Magnetic resonance elastography to quantify liver disease severity in autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate whether liver and spleen magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) can measure the severity of congenital hepatic fibrosis (CHF) and portal hypertension (pHTN) in individuals with autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD), and to examine correlations between liver MRE and ultrasound (US) elastography. METHODS: Cross-sectional study of nine individuals with ARPKD and 14 healthy controls. MRE was performed to measure mean liver and spleen stiffness (kPa); US elastography was performed to measure point shear wave speed (SWS) in both liver lobes. We compared: (1) MRE liver and spleen stiffness between controls vs. ARPKD; and (2) MRE liver stiffness between participants with ARPKD without vs. with pHTN, and examined correlations between MRE liver stiffness, spleen length, platelet counts, and US elastography SWS. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed to examine diagnostic accuracy of liver MRE. RESULTS: Participants with ARPKD (median age 16.8 [IQR 13.3, 18.9] years) had higher median MRE liver stiffness than controls (median age 14.7 [IQR 9.7, 16.7 years) (2.55 vs. 1.92 kPa, p = 0.008), but MRE spleen stiffness did not differ. ARPKD participants with pHTN had higher median MRE liver stiffness than those without (3.60 kPa vs 2.49 kPa, p = 0.05). Liver MRE and US elastography measurements were strongly correlated. To distinguish ARPKD vs. control groups, liver MRE had 78% sensitivity and 93% specificity at a proposed cut-off of 2.48 kPa [ROC area 0.83 (95% CI 0.63-1.00)]. CONCLUSION: Liver MRE may be a useful quantitative method to measure the severity of CHF and pHTN in individuals with ARPKD.

Relationship of renal apparent diffusion coefficient and functional MR urography in children with pelvicalyceal dilation.

OBJECTIVE: The aim is to evaluate the age-related changes and relationship of renal apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) against the morphological and functional changes detected by functional magnetic resonance urography (fMRU) in children with pelvicalyceal dilation, with suspected or known ureteropelvic junction obstruction. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed fMRUs with diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) of the kidney in 35 subjects (25 males; median age: 7.1 years, range: 0.3-22.7 years) with 70 kidneys (40 with pelvicalyceal dilation and 30 with no pelvicalyceal dilation). Inclusion criteria were pelvicalyceal dilation, the absence of duplex kidneys and no ureteric dilation. DWI was performed with 3 diffusion gradient directions (b values = 0, 200, 500, 800 and 1,000 s/mm2). Metrics for fMRU included calyceal and renal transit times (CTT, RTT), time-to-peak (TTP), differential renal function based on volume (vDRF), Patlak number (pDRF) and combined volume and Patlak number (vpDRF). The grades of pelvicalyceal dilation, cortical thinning and corticomedullary differentiation were evaluated. The relationship between ADC values and the fMRU parameters was analyzed. RESULTS: ADC increases with age in kidneys without pelvicalyceal dilation (R2=0.37, P<0.001). Renal ADC does not correlate with any of the morphological or fMRU parameters (P>0.07). The median ADC of kidneys without pelvicalyceal dilation was 3.73×10-3 mm2/s (range: 2.78-5.37×0-3 mm2/s) and the median ADC of kidneys with pelvicalyceal dilation was 3.82×10-3 mm2/s (range: 2.70-5.70×10-3 mm2/s). There was no correlation between ADC and the absolute differences of vDRF or pDRF (P>0.33). CONCLUSION: Renal ADC does not correlate with morphological and functional results of fMRU changes in children with pelvicalyceal dilation due to suspected or known ureteropelvic junction obstruction.

Pilot study on renal magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging: are quantitative diffusion tensor imaging values useful in the evaluation of children with ureteropelvic junction obstruction?

BACKGROUND: Ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) obstruction is a common cause of renal injury in children. Indications for surgery are still controversial. Currently, there is no threshold to differentiate patients with suspected UPJ obstruction requiring surgery from the ones that do not, or to predict renal outcome after surgery. Several studies have demonstrated that diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) results may correlate with microstructural changes in the kidneys. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the feasibility of using DTI to identify UPJ obstruction kidneys. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed functional MR urography (fMRU) with renal DTI (b=0 and b=400, 20 directions, 1.5 Tesla, no respiratory triggering) in 26 kidneys of 19 children (mean age: 6.15 years) by comparing 13 kidneys with UPJ obstruction configuration that underwent pyeloplasty following the fMRU, and 13 anatomically normal age- and gender-matched kidneys. DTI tractography was reconstructed using a fractional anisotropy threshold of 0.10 and an angle threshold of 55°. User-defined regions of interest (ROIs) of the renal parenchyma (excluding collecting system) were drawn to quantify DTI parameters: fractional anisotropy, apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), track length and track volume. The failure rate was evaluated. RESULTS: All DTI parameters changed with age; fractional anisotropy decreased (P<0.032). Track volume and track length increased (P<0.05). ADC increased with age in normal kidneys (P<0.001) but not in UPJ obstruction kidneys (P=0.11). After controlling for age, the fractional anisotropy (UPJ obstruction mean: 0.18, normal kidney mean: 0.21; P=0.001) and track length (UPJ obstruction mean: 11.9 mm, normal kidney mean: 15.4 mm; P<0.001) were lower in UPJ obstruction vs. normal kidneys. There was a trend toward a higher ADC in UPJ obstruction kidneys vs. normal kidneys (P=0.062). The failure rate in UPJ obstruction kidneys due to technical limitations of DTI was 13/26 (50%). CONCLUSION: We demonstrated that fractional anisotropy is lower in UPJ obstruction than in normal kidneys. It is necessary to improve this technique to increase the success rate and to perform more studies to evaluate if a decrease in fractional anisotropy can differentiate UPJ obstruction kidneys from hydronephrotic kidneys without UPJ obstruction.

Optimizing functional MR urography: prime time for a 30-minutes-or-less fMRU.

BACKGROUND: Current protocols for functional MR urography (fMRU) require long scan times, limiting its widespread use. OBJECTIVE: Our goal was to use pre-defined criteria to reduce the number of sequences and thus the examination time without compromising the morphological and functional results. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The standard fMRU protocol in our department consists of eight sequences, including a 17-min dynamic post-contrast scan. Ninety-nine children and young adults (43 male, 56 female, mean age 7 years) were evaluated with this protocol. Each sequence was retrospectively analyzed for its utility and factors that affect its duration. RESULTS: Mean scan time to perform the eight sequences, without including the variable time between sequences, was 40.5 min. Five sequences were categorized as essential: (1) sagittal T2 for planning the oblique coronal plane, (2) axial T2 with fat saturation for the assessment of corticomedullary differentiation and parenchymal thickness, (3) coronal 3-D T2 with fat saturation for multiplanar and 3-D reconstructions, (4) pre-contrast coronal T1 with fat saturation to ensure an appropriate scan prior to injecting the contrast material and (5) the coronal post-contrast dynamic series. Functional information was obtained after 8 min of dynamic imaging in the majority of children. The coronal fat-saturated T2, coronal T1, and post-contrast sagittal fat-saturated T1 sequences did not provide additional information. Because of the effects of pelvicalyceal dilation and ureteropelvic angle on the renal transit time, prone position is recommended, at least in children with high-grade pelvicalyceal dilation. CONCLUSION: Comprehensive fMRU requires approximately 19 min for sequence acquisition. Allowing for time between sequences and motion correction, the total study time can be reduced to about 30 min. Four pre-contrast sequences and a shortened post-contrast dynamic scan, optimally with the child in prone position, are sufficient.

Diffusion tensor imaging and tractography of the kidney in children: feasibility and preliminary experience.

BACKGROUND: Functional magnetic resonance urography (fMRU) provides morphological and functional information based on perfusion. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) complements fMRU by measuring renal microstructure and provides insight into the relationship between renal structure and function. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the feasibility and utility of renal DTI and tractography in the setting of fMRU in children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We prospectively enrolled 9 children (6 boys, 3 girls) with a mean age of 4.3 years (range 6 months to 14.8 years). All children were examined with MRI at 3.0 tesla. DTI was acquired with an echo-planar sequence (TR/TE = 2,300/69 ms, b = 300 s/mm2) with 12 non-collinear directions and 3 signal averages. Functional MRU results were used to group the moieties as normal or abnormal. Regions of interest were placed in the medulla and cortex to measure DTI parameters of microstructure. DTI tractography measures of parenchymal volume were compared to fMRU-derived volumes. RESULTS: We analyzed 19 moieties (13 normal; 6 abnormal). Tractography of normal moieties showed numerous tracks with a radial arrangement and convergence into pyramids. Abnormal moieties did not show the radial arrangement or converging architecture and had tracks that were loosely arranged and left hollow spaces. Tractography volume correlated with MRU parenchymal volume (r 2 = 0.93, P < 0.005) and abnormal moieties exhibited greater tractography volume than normal moieties (P < 0.005). Tractography volume also correlated with age of the child (P < 0.001). In normal moieties, the medulla had higher fractional anisotropy (0.401 +/−0.05) than the cortex (0.183 +/− 0.03) (P < 0.001); fractional anisotropy in these regions did not change with age (P > 0.1). There were no differences in apparent diffusion coefficient values between the cortex and medulla (P > 0.5). We observed a trend of increasing apparent diffusion coefficient values with age in the cortex and medulla, which did not reach statistical significance (cortex: r2 = 0.21, P > 0.1; medulla: r2 = 0.135, P > 0.1). CONCLUSION: DTI with tractography is feasible in children and can complement the functional information obtained from fMRU.