also found that violence is a product of social inequality and gender inequality. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS: older adults living in rural areas internalized the violence suffered in a unique way, and this scenario's specific aspects can increase intra-family abuse, as there is a patriarchal culture that promotes social and gender inequality.

Managing long COVID symptoms and accessing health services in Brazil: A grounded theory analysis.

Background: The worldwide community has shown significant interest in researching the management of Long COVID. However, there is scarce evidence about the daily experiences of people living with Long COVID and their insights into the healthcare services provided to them. Aims: This study aims to understand the experience of Long COVID sufferers with their symptoms and in accessing health services. Method: We employed Charmaz's grounded theory methodology, informed by constructivism, and applied the COREQ guidelines for qualitative research. Sixty-six Brazilians living with Long COVID participated in the study. The data was collected using semi-structured telephone interviews and analyzed using a constant comparative process. Findings: The findings refer firstly to the consequences of persistent Long COVID symptoms. Secondly, they describe how the disease trajectory required Long COVID sufferers to reorganize their routines and develop adaptive strategies. Lastly, they reflect a diverse array of both positive and negative interactions inside the healthcare system conveyed by individuals suffering from Long COVID. These elements converge towards the core category of the study: "The limbo of Long COVID sufferers: between the persistence of symptoms and access to health services". Conclusions: Long COVID is characterized by its varied nature, including a range of physical and emotional repercussions experienced by individuals. There is a need for enhanced comprehension and discourse about Long COVID across several domains, including the general public, policy-making entities, and healthcare professionals. In this sense, the development of specialized services or the reinforcement of existing services to support long COVID sufferers is imperative.

Prevalence and factors associated with the death of older people hospitalized due to Covid-19 in the state of Paraná.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence and to analyze the factors associated with the death of older people hospitalized due to Covid-19 in the state of Paraná. METHOD: Cross-sectional study conducted with secondary data from older people with a positive diagnosis of Covid-19 living in the State of Paraná, collected from March 1, 2020 to August 31, 2021. Prevalence ratios were obtained by adjusting the regression model. RESULTS: A total of 16,153 deaths of older people hospitalized in the State of Paraná were analyzed. The adjusted model revealed an association between death and some factors such as: belonging to the age group of 75 to 84 years (PR = 1.28; CI95% = 1.24-1.32) and 85 years or over (PR = 1.52; CI95% = 1.45-1.59); male (PR = 1.17; CI95% = 1.13-1.21); obesity (PR = 1.23; CI95% = 1.16-1.29); other morbidities (PR = 1.25; CI95% = 1.20-1.30); and having used ventilatory support (PR = 2.60; CI95% = 2.33-2.86). Older people vaccinated against influenza had a probability of death reduced by 11% (PR = 0.89; CI95% = 0.86-0.93). CONCLUSION: The association of age, sex, and diagnosis of previous comorbidities with unfavorable outcomes from Covid-19 was identified. Having received the flu vaccine provided protection to elderly people who contracted SARS-CoV-2.

Perceived quality of life and associated factors in long COVID syndrome among older Brazilians: A cross-sectional study.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: This paper aims to: (a) determine the personal, sociodemographic, clinical, behavioural, and social characteristics of older Brazilians with clinical evidence of long COVID; (b) evaluate perceived quality of life and determine its association with personal, sociodemographic, behavioural, clinical and social variables; and (c) assess significant predictors of high perceived QoL. BACKGROUND: Given the inherent vulnerabilities of the ageing process, the older people are an at-risk group for both contagion of SARS-CoV-2 and the perpetuation of residual symptoms after infection, the so-called long COVID or post-COVID syndrome. DESIGN: A cross-sectional survey design using the STROBE checklist. METHODS: Brazilian older people with long COVID syndrome (n = 403) completed a phone survey measuring personal, sociodemographic, behavioural, clinical, and social characteristics, and perceived Quality of Life (QoL). Data were collected from June 2021-March 2022. A multiple linear regression model was performed to identify salient variables associated with high perceived QoL. RESULTS: The mean age of participants was 67.7 ± 6.6 years old. The results of the multivariate regression model showed that race, home ownership, daily screen time, musculoskeletal and anxiety symptoms, and work situation were the significant predictors of QoL among COVID-19 survivors. CONCLUSIONS: Knowledge about the persistence of physical, emotional, and social symptoms of COVID-19 can help nurses and other healthcare providers to improve the management of survivors, bringing benefits to the whole society. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Given the novelty of long-COVID and its heterogeneous trajectory, interventions focusing on the repercussions and requirements unique to more vulnerable older persons should be developed and these aspects should be included in public health recommendations and policymakers' concerns. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: No patient or public contribution was required to design, to outcome measures or undertake this research. Patients/members of the public contributed only to the data collection.

Hospitalização de idosos por COVID-19 no Paraná: uma análise de fatores associados / Hospitalización de personas mayores por COVID-19 en Paraná: un análisis de factores asociados / Hospitalization of elderly people due to COVID-19 in the State of Paraná, Brazil: analysis of associated factors

Resumo Objetivo Analisar a prevalência e os fatores associados à hospitalização de idosos com COVID-19 no estado do Paraná, PR, Brasil. Métodos Estudo transversal vinculado à coorte "Acompanhamento Longitudinal de adultos e idosos que receberam alta da internação hospitalar por COVID-19", realizado por meio de informações contidas nas fichas de notificação compulsória do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação. As análises foram realizadas através de frequências relativas e absolutas, com aplicação do teste de qui-quadrado adotado no modelo de regressão logística. A população do estudo englobou pessoas residentes no Estado do Paraná com idade de 60 anos ou mais, hospitalizadas por COVID-19 no período de março de 2020 a setembro de 2021. Resultados Foi identificada maior prevalência de hospitalização entre idosos com escolaridade igual ou maior a oito anos. Indivíduos não vacinados contra COVID-19 apresentaram maior chance de internação. O sexo masculino apresentou mais chance de admissão em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva em comparação com o sexo feminino. Doenças cardiovasculares, pneumopatia e obesidade aumentaram a prevalência da forma grave da doença. Conclusão Fatores tais como escolaridade e não adesão à vacinação contra COVID-19 podem aumentar o risco de hospitalização pela doença. Pessoas idosas do sexo masculino apresentam maior chance de hospitalização na UTI se comparadas às do sexo feminino; além disso, a não utilização de antivirais pode contribuir para o agravamento do estado de saúde.

Resumen Objetivo Analizar la prevalencia y los factores asociados a la hospitalización de personas mayores por COVID-19 en el estado de Paraná. Métodos Estudio transversal vinculado a la cohorte "Seguimiento longitudinal de adultos y personas mayores que recibieron alta de internación hospitalaria por COVID-19", realizado mediante información contenida en las fichas de notificación obligatoria del Sistema de Información de Agravios de Notificación. Los análisis fueron realizados a través de frecuencias relativas y absolutas, con aplicación de la prueba ji cuadrado adoptada en el modelo de regresión logística. La población del estudio incluyó personas residentes del estado de Paraná, de 60 años o más, hospitalizadas por COVID-19 en el período de marzo de 2020 a septiembre de 2021. Resultados Se identificó mayor prevalencia de hospitalización en personas mayores con escolaridad igual o mayor a ocho años. Individuos no vacunados contra COVID-19 presentaron mayor probabilidad de internación. El sexo masculino presentó más probabilidad de admisión en Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos en comparación con el sexo femenino. Enfermedades cardiovasculares, neumopatía y obesidad aumentaron la prevalencia de la forma grave de la enfermedad. Conclusión Factores tales como escolaridad y no adhesión a la vacunación contra COVID-19 pueden aumentar el riesgo de hospitalización por la enfermedad. Personas mayores de sexo masculino presentaron mayor probabilidad de hospitalización en la UCI al compararlas con las de sexo femenino. Además, la no utilización de antivirales puede contribuir al agravamiento del estado de salud.

Abstract Objective To analyze the prevalence and factors associated with hospitalization of elderly people with COVID-19 in the State of Paraná, PR, Brazil. Methods A cross-sectional study linked to the cohort "Longitudinal Monitoring of adults and elderly people who were discharged from hospital admission due to COVID-19", was carried out using information contained in the compulsory notification forms of the Notifiable Diseases Information System. Analyzes were carried out using relative and absolute frequencies, applying the chi-square test adopted in the logistic regression model. The study population included people aged 60 years or over and residing in the State of Paraná, who were hospitalized for COVID-19 from March 2020 to September 2021. Results A higher hospitalization prevalence was identified among elderly people with eight years of education or more. Individuals not vaccinated against COVID-19 had a greater chance of hospitalization. Males had a greater chance of admission to the Intensive Care Unit compared to females. Cardiovascular diseases, lung disease, and obesity have increased the prevalence of the severe form of the disease. Conclusion Factors such as education and non-adherence to vaccination against COVID-19 can increase the risk of hospitalization due to the disease. Elderly people of the male sex have a greater chance of hospitalization in the ICU compared to the female sex. Furthermore, not using antivirals can contribute to worsening health status.

Giving meaning to internalized violence throughout life by older adults living in rural areas / Dar sentido a la violencia internalizada a lo largo de la vida para adultos mayores que viven en zonas rurales / Significando a violência internalizada ao longo da vida por idosos que vivem na área rural

ABSTRACT Objectives: to understand the meanings of violence internalized throughout life by older adults living in rural areas. Methods: a qualitative study, anchored in the Symbolic Interactionism theoretical framework and the Grounded Theory methodological framework in the constructivist aspect. Data collection occurred through individual interviews. Data were coded using the Atlas.ti software. Results: it was possible to identify that the context of rural areas strengthens patriarchy culture as well as contributing to violence silence and naturalization. It was also found that violence is a product of social inequality and gender inequality. Final Considerations: older adults living in rural areas internalized the violence suffered in a unique way, and this scenario's specific aspects can increase intra-family abuse, as there is a patriarchal culture that promotes social and gender inequality.

RESUMEN Objetivos: comprender los significados de la violencia internalizada a lo largo de la vida por personas mayores que viven en zonas rurales. Métodos: estudio cualitativo, anclado en el marco teórico del Interaccionismo Simbólico y el marco metodológico de la Teoría Fundamentada en el aspecto constructivista. La recolección de datos se produjo a través de entrevistas individuales. Los datos fueron codificados utilizando el software Atlas. ti. Resultados: se pudo identificar que el contexto del área rural fortalece la cultura del patriarcado, además de contribuir al silencio y naturalización de la violencia. También se encontró que la violencia es producto de la desigualdad social y de la desigualdad de género. Consideraciones Finales: los adultos mayores residentes de zonas rurales interiorizaron de manera singular la violencia sufrida, y las particularidades de este escenario pueden incrementar la violencia intrafamiliar, pues existe una cultura patriarcal que promueve la desigualdad social y de género.

RESUMO Objetivos: compreender os significados da violência internalizados ao longo da vida por idosos que vivem na área rural. Métodos: estudo qualitativo, ancorado no referencial teórico do Interacionismo Simbólico e no referencial metodológico da Teoria Fundamentada nos Dados na vertente construtivista. A coleta de dados ocorreu por meio de entrevistas individuais. Os dados foram codificados com auxílio do software Atlas.ti. Resultados: foi possível identificar que o contexto da área rural fortalece a cultura do patriarcalismo, bem como contribui para que a violência seja silenciada e naturalizada. Constatou-se também que a violência é um produto da desigualdade social e da desigualdade de gênero. Considerações Finais: os idosos moradores da área rural internalizaram a violência sofrida de forma singular, e os aspectos próprios desse cenário podem potencializar a violência intrafamiliar, pois há uma cultura patriarcalista que promove a desigualdade social e de gênero.

Encontrar un nuevo equilibrio: Estudio cualitativo sobre los efectos del COVID-19 en la vida familiar / Striking a new balance: A qualitative study of how family life has been affected by COVID-19 / Conquistando um novo equilíbrio: Um estudo qualitativo de como a vida familiar foi afetada pela COVID-19

Objetivo: examinar las repercusiones de la pandemia en el sistema familiar enfocándose en la perspectiva de familiares que han contraído y padecido COVID-19. Método: estudio exploratorio de enfoque cualitativo realizado con 27 personas que tuvieron COVID-19. Los datos se recolectaron por medio de entrevistas telefónicas que se grabaron en audio y estuvieron guiadas por un instrumento semiestructurado. El análisis se basó en un proceso inductivo respaldado por Análisis Temático Reflexivo. Resultados: la pandemia y el hecho de que un familiar contrajera la enfermedad fueron fuerzas impulsoras que generaron movilizaciones nuevas e intensas en el sistema familiar. Inicialmente, notaron repercusiones negativas como preocupaciones, temor, angustia, estrés, distanciamiento y aislamiento social. Con el paso del tiempo y empleando tecnologías para facilitar la comunicación, comenzaron a percibir repercusiones positivas como más cercanía, fortalecimiento de vínculos, desarrollo de nuevos roles y cuidado mutuo. Las familias también identificaron que recuperaban una posición de equilibrio, con retorno de cierto reajuste en la dinámica y el funcionamiento familiar. Conclusión: los profesionales de la salud deben admitir que la enfermedad por COVID-19 ha generado repercusiones en los sistemas familiares, además de proponer intervenciones que ayuden a las familias a hacer frente a este momento y a recuperar más fácilmente una posición de equilibrio para su buen funcionamiento.

Objective: to examine the repercussions of the pandemic on the family system by focusing on the perspective of family members who contracted and experienced COVID-19. Method: an exploratory study with a qualitative approach conducted with 27 individuals who had COVID-19. Data collection took place through telephone interviews that were audio-recorded and guided by a semi-structured instrument. Data analysis was based on an inductive process supported by Reflexive Thematic Analysis. Results: the pandemic and illness of a family member acted as driving forces generating new and intense movements in the family system. Initially, they noticed negative repercussions such as concerns, fear, anguish, stress, distancing and social isolation. As time progressed and by using technologies to ease communication, they began to perceive positive repercussions such as increased proximity, strengthening of ties, development of new roles and care. The families also identified recovery of a balanced position, with return of certain readjustment in family dynamics and functioning. Conclusion: health professionals need to recognize that the COVID-19 disease has imposed repercussions on family systems, proposing interventions that help families face this moment and more easily recover a balanced position for their functioning.

Objetivo: examinar as repercussões da pandemia no sistema familiar a partir da perspectiva dos familiares que contraíram e vivenciaram a COVID-19. Método: estudo exploratório com abordagem qualitativa realizado com 27 indivíduos que tiveram COVID-19. A coleta de dados ocorreu por meio de entrevistas telefônicas gravadas em áudio e guiadas por um instrumento semiestruturado. A análise dos dados baseou-se num processo indutivo apoiado na Análise Temática Reflexiva. Resultados: a pandemia e o adoecimento de um familiar atuaram como motores geradores de novos e intensos movimentos no sistema familiar. Inicialmente, perceberam repercussões negativas como preocupações, medo, angústia, estresse, distanciamento e isolamento social. Com o passar do tempo e com o uso das tecnologias para facilitar a comunicação, os familiares começaram a perceber repercussões positivas como maior proximidade, fortalecimento dos laços, desenvolvimento de novos papéis e cuidado. As famílias também identificaram recuperação de uma posição equilibrada, com retorno de certo reajuste na dinâmica e funcionamento familiar. Conclusão: os profissionais de saúde precisam reconhecer que a doença COVID-19 impôs repercussões nos sistemas familiares, propondo intervenções que ajudem as famílias a enfrentar esse momento e recuperar mais facilmente uma posição equilibrada para seu funcionamento.

Striking a new balance: A qualitative study of how family life has been affected by COVID-19. / Encontrar un nuevo equilibrio: Estudio cualitativo sobre los efectos del COVID-19 en la vida familiar.

OBJECTIVE: to examine the repercussions of the pandemic on the family system by focusing on the perspective of family members who contracted and experienced COVID-19. METHOD: an exploratory study with a qualitative approach conducted with 27 individuals who had COVID-19. Data collection took place through telephone interviews that were audio-recorded and guided by a semi-structured instrument. Data analysis was based on an inductive process supported by Reflexive Thematic Analysis. RESULTS: the pandemic and illness of a family member acted as driving forces generating new and intense movements in the family system. Initially, they noticed negative repercussions such as concerns, fear, anguish, stress, distancing and social isolation. As time progressed and by using technologies to ease communication, they began to perceive positive repercussions such as increased proximity, strengthening of ties, development of new roles and care. The families also identified recovery of a balanced position, with return of certain readjustment in family dynamics and functioning. CONCLUSION: health professionals need to recognize that the COVID-19 disease has imposed repercussions on family systems, proposing interventions that help families face this moment and more easily recover a balanced position for their functioning.

"Feeling Trapped in Prison" Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic: Perceptions and Practices among Healthcare Workers and Prison Staff from a Brazilian Maximum Security Unit.

The COVID-19 pandemic had several repercussions on prison staff, but the currently available evidence has mainly ignored these effects. This qualitative study aimed to understand the impact of COVID-19 on the prison system through the narratives of health and security professionals, using the methodological framework of the constructivist grounded theory proposed by Charmaz. The sample included 10 healthcare workers and 10 security professionals. Data collection took place between October and November 2022 through individual in-depth interviews. The data were analyzed using the MaxQDA software. Three categories of interrelated data emerged: (1) "Confrontation and disruption" caused by the COVID-19 pandemic in the prison system; (2) "Between disinfodemic and solicitude" referring to the tension between information management and the practice of care centered on the needs of inmates; and, finally, (3) "Reorganization and mitigation strategies during the fight against COVID-19". Continuous education and the development of specific skills are essential to enable professionals to face the challenges and complex demands that arise in prison contexts. The daily routines professionals had previously taken for granted were disrupted by COVID-19. Thus, investing in adequate training and emotional support programs is crucial to promote the resilience and well-being of these professionals, ensuring an efficient and quality response to critical events.

Meanings and Experiences of Prisoners and Family Members Affected by the COVID-19 Pandemic in a Brazilian Prison Unit: A Grounded Theory Analysis.

Worldwide, the COVID-19 pandemic represented a health emergency for prisons. This study sought to understand the meanings and experiences through the narratives of prisoners and family members affected by the COVID-19 pandemic in the context of a maximum-security state penitentiary complex in southern Brazil. For this purpose, a qualitative study was developed based on the methodological framework of constructivist grounded theory. Data were collected between February and August 2022 through individual in-depth interviews and field notes. The sample consisted of 41 participants: 28 male prisoners, and 13 family members. Guided by the Charmaz method of grounded theory analysis, the study afforded the core category "Feeling trapped in prison during the COVID-19 pandemic" with three interrelated phases: "Triggering", "Escalating", and "Readjustment". The "Triggering" phase refers to COVID-19-related elements or events that triggered certain reactions, processes, or changes in prison. During the "Escalating" phase, participants became overwhelmed by the suffering caused by incarceration and the pandemic crisis. The "Readjustment" phase involved adapting, reorienting, or reformulating previous approaches or strategies for dealing with a specific situation. Prisons faced complex challenges during the pandemic and were forced to prioritize protecting public health. However, the measures adopted must be carefully evaluated, ensuring their needs and that they are based on scientific evidence. The punitive approach can undermine inmate trust in prison authorities, making it difficult to report symptoms and adhere to preventive measures.

Matrix support in specialized care backed by the care model for chronic conditions: evaluative research.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the matrix support for health teams in Specialized Outpatient Care, according to the Chronic Conditions Care Model. METHOD: Qualitative evaluative research, conducted by the Chronic Conditions Care Model, carried out from February to July 2020. For data collection, interviews were carried out with 21 health professionals, assistance observation and document analysis of the service. Data were analyzed by data triangulation, with the aid of the MAXQDA software, respecting all ethical aspects. RESULTS: The matrix support provided approximation between Primary and Secondary Care; implemented case management and qualified comprehensive care for people with chronic conditions. Weaknesses in communication and understanding of the theoretical bases of matrix support were obstacles to the proper implementation of matrix strategies. FINAL CONSIDERATION: Matrix support for specialized health teams qualified the professional care given to people with chronic conditions treated at the service.

The Institutionalisation of Brazilian Older Abused Adults: A Qualitative Study among Victims and Formal Carers.

Abuse against elders is acknowledged as a severe and pervasive problem in society. If support services are not tailored to the victims' knowledge or perceived needs, the intervention is likely to be unsuccessful. This study aimed to explore the experience of institutionalisation of abused older people from the perspective of the victims and their formal carers in a Brazilian social shelter. A qualitative descriptive study was performed with 18 participants, including formal carers and older abused persons admitted to a long-term care institution in the south of Brazil. Qualitative thematic analysis was used to analyse the transcripts of semi-structured qualitative interviews. Three themes were identified: (1) personal, relational, and social bonds: broken or weakened; (2) denial of the violence suffered; and (3) from imposed protection to compassionate care. Our findings provide insights for effective prevention and intervention measures in elder abuse. From a socio-ecological standpoint, vulnerability and abuse might be averted at the community and societal levels (e.g., education and awareness of elder abuse) by creating a minimum standard for the care of older individuals (e.g., law or economic incentives). Further study is needed to facilitate recognition and raise awareness among individuals in need and those offering assistance and support.

The self-care process of community-dwelling older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic.

OBJECTIVES: to understand the self-care process of community-dwelling older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: this is an explanatory study with a qualitative approach based on the constructivist Grounded Theory, carried out with 18 community-dwelling older adults. Data collection took place through interviews and content was analyzed through initial and focused coding. RESULTS: two categories were obtained: "Building connections to support self-care practices" and "Living with the risk group stigma". From their interaction, the phenomenon "Performing self-care in old age during the COVID-19 pandemic" emerged. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS: it was possible to identify how older adults' experiences curing the COVID-19 pandemic had repercussions on their self-care process, being influenced by factors such as information about the disease and the impacts of risk group stigmas.

Distribuição espacial de violência com idosos antes e durante a pandemia de covid-19 / Spatial distribution of violence against older adults before and during the covid-19 pandemic / Distribución espacial de la violencia hacia las personas mayores antes y durante la pandemia covid-19

RESUMO: Objetivo: analisar a distribuição espacial da violência contra a pessoa idosa na região Sul do Brasil antes e no primeiro ano de vigência da pandemia de COVID-19. Método: estudo ecológico que analisou as notificações de violência contra o idoso, entre 2019 e 2020, no Sul do Brasil. Foram calculadas as taxas bayesianas empíricas locais, o Índice de Autocorrelação Local de Moran e a análise de Getis Ord Gi. Resultados: houve redução da taxa suavizada de violência contra o idoso. As cidades alto-alto e hot-spot em 2019, se tornaram mais violentas em 2020; e as cidades com baixa prevalência, se tornaram menos violentas em 2020. As maiores taxas de letalidade por COVID-19 também foram naquelas cidades com maiores taxas de violência. Conclusão: os dados reforçam a complexidade da violência e seu agravamento pela pandemia. E contribuem com as tomadas de decisões na enfermagem, desatacando-se a necessidade de suscitar novas pesquisas sobre esta temática.

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze the spatial distribution of violence against older adults in the Brazilian South region before and in the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. Method: an ecological study that analyzed reports of violence against older adults between 2019 and 2020, in Southern Brazil. Local empirical Bayesian rates, Moran's Local Autocorrelation Index and Getis Ord Gi analysis were calculated. Results: there was a reduction in the smoothed rate of violence against older adults. The high-high and hot-spot cities in 2019 became more violent in 2020; and cities with low prevalence became less violent in 2020. The highest COVID-19 fatality rates were also in those cities with the highest violence rates. Conclusion: the data reinforces the complexity of violence and its worsening due to the pandemic. In addition, they contribute to decision-making in Nursing, highlighting the need to encourage new research studies on this theme.

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar la distribución espacial de la violencia contra las personas mayores en la región sur de Brasil antes y durante el primer año de la pandemia de COVID-19. Método: estudio ecológico que analizó denuncias de violencia contra las personas mayores, entre 2019 y 2020, en la región sur de Brasil. Se calcularon las tasas bayesianas empíricas locales, el índice de autocorrelación local de Moran y el análisis Getis Ord Gi. Resultados: hubo reducción en la tasa suavizada de violencia contra las personas mayores. Las ciudades alto-alto y hotspot de 2019 se volvieron más violentas en 2020; y las ciudades con baja prevalencia se volvieron menos violentas en 2020. Las tasas de mortalidad por COVID-19 más altas también se registraron en las ciudades con mayores tasas de violencia. Conclusión: los datos confirman la complejidad de la violencia y el agravamiento debido a la pandemia; además contribuyen a la toma de decisiones en enfermería y destacan la necesidad de fomentar nuevas investigaciones sobre este tema.

Prevalence and factors associated with the death of older people hospitalized due to Covid-19 in the state of Paraná / Prevalencia y factores asociados a la muerte de personas mayores hospitalizadas por Covid-19 en el estado de Paraná / Prevalência e fatores associados ao óbito de idosos hospitalizados por Covid-19 no estado do Paraná

ABSTRACT Objective: To estimate the prevalence and to analyze the factors associated with the death of older people hospitalized due to Covid-19 in the state of Paraná. Method: Cross-sectional study conducted with secondary data from older people with a positive diagnosis of Covid-19 living in the State of Paraná, collected from March 1, 2020 to August 31, 2021. Prevalence ratios were obtained by adjusting the regression model. Results: A total of 16,153 deaths of older people hospitalized in the State of Paraná were analyzed. The adjusted model revealed an association between death and some factors such as: belonging to the age group of 75 to 84 years (PR = 1.28; CI95% = 1.24-1.32) and 85 years or over (PR = 1.52; CI95% = 1.45-1.59); male (PR = 1.17; CI95% = 1.13-1.21); obesity (PR = 1.23; CI95% = 1.16-1.29); other morbidities (PR = 1.25; CI95% = 1.20-1.30); and having used ventilatory support (PR = 2.60; CI95% = 2.33-2.86). Older people vaccinated against influenza had a probability of death reduced by 11% (PR = 0.89; CI95% = 0.86-0.93). Conclusion: The association of age, sex, and diagnosis of previous comorbidities with unfavorable outcomes from Covid-19 was identified. Having received the flu vaccine provided protection to elderly people who contracted SARS-CoV-2.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Prevalencia y factores asociados a la muerte de personas mayores hospitalizadas por Covid-19 en el estado de Paraná* Método: Estudio transversal realizado con datos secundarios de personas mayores con diagnóstico positivo de Covid-19 residentes en el Estado de Paraná, recolectados del 1 de marzo de 2020 al 31 de agosto de 2021. Las razones de prevalencia se obtuvieron ajustando el modelo de regresión. Resultados: Se analizaron 16.153 muertes de personas mayores hospitalizadas en el Estado de Paraná. El modelo ajustado reveló asociación entre la muerte y algunos factores como: pertenecer al grupo etario de 75 a 84 años (RP = 1,28; IC95% = 1,24-1,32) y 85 años o más (RP = 1,52; IC95% = 1,45-1,59); masculino (RP = 1,17; IC95% = 1,13-1,21); obesidad (RP = 1,23; IC95% = 1,16-1,29); otras morbilidades (RP = 1,25; IC95% = 1,20-1,30); y haber utilizado soporte ventilatorio (RP = 2,60; IC95% = 2,33-2,86). Las personas mayores vacunadas contra la influenza tuvieron una probabilidad de muerte reducida en un 11% (RP = 0,89; IC95% = 0,86-0,93). Conclusión: Se identificó la asociación de la edad, el sexo y el diagnóstico de comorbilidades previas con resultados desfavorables por Covid-19. Haber recibido la vacuna contra la gripe brindó protección a las personas mayores que contrajeron el SARS-CoV-2.

RESUMO Objetivo: Estimar a prevalência e analisar os fatores associados ao óbito de idosos hospitalizados por Covid-19 no Estado do Paraná. Método: Estudo transversal conduzido com dados secundários de idosos com diagnóstico positivo de Covid-19 residentes no Estado do Paraná, coletados no período de 01 de março de 2020 a 31 de agosto de 2021. As razões de prevalências foram obtidas por meio do ajuste de modelo de regressão. Resultados: Foram analisados 16.153 óbitos de idosos hospitalizados no Estado do Paraná. O modelo ajustado revelou associação do óbito a alguns fatores como: pertencer a faixa etária dos 75 a 84 anos (RP = 1,28; IC95% = 1,24-1,32) e 85 anos ou mais (RP = 1,52; IC95% = 1,45-1,59); sexo masculino (RP = 1,17; IC95% = 1,13-1,21); obesidade (RP = 1,23; IC95% = 1,16-1,29); outras morbidades (RP = 1,25; IC95% = 1,20-1,30); e ter utilizado suporte ventilatório (RP = 2,60; IC95% = 2,33-2,86). Idosos vacinados contra a gripe tiveram probabilidade de morte reduzida em 11% (RP = 0,89; IC95% = 0,86-0,93). Conclusão: Identificou-se a associação da idade, sexo e diagnóstico de comorbidades prévias aos desfechos desfavoráveis da Covid-19. Ter recebido o imunizante contra a gripe conferiu proteção aos idosos que contraíram o SARS-CoV-2.

Aged people's health needs in the face of long covid-19 and access to health services / Requerimientos de salud de adultos mayores frente a covid-19 prolongado y acceso a servicios de salud / Necessidades de saúde dos idosos frente à covid longa e o acesso aos serviços de saúde

ABSTRACT Objective: to understand the health needs of aged people who had long Covid-19 and details about access to the health system to meet these demands. Method: an exploratory and qualitative study carried out with 41 aged individuals who had Covid-19 in 2020 and presented residual symptoms 18 months after the infection. Data collection took place between February and July 2022 through semi-structured interviews via telephone calls. In the analysis, initial and focused coding analytical techniques were used and the conceptual basis was grounded on the Primary Health Care "Accessibility" attribute. Results: four categories emerged when analyzing the results, namely: Understanding the need for professional care; Recognizing the demands that led aged people to seek health services; Understanding availability of the services; and Analyzing payment capacity. Conclusion: the aged population has developed specific health demands related to long Covid-19, and public and private health services are heterogeneous in their approach to this new condition, as care based on guidelines proposed by official bodies is not unanimous in public and private services and Health Plan Operators.

RESUMEN Objetivo: averiguar las necesidades de salud de los adultos mayores que tuvieron Covid-19 prolongado y detalles del acceso al sistema de salud para suplir estos requerimientos. Método: estudio cualitativo y exploratorio realizado con 41 adultos mayores que tuvieron Covid-19 en 2020 y presentaron síntomas residuales 18 meses después de la infección. La recolección de datos tuvo lugar entre febrero y julio de 2022 por medio de entrevistas telefónicas semiestructuradas; en el análisis se utilizaron las técnicas analíticas de codificación inicial y focalizada y la base conceptual se fundamentó en el atributo "Accesibilidad" de la Atención Primaria de la Salud. Resultados: surgieron cuatro categorías en el análisis de los resultados, a saber: Comprender la necesidad de atención profesional; Reconocer los requerimientos que llevaron a los adultos mayores a procurar un servicio de salud; Percibir la disponibilidad de los servicios; y Analizar la capacidad de pago. Conclusión: la población anciana desarrolló requerimientos de la salud específicos relacionados con Covid-19 prolongado y los servicios de salud públicos y privados presentan cierta heterogeneidad en relación al enfoque de esta nueva condición, puesto que la atención basada en directrices propuestas por órganos oficiales no es unánime en los servicios públicos, privados y de Operadoras de Planes de Salud.

RESUMO Objetivo: conhecer as necessidades de saúde dos idosos que tiveram a Covid longa e o acesso ao sistema de saúde para atender essas demandas. Método: estudo qualitativo exploratório, realizado com 41 idosos que tiveram Covid-19 no ano de 2020 e apresentaram sintomas residuais após 18 meses da infecção. A coleta de dados ocorreu entre fevereiro e julho de 2022 por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas via telefone. Na análise foram utilizadas as técnicas de codificação inicial e focalizada e a base conceitual se fundamentou no atributo "Acessibilidade" da Atenção Primária à Saúde. Resultados: na análise dos resultados emergiram quatro categorias: Compreendendo a necessidade de atendimento profissional; Reconhecendo as demandas que levaram os idosos a buscar o serviço de saúde; Percebendo a disponibilidade dos serviços; e Analisando a capacidade de pagamento. Conclusão: a população idosa desenvolveu demandas específicas de saúde relacionadas à Covid longa, e os serviços de saúde público e privado possuem heterogeneidade quanto à abordagem dessa nova condição, uma vez que o atendimento pautado em diretrizes propostas por órgãos oficiais não é unânime nos serviços públicos, privados e Operadoras de Plano de Saúde.

The self-care process of community-dwelling older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic / El proceso de autocuidado de los adultos mayores comunitarios en el contexto de la pandemia por COVID-19 / O processo de autocuidado de idosos comunitários no contexto da pandemia de COVID-19

ABSTRACT Objectives: to understand the self-care process of community-dwelling older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: this is an explanatory study with a qualitative approach based on the constructivist Grounded Theory, carried out with 18 community-dwelling older adults. Data collection took place through interviews and content was analyzed through initial and focused coding. Results: two categories were obtained: "Building connections to support self-care practices" and "Living with the risk group stigma". From their interaction, the phenomenon "Performing self-care in old age during the COVID-19 pandemic" emerged. Final Considerations: it was possible to identify how older adults' experiences curing the COVID-19 pandemic had repercussions on their self-care process, being influenced by factors such as information about the disease and the impacts of risk group stigmas.

RESUMEN Objetivos: comprender el proceso de autocuidado de los ancianos en la comunidad en el contexto de la pandemia de COVID-19. Métodos: se trata de un estudio explicativo con enfoque cualitativo basado en la Teoría Fundamentada en Datos constructivista, realizado con 18 ancianos residentes en la comunidad. La recolección de datos se realizó a través de entrevistas y el contenido se analizó a través de una codificación inicial y focalizada. Resultados: se obtuvieron dos categorías: "Establecer vínculos para apoyar prácticas de autocuidado" y "Convivir con el estigma de grupo de riesgo". De su interacción surgió el fenómeno "Ejercer el autocuidado en la vejez en el contexto de la pandemia del COVID-19". Consideraciones Finales: fue posible identificar cómo las vivencias de los adultos mayores durante el período de la pandemia de COVID-19 repercutieron en su proceso de autocuidado, siendo influenciados por factores como la información sobre la enfermedad y los impactos de los estigmas del grupo de riesgo.

RESUMO Objetivos: compreender o processo de autocuidado dos idosos da comunidade no contexto da pandemia de COVID-19. Métodos: trata-se de um estudo explicativo de abordagem qualitativa, com referencial da Teoria Fundamentada nos Dados construtivista, realizada com 18 idosos comunitários. A coleta de dados ocorreu através de entrevistas, e o conteúdo foi analisado por meio da codificação inicial e focalizada. Resultados: foram obtidas duas categorias: "Estabelecendo conexões para apoiar práticas de autocuidado" e "Convivendo com o estigma de grupo de risco". A partir da interação dessas, emergiu o fenômeno "Exercendo o autocuidado na terceira idade no contexto da pandemia de COVID-19". Considerações Finais: foi possível identificar como as vivências dos idosos no período de pandemia de COVID-19 repercutiram no seu processo de autocuidado, sendo influenciados por fatores, como informações sobre a doença e os impactos dos estigmas do grupo risco.