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1.
Int J Obes (Lond) ; 42(4): 641-647, 2018 04.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29064476

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: It is well known that increased abdominal fat is associated with cardiovascular (CV) risk. Perirenal fat has been recently associated with CV risk in adults. However, studies with children are lacking. We investigated the relationship of perirenal fat and other abdominal fat depots (including preperitoneal, intra-abdominal and subcutaneous fat) with carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT-a surrogate marker of CV risk) in prepubertal children, so as to identify novel markers that can be easily assessed and used in the early prevention of cardiovascular disease. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Subjects were 702 asymptomatic prepubertal Caucasian children (418 lean, 142 overweight and 142 obese) who were recruited in a primary care setting. Ultrasound measurements (perirenal, preperitoneal, intra-abdominal and subcutaneous fat and cIMT), clinical (body mass index (BMI) and systolic blood pressure) and metabolic parameters (insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), high molecular weight (HMW) adiponectin and serum lipids) were assessed. RESULTS: Perirenal fat was associated with diverse metabolic and CV risk factors in all the studied subjects. However, in overweight and obese children, perirenal fat was mostly associated with cIMT (P<0.001) and was the only fat depot that showed independent associations with cIMT in multivariate analyses (overweight chidren: ß=0.250, P=0.003, r2=12.8%; obese children: ß=0.254, P=0.002, r2=15.5%) after adjusting for BMI, gender, age and metabolic parameters. Perirenal fat was also the only fat depot that showed independent associations with HMW-adiponectin in obese children (ß=-0.263, P=0.006, r2=22.8%). CONCLUSIONS: Perirenal fat is the main abdominal fat depot associated with cIMT, especially in overweight and obese children, and may thus represent a helpful parameter for assessing CV risk in the pediatric population.


Subject(s)
Abdominal Fat/diagnostic imaging , Carotid Intima-Media Thickness/statistics & numerical data , Adiponectin/blood , Blood Pressure/physiology , Child , Cohort Studies , Female , Humans , Male , Obesity/epidemiology , Overweight/epidemiology , Risk Factors
2.
Pediatr Obes ; 12(2): e10-e13, 2017 04.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26929193

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this paper is to test whether α-defensins and bacterial/permeability-increasing protein were related to obesity and cardiovascular risk factors in prepubertal children. METHODS: Plasma α-defensins and bacterial/permeability-increasing protein, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, systolic blood pressure (SBP), carotid intima media thickness (cIMT), HOMA-IR and HMW-adiponectin were assessed. RESULTS: In a cross-sectional study (N = 250), higher α-defensins concentrations were positively associated with BMI, waist, SBP, cIMT, HOMA-IR and negative correlated with HMW-adiponectin (all between r = 0.191 and r = 0.377, p ≤ 0.01 and p ≤ 0.0001). Conversely, plasma bacterial/permeability-increasing protein concentrations presented inversed associated with the same parameters (all between r = -0.124 and r = -0.329; p ≤ 0.05 and p ≤ 0.0001). In a longitudinal study (N = 91), α-defensins at age 7 were associated with BMI (ß = 0.189, p = 0.002; model R2 = 0.847) and waist (ß = 0.241, pthinsp;= 0.001; model R2 = 0.754) at age 10. CONCLUSIONS: α-Defensins and bacterial/permeability-increasing protein may be the markers of childhood obesity. Increased concentrations of α-defensins may predict BMI and abdominal fat deposition in children.


Subject(s)
Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides/blood , Cardiovascular Diseases/blood , Pediatric Obesity/blood , alpha-Defensins/blood , Anthropometry , Biomarkers/blood , Blood Pressure , Blood Proteins , Carotid Intima-Media Thickness , Child , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Humans , Longitudinal Studies , Male , Risk Factors
3.
Pediatr Obes ; 11(6): 543-550, 2016 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26843034

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: Macrophages are known to be involved in low-grade inflammatory processes such as obesity. soluble cluster of differentiation 163 (sCD163) is shed from the cell surface as specific macrophage activation marker. In prepubertal children, we studied if circulating sCD163 is associated with metabolic and cardiovascular risk markers. METHODS: A population of 236 school-aged Caucasian children (111 girls and 125 boys) aged 8 ± 1 year [81 normal weight (body mass index [BMI]-SDS < 1); 74 overweight (1 ≤ BMI-standard deviation score [SDS] < 2) and 81 with obesity (BMI-SDS ≥ 2)] were studied. BMI, waist circumference, fat mass and visceral fat were measured. Fasting serum sCD163, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance, high sensitivity C-reactive protein, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and lipids were quantified. RESULTS: Circulating sCD163 concentrations were higher in children with obesity (p < 0.0001). Associations were observed between circulating sCD163 and a less favourable metabolic profile as judged by higher waist circumference, fat mass, visceral fat, epicardial fat, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance, high sensitivity C-reactive protein, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and triglycerides (all between r = 0.173 and r = 0.363; p < 0.05 to p < 0.0001) and lower high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (r = -0.285, p < 0.0001). In multiple regression analyses, circulating sCD163 was independently associated with HOMA-IR (ß = 0.162, p = 0.016; model R2 = 0.179) and high density lipoprotein-cholesterol/triglycerides ratio (ß = -0.167, p = 0.012; model R2 = 0.209). CONCLUSIONS: Childhood obesity may increase the risk of developing metabolic diseases later in life through chronic macrophage activation having deleterious effects on metabolism.


Subject(s)
Antigens, CD/blood , Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/blood , Macrophage Activation , Metabolome/physiology , Overweight/blood , Pediatric Obesity/blood , Receptors, Cell Surface/blood , Adolescent , Biomarkers/blood , C-Reactive Protein/metabolism , Child , Female , Humans , Insulin Resistance/physiology , Lipids/blood , Male , Overweight/complications , Pediatric Obesity/complications , Risk Factors , gamma-Glutamyltransferase
4.
Pediatr Obes ; 11(5): 375-82, 2016 10.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26493023

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Increased uric acid is an independent biomarker for cardiovascular disease in obese adolescents and adults. OBJECTIVE: We investigated whether uric acid relates to carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) in prepubertal children, and whether body mass index (BMI) and preperitoneal fat modulate this association. METHODS: 359 asymptomatic prepubertal Caucasian children were stratified according to BMI categories (171 with BMI-SDS < 0; 188 with BMI-SDS ≥ 0) and according to preperitoneal fat levels (180 with preperitoneal fat <50th centile; 179 with preperitoneal fat >50th centile). Uric acid levels, insulin resistance (homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance; HOMA-IR), C-reactive protein (CRP), triacylglycerol (TG), systolic blood pressure (SBP), abdominal fat and cIMT (both by ultrasound) were assessed. RESULTS: Uric acid was associated with several cardiovascular risk factors, namely higher HOMA-IR, CRP, TG, BMI, waist, SBP, preperitoneal fat and cIMT (all P < 0.001 to P < 0.0001). Significant BMI and preperitoneal fat interactions were documented in the relationship between uric acid and cIMT (both P < 0.05), as uric acid was preferentially related to cIMT in heavier children (ß = 0.247, P < 0.001, r(2) = 9.1%) and in children with more preperitoneal fat (ß = 0.263, P < 0.0001, r(2) = 11.9%). CONCLUSIONS: Serum uric acid is associated with cIMT in asymptomatic prepubertal children. Both higher BMI and preperitoneal fat aggravate the potential risk of atherosclerotic disease imposed by higher concentrations of uric acid.


Subject(s)
Biomarkers/blood , Body Composition/physiology , Cardiovascular Diseases/physiopathology , Carotid Intima-Media Thickness , Intra-Abdominal Fat/physiopathology , Uric Acid/blood , Blood Pressure , Body Mass Index , C-Reactive Protein , Child , Female , Humans , Insulin Resistance/physiology , Male , Obesity/physiopathology , Risk Factors
5.
Pediatr Obes ; 9(3): 232-8, 2014 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23554403

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: The adaptive immune system has emerged as an unexpected modulator of insulin resistance. B lymphocytes accumulate in adipose tissue and produce pathogenic antibodies that cause insulin resistance. OBJECTIVE: We studied whether circulating immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA and IgM) were related to metabolic risk markers in pre-pubertal children with and without overweight. DESIGN AND METHODS: Subjects were 270 asymptomatic pre-pubertal Caucasian children (145 lean, 125 overweight) recruited in a primary care setting. Assessments included serum IgG, IgA and IgM concentrations (nephelometry), insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and fasting lipids (triacylglycerol and high-density lipoprotein [HDL]-cholesterol). RESULTS: Overweight children had higher IgG and IgA serum levels than lean children (P ≤ 0.01). Increasing serum IgG and IgA, but not IgM, were associated with a less favourable metabolic phenotype, consisting of higher HOMA-IR and triacylglycerol and lower HDL-cholesterol, particularly in obese children, in whom serum IgG and IgA were both independently associated with HOMA-IR (ß = 0.308, P = 0.017, r2 = 9.5% and ß = 0.361, P = 0.005, r2 = 13.0%, respectively) and triacylglycerol (ß = 0.343, P = 0.006, r2 = 11.1% and ß = 0.354, P = 0.003, r2 = 12.2%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Increased circulating IgG and IgA in overweight children are associated with a less favourable metabolic phenotype, particularly in obese children. These results suggest a relationship between adaptive immunity and insulin resistance in childhood obesity.


Subject(s)
Adaptive Immunity/immunology , Cholesterol, HDL/blood , Immunoglobulin A/blood , Immunoglobulin G/blood , Insulin Resistance , Pediatric Obesity/blood , Triglycerides/blood , Body Mass Index , Child , Female , Humans , Insulin Resistance/immunology , Male , Pediatric Obesity/immunology , Pediatric Obesity/prevention & control , Phenotype , Risk Factors , Spain
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