ABSTRACT
Neonatal care has undergone important advances involving the technology for treatment and mo nitoring, the design of care spaces, the incorporation of support professionals, and, especially, the strengthening of an organizational model in networks with centers of different levels of care. Neona tal units should be located in centers with maternity services and, ideally, with pediatric ones of an equivalent level of care. This document defines the admission and transfer criteria according to the level of care and among the different levels, respectively. The evidence recommends an individual room design due to the associated benefits such as decreased occurrence and better control of health care-associated infections, improved breastfeeding, and better interaction with parents. The sugges ted room sizes favor the implementation of the family-centered care model. These recommendations establish the possibility of performing emergency surgical procedures in the neonatal unit and define the safety criteria of the physical plant. In addition, they define the human resources according to the level of care, recognizing the time dedicated to non-direct patient care activities, , and the re quirements of non-medical professionals such as psychologists, physical and respiratory therapists, occupational therapists, speech therapists, pharmacists, dietitians, and social workers. Neonatal care should be led by the neonatologist allowing the participation of general pediatricians with training and demonstrated experience in neonatal care. Midwives and neonatal nurses should have accredited formation in such area. The purpose of this document is to update the "Recommendations on the Organization, Characteristics and Operation of Neonatology Services or Units" to serve as an orien tation and guide for the design and management of neonatal care in public and private health care centers in the country.
Subject(s)
Neonatology , Emergencies , Family , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Intensive Care Units, Neonatal/organization & administration , Neonatal Nursing , Neonatologists , Neonatology/methods , Neonatology/organization & administration , Nurseries, Hospital/organization & administration , Patient Care Team/organization & administration , Pediatricians , Surgical Procedures, OperativeABSTRACT
Resumen Los pacientes difíciles en Psiquiatría imponen un trabajo intenso a los profesionales y grupos de trabajo de salud mental. Las estadísticas muestran que la frecuencia puede alcanzar hasta un tercio de los pacientes habiendo sido estudiados mayormente en Salud Mental y Atención Primaria. Mediante un estudio de casos y controles nos propusimos caracterizar los pacientes difíciles y conocer los factores involucrados en las diferencias observadas. Se obtuvo una muestra por conveniencia. Se seleccionaron dos controles por cada caso, pareados por rango de edad y sexo. Hipótesis: Características de personalidad de los pacientes permiten explicar las diferencias observadas en la frecuencia de presentación de los casos difíciles en Psiquiatría. Resultados: No se observaron diferencias significativas en la distribución por edad, sexo, estado civil, escolaridad tiempo de tratamiento y en los diagnósticos clínicos (eje I del DSM), pero sí fueron significativas las diferencias en el número de medicamentos utilizados, el tiempo en psicoterapia, la intervención social y la presencia de trastornos de la personalidad, siendo más frecuentes en los casos (pacientes difíciles) por lo que se confirma la hipótesis de trabajo. Discusión: Se discute el sentido de calificar paciente difícil, considerando que se trata más bien de "situaciones difíciles". Estas situaciones se observaron con mayor frecuencia ante la presencia de Trastornos de la Personalidad. Se analiza las implicancias al abordar este tipo de condiciones. A pesar de la importancia del problema, el tema ha sido poco estudiado en nuestro medio.
Difficult patients involve a great deal of work to professionals and Mental Health teams. Epidemiological data show that the rate is up to one third of the patients having been mostly studied in Mental Health and Primary Care. Using a case control design the objective of this study was to characterize difficult patients and the factors that could explain the differences observed. A convenience sample was chosen. Two controls were taken by each case. Controls were paired by sex and age. Hypothesis: Characteristics of personality of patients, allow us to explain the differences observed in difficult patients in Psychiatry. Results: There were no significant differences according by age, sex, marital status, educational level, time span of treatment and clinical diagnosis, but significant differences were observed in the number of medications taken, time span in psychotherapy, social work assistance and personality disorders, being more frequent in difficult patients. Discussion: It´s discussed the convenience of the expression difficult patient, rather than difficult situation considering the review of research and the clinical experience. Difficult situations are found more frequently in personality disorders. It´s analyzed the implications when dealing with this sort of conditions. Although the importance of this topic, it has been poorly studied in this milieu.
