Biologic Therapy in Chronic Pain Management: a Review of the Clinical Data and Future Investigations.

PURPOSE: With the aging population, it is clear that the demand for future chronic pain treatment modalities is at an all-time high. One of the newest treatment modalities that is gaining popularity with both practitioners and patients alike is that of regenerative medicine and the use of stem cells to treat chronic painful conditions. This article aims to distill the most recent, available data from both laboratory research and clinical trials to better illuminate the potentials for these therapies in the treatment of chronic pain. RECENT FINDINGS: There are numerous investigations underway using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to treat painful, largely degenerative conditions. A large majority of these investigations focus on osteoarthritis of the knee and have demonstrated significantly improved pain scores. Some of these investigations have demonstrated significantly increased articular cartilage and meniscus growth as well as improved function. These studies have been smaller (n, 18) and need to be corroborated on a macrolevel. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP)-based therapies have been most extensively studied in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis. Multiple prospective and randomized trials and meta-analyses have afforded level I evidence in support of PRP's safety and efficacy in chronic knee pain demonstrating both decreased pain (via VAS) and increased functional status (via WOMAC and IKDC). There have been randomized controlled trials examining PRP therapies in treatment degenerative disc disease (intradiscal treatment), facet arthropathy (intra-facet injections), and sacroiliitis (SIJ) which have all yielded similar positive results. Each RTC demonstrated decreased pain scores and increased function but lacks the scale to derive concrete guidelines. Newer investigations are underway examining modified PRP formulas with increased fibrin (PRF) or various growth factors (PRGF) and have shown positive outcomes with respect to osteoarthritic conditions in small trials. Animal trials are underway further investigating these therapies as well as specific gene modulation therapies. This review of the most recent investigations into the application and uses of biologic stem cell-derived treatments for chronic painful conditions should act to illustrate the growing, favorable data for these types of modalities both with respect to pain control and functional improvement.

Challenges unique to the design of a comprehensive questionnaire assessing breast cancer risk factors among women in sub-Saharan Africa.

We assessed the efficacy of a pilot questionnaire designed to elicit information about external risk factors for breast cancer in sub-Saharan African women. Preliminary analysis identified areas of the questionnaire and interviewing process that required modification, as well as socioeconomic factors that contribute to reduced participation among these understudied populations.