Viral Racism via Videos: A Study of Asians' Experiences of Interpersonal Discrimination Because of COVID-19.

This study analyzes five publicly posted videos wherein Asians experience interpersonal discrimination because of COVID-19. We think social scientists ignore how videos provide data for investigating interpersonal discrimination. We characterize the videos according to multiple features including context, characteristics, and responses of individuals involved, type of threat or mistreatment, and level of psychological and physical harm. We then summarize features across the videos. Among other things, analyses uncover implicit, explicit, and historically specific anti-Asian sentiment alongside evidence perpetrators are men and bystanders do not intervene typically. The Discussion contrasts Asians' experiences of interpersonal discrimination because of COVID-19 against the interpersonal and institutional discrimination faced by American Indians, blacks, and Hispanics in the United States. That contrast brings Asians' positionality into sharp relief.

Current analytical methods for determination of glucosinolates in vegetables and human tissues.

Numerous epidemiological studies have indicated the potential effects of glucosinolates and their metabolites against cancer as well as other non-communicable diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and neurodegenerative disorders. However, information on the presence and quantity of glucosinolates in commonly consumed vegetables and in human fluids is sparse, largely because well-standardised methods for glucosinolate determination are not available, resulting in published data being inconsistent and conflicting. Thus, studies published since 2002 on the most recent developments of glucosinolate extraction and identification have been collected and reviewed with emphasis on determination of the intact glucosinolates by LC-MS and LC-MS/MS. This overview highlights the glucosinolate extraction methods used, the stability of glucosinolates during extraction, the availability of stable isotope labelled internal standards and the use of NMR for purity analysis, as well as the current analytical techniques that have been applied for glucosinolate analysis, e.g. liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric detection (LC-MS). It aims to interpret the findings with a focus on the development of a validated method, which will help to determine the glucosinolate content of vegetative plants and human tissues, and the identification and determination of selected glucosinolate metabolites.

The Production of Methane, Acetone, "Cold" CO and Oxygenated Species from IsoPropyl Alcohol in a Non-Thermal Plasma: An In-Situ FTIR Study.

This paper reports in situ Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic studies on the nonthermal plasma reaction of isopropyl alcohol in dinitrogen at Macor (a ceramic containing oxides of Al, Mg, and Si) and the analogous thermally driven process. While isopropyl alcohol did not react at the Macor at temperatures up to 600 °C, the study of the nonthermal plasma-driven process at the ceramic led to unexpected chemistry hitherto not observed, primarily the reaction of IPA in dinitrogen at short time scales to produce methane, HCN, acetone and "cold" CO at ca. 115 K. The CO, methane, and HCN rapidly established steady state concentrations, pointing to the need for faster FTIR studies: at longer times, isophorone and a "polymethylacetylene-like" polymer were formed as a brown oil. The observation of the steady-state gases and brown oil suggested parallel pathways in the plasma, the latter taking place at the plasma/catalyst interface, and the former in the plasma remote from the catalyst. Replacing dinitrogen with argon completely inhibited or negated the production of the oil, had no effect upon the processes taking place in the plasma remote from the Macor, and instead resulted in the production of acetylene.

Unprecedented regiochemical control in the formation of aryl[1,2-a]imidazopyridines from alkynyliodonium salts: mechanistic insights.

Aryl(alkynyl)iodonium salts have been demonstrated to be valuable precursors to a diverse range of heteroaromatic ring systems including aryl[1,2-a]imidazopyridines. Successful application, using the recently described aryl(alkynyl)iodonium trifluoroacetate salts, is described, highlighting for the first time that the regioselectivity of this process is both counter-ion and concentration dependent. Studies with a carbon-13 labelled substrate established that the reactions of alkynyliodonium salts are highly complex and that multiple mechanistic processes appear to be underway simultaneously.

New measures of diabetes self-care agency, diabetes self-efficacy, and diabetes self-management for insulin-treated individuals with type 2 diabetes.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To develop and refine three new scales that measure diabetes self-care agency, diabetes self-efficacy and diabetes self-management to reflect the American Diabetes Association current standards of diabetes care and the American Association of Diabetes Educators self-care behaviours. And, to establish the clarity, consistency and content validity of the scales. BACKGROUND: There is a need to have valid and reliable instruments or scales to assess an individual's diabetes self-care agency, self-efficacy and self-management to plan appropriate interventions that can be effective in improving glycaemic control and delaying or preventing diabetes-related complications. DESIGN: A methodological design was used to conduct this study. METHODS: Ten clinicians and 10 insulin-treated individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) from a diabetes care center in the southern USA participated in this study. Analysis consisted of inter-rater agreement to determine clarity and consistency with standards of diabetes care and content validity of individual items on the scales (I-CVI) and the overall scales (S-CVI/Ave) to determine relevance for current diabetes care practice. RESULTS: All I-CVI and S-CVI/Ave of the DSES exceeded the minimum acceptable criteria. All I-CVI and the S-CVI of the DSMS also exceeded the minimum accepted criteria, except for one item that had I-CVI = 0.70. Evaluation of the items and the directions of the scales by the sample of insulin-treated individuals with T2DM exceeded the minimum criteria of 80% inter-rater agreement. RELEVANCE TO RESEARCH AND CLINICAL PRACTICE: Further psychometric testing of the scales with samples of insulin-treated individuals with diabetes is warranted and will lay the groundwork for further research and clinical practice to enhance the capability, confidence and actual performance of diabetes self-management activities among insulin-treated individuals with T2DM. CONCLUSIONS: The scales can be used by diabetes care providers to assess and follow-up individuals with diabetes who need intense case management. They also can be the measures of choice to conduct future research to test the effects of interventions among insulin-treated individuals with T2DM.