Angioarchitecture of the coronary arteries in Mazama gouazoubira (G. Fischer, 1814) / Angioarquitetura das artérias coronárias em Mazama gouazoubira (G. Fischer, 1814)

Mazama gouazoubira is a widely distributed deer in the South American continent. However, studies on its anatomical characteristics are still scarce. The objective of this study was to elucidate the coronary circulation of M. gouazoubira. With this aim, after collecting cadavers on highways, twenty-four hearts injected with latex and preserved in formaldehyde at 10% were dissected. The dissections revealed that all specimens presented left coronary dominance, characterized by the origin of the subsinuous interventricular branch from the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery. The number of ventricular branches originated from branches of the left coronary artery was approximately five times higher than that of the right coronary artery. The occurrence of myocardial bridges was registered in 91.7% of the individuals, with bridges predominating over the paraconal interventricular branch. The mean length of the paraconal interventricular sulcus was significantly higher in males (p = 0.02). The number of atrial branches and ventricular branches, length of myocardial bridges and length of subsinuous interventricular sulcus did not vary significantly between sex. Left coronary dominance and high frequency of myocardial bridges in M. gouazoubira are preponderant anatomical traits also present in different species of Ruminantia suborder. Coronary dominance studies in other South American deer species may confirm the correlation of this trait with the evolutionary history of these animals.(AU)

Mazama gouazoubira é um cervídeo com ampla distribuição no continente sul americano. Entretanto, estudos sobre suas características anatômicas, ainda, são escassos. Objetivou-se elucidar a circulação coronariana do M. gouazoubira. Para tal, foram dissecados 24 corações injetados com látex e conservados em formaldeído a 10%, obtidos de cadáveres recolhidos em rodovias. As dissecações revelaram que todos os espécimes apresentaram dominância coronariana esquerda, caracterizada pela origem do ramo interventricular subsinuoso, a partir do ramo circunflexo da artéria coronária esquerda. O número de ramos ventriculares originados, a partir de ramos da artéria coronária esquerda, foi aproximadamente cinco vezes maior do que aquele da artéria coronária direita. A ocorrência de pontes de miocárdio foi registrada em 91,7% dos indivíduos, predominando as pontes sobre o ramo interventricular paraconal. O comprimento médio do sulco interventricular paraconal foi significativa-mente maior em machos (p = 0,02). O número de ramos atriais e ramos ventriculares, comprimento das pontes de miocárdio e comprimento do sulco interventricular subsinuoso, não variaram, significativamente, entre os sexos. A dominância corona-riana esquerda e a elevada frequência de pontes de miocárdio no M. gouazoubira são traços anatômicos preponderantes, tam-bém, em diferentes espécies da subordem Ruminantia. Estudos sobre dominância coronariana em outras espécies de cervídeos sul americanos poderão sugerir a correlação desta característica com a história evolutiva destes animais.(AU)

Angioarchitecture of the coronary arteries in Mazama gouazoubira (G. Fischer, 1814) / Angioarquitetura das artérias coronárias em Mazama gouazoubira (G. Fischer, 1814)

Mazama gouazoubira is a widely distributed deer in the South American continent. However, studies on its anatomical characteristics are still scarce. The objective of this study was to elucidate the coronary circulation of M. gouazoubira. With this aim, after collecting cadavers on highways, twenty-four hearts injected with latex and preserved in formaldehyde at 10% were dissected. The dissections revealed that all specimens presented left coronary dominance, characterized by the origin of the subsinuous interventricular branch from the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery. The number of ventricular branches originated from branches of the left coronary artery was approximately five times higher than that of the right coronary artery. The occurrence of myocardial bridges was registered in 91.7% of the individuals, with bridges predominating over the paraconal interventricular branch. The mean length of the paraconal interventricular sulcus was significantly higher in males (p = 0.02). The number of atrial branches and ventricular branches, length of myocardial bridges and length of subsinuous interventricular sulcus did not vary significantly between sex. Left coronary dominance and high frequency of myocardial bridges in M. gouazoubira are preponderant anatomical traits also present in different species of Ruminantia suborder. Coronary dominance studies in other South American deer species may confirm the correlation of this trait with the evolutionary history of these animals.

Mazama gouazoubira é um cervídeo com ampla distribuição no continente sul americano. Entretanto, estudos sobre suas características anatômicas, ainda, são escassos. Objetivou-se elucidar a circulação coronariana do M. gouazoubira. Para tal, foram dissecados 24 corações injetados com látex e conservados em formaldeído a 10%, obtidos de cadáveres recolhidos em rodovias. As dissecações revelaram que todos os espécimes apresentaram dominância coronariana esquerda, caracterizada pela origem do ramo interventricular subsinuoso, a partir do ramo circunflexo da artéria coronária esquerda. O número de ramos ventriculares originados, a partir de ramos da artéria coronária esquerda, foi aproximadamente cinco vezes maior do que aquele da artéria coronária direita. A ocorrência de pontes de miocárdio foi registrada em 91,7% dos indivíduos, predominando as pontes sobre o ramo interventricular paraconal. O comprimento médio do sulco interventricular paraconal foi significativa-mente maior em machos (p = 0,02). O número de ramos atriais e ramos ventriculares, comprimento das pontes de miocárdio e comprimento do sulco interventricular subsinuoso, não variaram, significativamente, entre os sexos. A dominância corona-riana esquerda e a elevada frequência de pontes de miocárdio no M. gouazoubira são traços anatômicos preponderantes, tam-bém, em diferentes espécies da subordem Ruminantia. Estudos sobre dominância coronariana em outras espécies de cervídeos sul americanos poderão sugerir a correlação desta característica com a história evolutiva destes animais.

Coronary irrigation in Puma concolor (Carnivora: Felidae) / Irrigación coronaria en Puma concolor (Carnivora: Felidae)

This study described the anatomy of the coronary arteries and their main branches in Puma concolor. The hearts of six individuals of Puma concolor, were analyzed. The A. coronaria sinistra formed the ramus interventricularis paraconalis and the ramus circunflexus. A ramus septal was formed close to the origin of the ramus interventricularis paraconalis and yielded from six to eight ventricular branches. The circumflex branch originated from two to five atrial branches and from three to seven ventricular branches. The right coronary artery formed two to six atrial branches, and four to nine ventricular branches. In half of the individuals, an accessory coronary artery was identified as the first branch of the right coronary artery. In all individuals, the subsinusal interventricular branch originated in the right coronary artery. It could be inferred that coronary circulation in Puma concolor is balanced, as each coronary artery yielded an interventricular branch and there was no significant difference in the total number of branches that originated from each coronary artery. These findings are different from the descriptions of most carnivore species, and may aid a better understanding of the phylogenetic relationships and synapomorphies of carnivore coronary circulation, especially in the Felidae family.

En este estudio se describió la anatomía de las arterias coronarias, y sus principales ramas, en el Puma concolor. Se analizaron los corazones de seis especímenes de Puma concolor. La arteria coronaria izquierda formó la rama interventricular paraconal y la rama circunfleja. Una rama septal se formó cerca del origen de la rama paraconal y otorgó de seis a ocho ramas ventriculares. La rama circunfleja originó de dos a cinco ramas atriales y de tres a siete ramas ventriculares. La arteria coronaria derecha originó de dos a seis ramas atriales y de cuatro a nueve ramas ventriculares. En la mitad de los especímenes, se identificó una arteria coronaria accesoria como la primera rama de la arteria coronaria derecha. En todos los individuos, la rama interventricular subsinusal se originó en la arteria coronaria derecha. Se podría inferir que la circulación coronaria en el Puma concolor es equilibrada, ya que cada arteria coronaria produce una rama interventricular y no hay diferencia significativa en el número total de ramas que se originan de cada arteria coronaria. Estos hallazgos son diferentes de las descripciones de la mayoría de las especies carnívoras y pueden ayudar a una mejor comprensión de las relaciones filogenéticas y de las sinapomorfias de la circulación de los carnívoros, especialmente en la familia Felidae.

Systematization, distribution and territory of the middle cerebral artery and cerebroethmoidal artery on the brain's surface of the turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) / Sistematização, distribuição e território da artéria cerebral média e cerebroetmoidal na superfície do encéfalo em peru (Meleagris gallopavo)

Background: The cerebral arteries constitute the main blood transportation via to the brain and play a fundamental role in the maintenance of normal cerebral activities. There are a few studies about the encephalic irrigation in the wild and exotic species. This study aims to describe and systematize the middle cerebral artery and cerebroethmoidal artery of Meleagris gallopavo, to determine a standard model and territorial area of irrigation, and the main variations in this species.Materials, Methods & Results: For this research, 30 brain with the cervical spinal cord segment of 10 male and 20 female young and adult turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) were used. Discarded animals were provided from Doux Frangosul breeding center, located in Caxias do Sul city, State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 2006. Animals were euthanized with T 61, with an intravenous injection. After the removal of the skin, the sternum was removed, the common carotid arteries were cannulated through the brachycephalic trunks. The arterial system of the 30 animals were rinsed with saline solution with heparin and filled with latex colored in red. Animals remained immersed for one hour in running water, and next, the neck was sectioned. Next, a bone window was opened in the skullcap. Pieces were fixed in 20% formaldehyde for seven days, and after this period, the brain was removed from the cranial vault...

Systematization, distribution and territory of the caudal cerebral artery on the brain's surface of the turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) / Sistematização, distribuição e território da artéria cerebral caudal na superfície do encéfalo em peru (Meleagris gallopavo)

Thirty Meleagris gallopavo heads with their neck segments were used. Animals were contained and euthanized with the association of mebezonium iodide, embutramide and tetracaine hydrochloride (T 61, Intervet ) by intravenous injection. The arterial system was rinsed with cold saline solution (15°C), with 5000IU heparin and filled with red-colored latex. The samples were fixed in 20% formaldehyde for seven days. The brains were removed with a segment of cervical spinal cord and after, the dura-mater was removed and the arteries dissected. The cerebral carotid arteries, after the intercarotid anastomosis, were projected around the hypophysis, until they reached the tuber cinereum and divided into their terminal branches, the caudal branch and the rostral branch. The rostral branch was projected rostrolateralwards and gave off, in sequence, two collateral branches, the caudal cerebral and the middle cerebral arteries and the terminal branch was as cerebroethmoidal artery. The caudal cerebral artery of one antimere formed the interhemispheric artery, which gave off dorsal hemispheric branches to the convex surface of both antimeres. Its dorsal tectal mesencephalic branch, of only one antimere, originated the dorsal cerebellar artery. In the interior of the cerebral transverse fissure, after the origin of the dorsal tectal mesencephalic artery, the caudal cerebral artery emitted occipital hemispheric branches, pineal branches and medial hemispheric branches, on both antimeres. The caudal cerebral artery's territory comprehended the entire surface of the dorsal hemioptic lobe, the rostral surface of the cerebellum, the diencephalic structures, the caudal pole and the medial surface of the cerebral hemisphere and in the convex surface, the sagittal eminence except for its most rostral third. Due to the asymmetry found in the caudal cerebral arteries' ramifications, the models were classified into three types and their respective subtypes.(AU)

Foram utilizadas 30 cabeças com o segmento de pescoço deMeleagris gallopavo. Os animais foram contidos e eutanasiados com a associação de iodeto de mebezônio, embutramida e cloridrato de tetracaína (T 61 Intervet ), via endovenosa. O sistema arterial foi lavado com solução salina resfriada (15°C), com 5000UI heparina e preenchido com látex corado em vermelho. As peças foram fixadas em formaldeído a 20% por sete dias. O encéfalo foi removido com um segmento de medula espinhal, a dura-máter removida e as artérias dissecadas. As artérias carótidas do cérebro, após a anastomose intercarótica, projetaram-se contornando a hipófise até alcançarem o túber cinéreo e dividiram-se em seus ramos terminais, o ramo caudal e o ramo rostral. O ramo rostral projetou-se rostro-lateralmente emitindo em sequência seus dois principais ramos colaterais, as artérias cerebral caudal e cerebral média terminado-se como artéria cerebroetmoidal. A artéria cerebral caudal de um antímero formava a artéria inter-hemisférica que lançava ramos hemisféricos dosais para a face convexa de ambos os antímeros. Seu ramo tectal mesencefálico dorsal de apenas um antímero originava a artéria cerebelar dorsal. No interior da fissura transversa do cérebro após a origem da artéria tectal mesencefálica dorsal artéria cerebral caudal lançou ramos hemisféricos occipitais, ramos pineais e hemisféricos mediais em ambos os antímeros. O território da artéria cerebral caudal compreendeu toda a superfície do hemi lobo óptico dorsal, a face rostral do cerebelo, as estruturas diencefálicas, o polo caudal e a face medial do hemisfério cerebral e na face convexa do hemisfério cerebral a eminência sagital exceto seu terço mais rostral. Devido à assimetria encontrada nas ramificações das artérias cerebrais caudais, foram classificados os modelos em três tipos com seus respectivos subtipos.(AU)

Systematization, distribution and territory of the caudal cerebral artery on the brain's surface of the turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) / Sistematização, distribuição e território da artéria cerebral caudal na superfície do encéfalo em peru (Meleagris gallopavo)

Thirty Meleagris gallopavo heads with their neck segments were used. Animals were contained and euthanized with the association of mebezonium iodide, embutramide and tetracaine hydrochloride (T 61, Intervet ) by intravenous injection. The arterial system was rinsed with cold saline solution (15°C), with 5000IU heparin and filled with red-colored latex. The samples were fixed in 20% formaldehyde for seven days. The brains were removed with a segment of cervical spinal cord and after, the dura-mater was removed and the arteries dissected. The cerebral carotid arteries, after the intercarotid anastomosis, were projected around the hypophysis, until they reached the tuber cinereum and divided into their terminal branches, the caudal branch and the rostral branch. The rostral branch was projected rostrolateralwards and gave off, in sequence, two collateral branches, the caudal cerebral and the middle cerebral arteries and the terminal branch was as cerebroethmoidal artery. The caudal cerebral artery of one antimere formed the interhemispheric artery, which gave off dorsal hemispheric branches to the convex surface of both antimeres. Its dorsal tectal mesencephalic branch, of only one antimere, originated the dorsal cerebellar artery. In the interior of the cerebral transverse fissure, after the origin of the dorsal tectal mesencephalic artery, the caudal cerebral artery emitted occipital hemispheric branches, pineal branches and medial hemispheric branches, on both antimeres. The caudal cerebral artery's territory comprehended the entire surface of the dorsal hemioptic lobe, the rostral surface of the cerebellum, the diencephalic structures, the caudal pole and the medial surface of the cerebral hemisphere and in the convex surface, the sagittal eminence except for its most rostral third. Due to the asymmetry found in the caudal cerebral arteries' ramifications, the models were classified into three types and their respective subtypes.

Foram utilizadas 30 cabeças com o segmento de pescoço deMeleagris gallopavo. Os animais foram contidos e eutanasiados com a associação de iodeto de mebezônio, embutramida e cloridrato de tetracaína (T 61 Intervet ), via endovenosa. O sistema arterial foi lavado com solução salina resfriada (15°C), com 5000UI heparina e preenchido com látex corado em vermelho. As peças foram fixadas em formaldeído a 20% por sete dias. O encéfalo foi removido com um segmento de medula espinhal, a dura-máter removida e as artérias dissecadas. As artérias carótidas do cérebro, após a anastomose intercarótica, projetaram-se contornando a hipófise até alcançarem o túber cinéreo e dividiram-se em seus ramos terminais, o ramo caudal e o ramo rostral. O ramo rostral projetou-se rostro-lateralmente emitindo em sequência seus dois principais ramos colaterais, as artérias cerebral caudal e cerebral média terminado-se como artéria cerebroetmoidal. A artéria cerebral caudal de um antímero formava a artéria inter-hemisférica que lançava ramos hemisféricos dosais para a face convexa de ambos os antímeros. Seu ramo tectal mesencefálico dorsal de apenas um antímero originava a artéria cerebelar dorsal. No interior da fissura transversa do cérebro após a origem da artéria tectal mesencefálica dorsal artéria cerebral caudal lançou ramos hemisféricos occipitais, ramos pineais e hemisféricos mediais em ambos os antímeros. O território da artéria cerebral caudal compreendeu toda a superfície do hemi lobo óptico dorsal, a face rostral do cerebelo, as estruturas diencefálicas, o polo caudal e a face medial do hemisfério cerebral e na face convexa do hemisfério cerebral a eminência sagital exceto seu terço mais rostral. Devido à assimetria encontrada nas ramificações das artérias cerebrais caudais, foram classificados os modelos em três tipos com seus respectivos subtipos.

Systematization, distribution and territory of the middle cerebral artery and cerebroethmoidal artery on the brain's surface of the turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) / Sistematização, distribuição e território da artéria cerebral média e cerebroetmoidal na superfície do encéfalo em peru (Meleagris gallopavo)

Background: The cerebral arteries constitute the main blood transportation via to the brain and play a fundamental role in the maintenance of normal cerebral activities. There are a few studies about the encephalic irrigation in the wild and exotic species. This study aims to describe and systematize the middle cerebral artery and cerebroethmoidal artery of Meleagris gallopavo, to determine a standard model and territorial area of irrigation, and the main variations in this species.Materials, Methods & Results: For this research, 30 brain with the cervical spinal cord segment of 10 male and 20 female young and adult turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) were used. Discarded animals were provided from Doux Frangosul breeding center, located in Caxias do Sul city, State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 2006. Animals were euthanized with T 61, with an intravenous injection. After the removal of the skin, the sternum was removed, the common carotid arteries were cannulated through the brachycephalic trunks. The arterial system of the 30 animals were rinsed with saline solution with heparin and filled with latex colored in red. Animals remained immersed for one hour in running water, and next, the neck was sectioned. Next, a bone window was opened in the skullcap. Pieces were fixed in 20% formaldehyde for seven days, and after this period, the brain was removed from the cranial vault...(AU)

Técnicas anatômicas como método complementar para aprendizado de nefrotomia / Anatomical techniques as a complementary method for learning nephrotomy

Background: The use of animals in attempt to understand biological processes began many years ago with Hippocrates (450 B.C.). Galeno (129-210 a.C.) studied the anatomy and physiology of the monkeys, believing in their similarity to humans. The use of animals in experiments has always been the target of too much criticism by several society segments, questioning animal suffering after manipulation. This is due to the fact that students and professors consider that such practices are against their moral and ethical principles, besides the psychological issues that they can promote. Because of this, alternative and complementary methods were developed for surgical training and motor development of surgeons, with the goal to reduce the number of animals in these practices and to increase qualification and surgical skills. The objective of this study is to offer a complementary method of learning in the area of surgery, specifically anatomical techniques as a complementary method for learning nephrotomy. Materials, Methods & Results: Four dog kidneys were used from the pathology sector of the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. The kidneys were removed from the abdominal cavity with the perirenal fat, blood vessels and ureter. The renal artery, renal vein and ureter were cannulated and filled with red, blue and yellow colored latex, respectively. After this, the kidneys were immersed for one hour in running water for latex polymerization. Then, the nephrotomy technique was performed. At each step of the technique, renal structures were observed, incised in a clean and easy way, and each one identified perfectly by color. Discussion: The use of animals in practical classes is still a rule in the most of brazilian universities. Several studies have observed that the teaching of practices, based on alternative techniques instead of vivisection, enabled students to equal or more learning. Virtual reality techniques, handmade devices for training surgical nodes, models for anatomical and physiological study of the ocular and circulatory systems, objects for the practice of venous puncture, artifi cial limbs for surgical practice, models for the practice of microsurgery in small vessels, cylinder with several layers the simulates in every detail a surgical procedure, mannequins, simulators, videos and the use of cadavers and viscera chemically prepared for learning surgical techniques are some of the alternative methods found nowadays. Since it is expected that veterinary medicine students experience real patients, the combination of their acquired knowledge to the practice of complementary methods, helps the student to better understand the technique and facilitates the learning process. When using viscera to help in veterinary surgical technique classes, the students participate more effectively in the classroom, without the stress and fear they face when they first practice with live animals. Furthermore, this alternative allows them to train many times every technique, refining the accuracy, coordination and manual skills, so important for a surgeon. The use of colored latex injected kidneys to simulate nephrotomy proved to be an effective method to complement the training of future surgeons, without loosing teaching quality neither using animals for this purpose.

A systematic study of the brain base arteries in the turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) / Sistematização das artérias na base do encéfalo e suas fontes de suprimento sanguíneo em peru (Meleagris gallopavo)

Thirty heads with neck segments of turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) were dissected for a systematic study of the arteries. The frequency of the arteries found was: Cerebral carotid artery, intercarotid anastomosis and internal ophthalmic artery (100 percent). Caudal branch of the cerebral carotid artery to the right (R) vestigial artery (70 percent) and developed (30 percent) and to the left (L) developed (70 percent) and vestigial artery (30 percent). Ventral tectal mesencephalic artery in (70 percent) to R and (30 percent) to L was the direct branch of the cerebral carotid artery to L (70 percent) and to R (30 percent) collateral branch of the developed caudal branch. Basilar artery to L in (70 percent) and to R (30 percent) formed from the developed caudal branch; rostral ventral cerebellar artery present (86.7 percent) and absent (13.3 percent) to R and L. Caudal ventral cerebellar artery to R single (73.3 percent), double (23.3 percent) and triple (3.3 percent); caudal ventral cerebellar artery to L single (73.3 percent) and double (26.7 percent). Dorsal spinal artery branch of caudal ventral cerebellar artery to R (80 percent) and to L (73.3 percent). The rostral branch of cerebral carotid artery showed as collateral branches the single caudal cerebral artery to R (100 percent) and to L (96.7 percent) while in (3.3 percent) it was double. The middle cerebral artery was single to R and L (100 percent). Cerebroethmoidal artery to R and L (100 percent) with its collateral branch to single rostral cerebral artery (90 percent) to R and (86.7 percent) to L and double (10 percent) to R and (13.3 percent) to L. Ethmoidal artery to R and to L (100 percent) single. The cerebral arterial circle was rostrally and caudally opened, so that the cerebral blood supply was exclusively made by the carotid system.(AU)

Trinta cabeças de peru (Meleagris gallopavo), com segmento de pescoço, foram dissecados para o estudo sistemático das artérias. As maiores ocorrências das artérias foram: Artéria (A.) carótida do cérebro, anastomose intercarótica e A. oftálmica interna (100 por cento). Ramo caudal da carótida do cérebro à direita (D) vestigial (70 por cento) e desenvolvido (30 por cento) e à esquerda (E) desenvolvido (70 por cento) e vestigial (30 por cento). A A. tectal mesencefálica ventral em (70 por cento) à D e (30 por cento) à E foi ramo direto da A. carótida do cérebro à E (70 por cento) e à D (30 por cento) ramo colateral do ramo caudal desenvolvido. A A. basilar à E em (70 por cento) e à D (30 por cento) formou- se do ramo caudal desenvolvido. A. cerebelar ventral rostral presente (86,7 por cento) e ausente (13,3 por cento) à D e E. A. cerebelar ventral caudal à D única (73,3 por cento), dupla (23,3 por cento) e tripla (3,3 por cento). A. cerebelar ventral caudal à E única (73,3 por cento) e dupla (26,7 por cento). A. espinhal dorsal ramo da A. cerebelar ventral caudal à D (80 por cento) e à E (73,3 por cento). O ramo rostral da A. carótida do cérebro apresentou como ramos colaterais a A. cerebral caudal à D única (100 por cento) e à E (96,7 por cento) já em (3,3 por cento) era dupla; A. cerebral média única à D e E (100 por cento). A. cerebroetmoidal à D e E (100 por cento) com seu ramo colateral a A. cerebral rostral única (90 por cento) à D e (86,7 por cento) à E e dupla (10 por cento) à D e (13,3 por cento) à E. A. etmoidal à D e à E (100 por cento) única. Observou-se que o círculo arterial cerebral foi aberto rostralmente e caudalmente e o suprimento de sangue para o encéfalo foi exclusivamente pelo sistema carotídeo.(AU)

A systematic study of the brain base arteries in the turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) / Sistematização das artérias na base do encéfalo e suas fontes de suprimento sanguíneo em peru (Meleagris gallopavo)

Thirty heads with neck segments of turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) were dissected for a systematic study of the arteries. The frequency of the arteries found was: Cerebral carotid artery, intercarotid anastomosis and internal ophthalmic artery (100 percent). Caudal branch of the cerebral carotid artery to the right (R) vestigial artery (70 percent) and developed (30 percent) and to the left (L) developed (70 percent) and vestigial artery (30 percent). Ventral tectal mesencephalic artery in (70 percent) to R and (30 percent) to L was the direct branch of the cerebral carotid artery to L (70 percent) and to R (30 percent) collateral branch of the developed caudal branch. Basilar artery to L in (70 percent) and to R (30 percent) formed from the developed caudal branch; rostral ventral cerebellar artery present (86.7 percent) and absent (13.3 percent) to R and L. Caudal ventral cerebellar artery to R single (73.3 percent), double (23.3 percent) and triple (3.3 percent); caudal ventral cerebellar artery to L single (73.3 percent) and double (26.7 percent). Dorsal spinal artery branch of caudal ventral cerebellar artery to R (80 percent) and to L (73.3 percent). The rostral branch of cerebral carotid artery showed as collateral branches the single caudal cerebral artery to R (100 percent) and to L (96.7 percent) while in (3.3 percent) it was double. The middle cerebral artery was single to R and L (100 percent). Cerebroethmoidal artery to R and L (100 percent) with its collateral branch to single rostral cerebral artery (90 percent) to R and (86.7 percent) to L and double (10 percent) to R and (13.3 percent) to L. Ethmoidal artery to R and to L (100 percent) single. The cerebral arterial circle was rostrally and caudally opened, so that the cerebral blood supply was exclusively made by the carotid system.

Trinta cabeças de peru (Meleagris gallopavo), com segmento de pescoço, foram dissecados para o estudo sistemático das artérias. As maiores ocorrências das artérias foram: Artéria (A.) carótida do cérebro, anastomose intercarótica e A. oftálmica interna (100 por cento). Ramo caudal da carótida do cérebro à direita (D) vestigial (70 por cento) e desenvolvido (30 por cento) e à esquerda (E) desenvolvido (70 por cento) e vestigial (30 por cento). A A. tectal mesencefálica ventral em (70 por cento) à D e (30 por cento) à E foi ramo direto da A. carótida do cérebro à E (70 por cento) e à D (30 por cento) ramo colateral do ramo caudal desenvolvido. A A. basilar à E em (70 por cento) e à D (30 por cento) formou- se do ramo caudal desenvolvido. A. cerebelar ventral rostral presente (86,7 por cento) e ausente (13,3 por cento) à D e E. A. cerebelar ventral caudal à D única (73,3 por cento), dupla (23,3 por cento) e tripla (3,3 por cento). A. cerebelar ventral caudal à E única (73,3 por cento) e dupla (26,7 por cento). A. espinhal dorsal ramo da A. cerebelar ventral caudal à D (80 por cento) e à E (73,3 por cento). O ramo rostral da A. carótida do cérebro apresentou como ramos colaterais a A. cerebral caudal à D única (100 por cento) e à E (96,7 por cento) já em (3,3 por cento) era dupla; A. cerebral média única à D e E (100 por cento). A. cerebroetmoidal à D e E (100 por cento) com seu ramo colateral a A. cerebral rostral única (90 por cento) à D e (86,7 por cento) à E e dupla (10 por cento) à D e (13,3 por cento) à E. A. etmoidal à D e à E (100 por cento) única. Observou-se que o círculo arterial cerebral foi aberto rostralmente e caudalmente e o suprimento de sangue para o encéfalo foi exclusivamente pelo sistema carotídeo.

Síndrome braquicefálica – estenose de narinas em cão / Brachycephalic syndrome – nostril stenosis in dog

Frequentemente observado em raças braquicefálicas, a estenose de narinas pode ocasionar importantes alterações secundárias. O fluxo aéreo para o interior da cavidade nasal fica restrito e torna-se necessário um esforço inspiratório maior, causando dispneia leve à intensa. A síndrome braquicefálica refere-se a uma combinação de estenose de narinas, alongamento de palato mole e eversão de sacos laringianos, comumente observadas nestas raças. Estes animais exibem sinais de obstrução de via aérea superior decorrente de anormalidades anatômicas e funcionais. A afecção afeta qualquer sexo e mais comumente em cães que em gatos. Apresentam respiração difícil e ruidosa, intolerância ao exercício, cianose e sono inquieto. O diagnóstico deve ser feito através do exame físico. Deve-se avaliar radiografias torácicas para detectar anormalidades cardíacas ou pulmonares subjacentes. Para aliviar os sinais, exige-se o tratamento cirúrgico das narinas estenosadas. Animais com obstrução respiratória superior constituem riscos anestésicos e pós-operatórios.

Frequently observed in brachycephalic breeds, the nostril stenosis may cause relevant secondary disturbance. Theair flow to the nasal cavity becomes limited, obligating to an extra inspiratory effort, causing light to intense dyspneia. The brachycephalic syndrome is a combination of a nostril stenosis, soft palate enlargement and laryngeal eversion, frequently observed in brachycephalic animals. Signs of obstruction of the upper aerial ducts are consequence of anatomical and functional disturbances. Both sexes are affected and dogs are more susceptible than cats. With difficult and noisy breeding, the affected animals are intolerant to physical exercise, showing cyanosis and an agitated sleeping. The diagnosis is possible by physical examination, discarding cardio-pulmonary abnormalities by means radiography. For symptoms release, the surgical treatment of the nostrils, to reduce the stenosis, is indicated. Nevertheless, the respiratory obstruction is a risk factor during the anesthesia and post-surgery period.

Síndrome braquicefálica estenose de narinas em cão / Brachycephalic syndrome nostril stenosis in dog

Frequentemente observado em raças braquicefálicas, a estenose de narinas pode ocasionar importantes alterações secundárias. O fluxo aéreo para o interior da cavidade nasal fica restrito e torna-se necessário um esforço inspiratório maior, causando dispneia leve à intensa. A síndrome braquicefálica refere-se a uma combinação de estenose de narinas, alongamento de palato mole e eversão de sacos laringianos, comumente observadas nestas raças. Estes animais exibem sinais de obstrução de via aérea superior decorrente de anormalidades anatômicas e funcionais. A afecção afeta qualquer sexo e mais comumente em cães que em gatos. Apresentam respiração difícil e ruidosa, intolerância ao exercício, cianose e sono inquieto. O diagnóstico deve ser feito através do exame físico. Deve-se avaliar radiografias torácicas para detectar anormalidades cardíacas ou pulmonares subjacentes. Para aliviar os sinais, exige-se o tratamento cirúrgico das narinas estenosadas. Animais com obstrução respiratória superior constituem riscos anestésicos e pós-operatórios.(AU)

Frequently observed in brachycephalic breeds, the nostril stenosis may cause relevant secondary disturbance. Theair flow to the nasal cavity becomes limited, obligating to an extra inspiratory effort, causing light to intense dyspneia. The brachycephalic syndrome is a combination of a nostril stenosis, soft palate enlargement and laryngeal eversion, frequently observed in brachycephalic animals. Signs of obstruction of the upper aerial ducts are consequence of anatomical and functional disturbances. Both sexes are affected and dogs are more susceptible than cats. With difficult and noisy breeding, the affected animals are intolerant to physical exercise, showing cyanosis and an agitated sleeping. The diagnosis is possible by physical examination, discarding cardio-pulmonary abnormalities by means radiography. For symptoms release, the surgical treatment of the nostrils, to reduce the stenosis, is indicated. Nevertheless, the respiratory obstruction is a risk factor during the anesthesia and post-surgery period.(AU)