ABSTRACT
El coronavirus 2 del síndrome respiratorio agudo grave (SARS-CoV-2) es el agente causal de la enfermedad por coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19). La diabetes es una de las comorbilidades más frecuentes en personas con COVID-19, con una prevalencia que varía según los estudios entre el 7 y el 30%. Los diabéticos infectados con SARS-CoV-2 tienen una tasa más alta de admisión hospitalaria, neumonía severa y mayor mortalidad en comparación con sujetos no diabéticos. La hiperglucemia crónica puede comprometer la inmunidad innata y la inmunidad humoral. Además, la diabetes se asocia con un estado inflamatorio crónico de bajo grado que favorece el desarrollo de una respuesta inflamatoria exagerada y, por tanto, la aparición del síndrome de distrés respiratorio agudo. Evidencia reciente ha demostrado que el SARS-CoV-2 también es capaz de producir un daño directo al páncreas, que podría empeorar la hiperglucemia e incluso inducir la aparición de diabetes en sujetos previamente no diabéticos. Las estrategias terapéuticas deben dirigirse a facilitar el acceso de los pacientes al sistema sanitario. El control de la glucemia y de las comorbilidades debe ser individualizado a fin de reducir la incidencia de complicaciones y disminuir la carga en los sistemas de salud. En este artículo revisaremos los mecanismos fisiopatológicos que explican la relación bidireccional entre COVID-19 y diabetes mellitus, su implicación en el pronóstico y el manejo de la hiperglucemia en este grupo de pacientes.(AU)
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causal agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Diabetes is one of the most frequent comorbidities in people with COVID-19 with a prevalence that varies between 7 and 30%. Diabetics infected with SARS-CoV-2 have a higher rate of hospital admission, severe pneumonia, and higher mortality compared to non-diabetic subjects. Chronic hyperglycemia can compromise innate and humoral immunity. Furthermore, diabetes is associated with a low-grade chronic inflammatory state that favors the development of an exaggerated inflammatory response and therefore the appearance of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Recent evidence has shown that SARS-CoV-2 is also capable of causing direct damage to the pancreas that could worsen hyperglycemia and even induce the onset of diabetes in previously non-diabetic subjects. Therapeutic strategies should be aimed at facilitating patient access to the healthcare system. Control of blood glucose and comorbidities must be individualized in order to reduce the incidence of complications and decrease the burden on health systems. In this article we will review the pathophysiological mechanisms that explain the bidirectional relationship between COVID-19 and diabetes mellitus, its implication in the prognosis and management of hyperglycemia in this group of patients.(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology , Pandemics , Diabetes Mellitus , Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring , AngiotensinsABSTRACT
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causal agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Diabetes is one of the most frequent comorbidities in people with COVID-19 with a prevalence that varies between 7 and 30%. Diabetics infected with SARS-CoV-2 have a higher rate of hospital admission, severe pneumonia, and higher mortality compared to non-diabetic subjects. Chronic hyperglycemia can compromise innate and humoral immunity. Furthermore, diabetes is associated with a low-grade chronic inflammatory state that favors the development of an exaggerated inflammatory response and therefore the appearance of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Recent evidence has shown that SARS-CoV-2 is also capable of causing direct damage to the pancreas that could worsen hyperglycemia and even induce the onset of diabetes in previously non-diabetic subjects. Therapeutic strategies should be aimed at facilitating patient access to the healthcare system. Control of blood glucose and comorbidities must be individualized in order to reduce the incidence of complications and decrease the burden on health systems. In this article we will review the pathophysiological mechanisms that explain the bidirectional relationship between COVID-19 and diabetes mellitus, its implication in the prognosis and management of hyperglycemia in this group of patients.
