Integrating the Teaching and Assessment of Moral Reasoning into Undergraduate Medical Education to Advance Health Equity.

Moral reasoning skills among medical students have regressed despite the implementation of ethics teachings in medical education curricula. This inability to retain moral reasoning capability is attributed to difficulty transitioning to the principled thinking stage of moral reasoning as well as worsening of ethical decision-making skills during clerkship education due to the "hidden curriculum." Prior studies have examined the efficacy of individual strategies for moral education, but there is insufficient analysis comparing multiple educational interventions and moral reasoning assessment tools. The role and impact of these instruments in medical curricula for the advancement of health equity is reviewed.