Infections by entomopathogenic fungi in common green iguanas (Iguana iguana) in captivity in Brazil.

Entomopathogenic fungi, widely available biological agents used to control agricultural pests, are sporadically reported to cause focal or disseminated infection in reptiles and mammals, including humans. This study summarizes the clinical presentation, histopathological and molecular findings by panfungal polymerase chain reaction and sequencing of four cases of hypocrealean fungal infections in captive common green iguanas (Iguana, iguana). One case of granulomatous pneumonia, hepatitis and serositis was related to Metarhizium flavoviride complex infection. Two disseminated fungal infection cases, with scarce inflammatory cell infiltration, were caused by Beauveria bassiana while there was one case of multifocal granulomatous and necrotizing pneumonia by Purpureocillium spp. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of fatal mycosis infection due to entomopathogenic fungi in captive common green iguanas.

Protective effects of fucoidan, a P- and L-selectin inhibitor, in murine acute pancreatitis.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to investigate the potential protective effects of fucoidan, an L- and P-selectin modulator, in 2 murine models of acute pancreatitis. METHODS: Acute pancreatitis was induced in mice either by the retrograde infusion of taurolithocholic acid sulfate into the pancreatic duct or by intraperitoneal injections of cerulein (50 µg/kg per hour). The experimental groups received fucoidan (25 mg/kg, intravenously) before pancreatitis induction, whereas control groups received only saline. After 24 hours, serum amylase, lipase, interleukin 1ß (IL-1ß), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and nitrite were measured. In addition, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity (lung and pancreas) and histological assessment (pancreas) were determined. RESULTS: Serum amylase, lipase, nitrite, TNF-α, and IL-1ß, and pancreatic and lung MPO were increased in both taurolithocholic acid sulfate and cerulein acute pancreatitis compared with the respective control groups. Fucoidan significantly decreased the augmented levels of amylase, lipase, pancreatic and lung MPO, TNF-α, IL-1ß, and nitrite in both models. Pancreas histological changes observed in both acute pancreatitis models were significantly attenuated by fucoidan. CONCLUSIONS: Fucoidan reduced the severity of acute pancreatitis in mice by decreasing neutrophil infiltration and systemic inflammation, suggesting that modulation of selectins may constitute a promising therapeutic approach.

Avaliação dos efeitos miorelaxante, antiespasmódico e antinociceptivo do extrato aquoso da Phoradendron piperoides (Kunt.) Trel. (Viscaceae) / Investigation on miorelaxant, antispasmodic and analgesic effects of the aqueous extract of Phoradendron piperoides

Foram investigados os efeitos miorelaxante, antiespasmódico e antinociceptivo do extrato aquoso liofilizado das folhas da Phoradendron piperoides. A toxicidade aguda também foi avaliada. No íleo isolado de cobaio, o extrato aquoso da P. piperoides (0,05 - 2,0 mg/mL) produziu relaxamento de forma concentração-dependente (IC50 = 0,114 mg/mL) e, na concentração de 1,5 mg/mL, reduziu a amplitude das contrações induzidas por carbacol (2 μM), histamina (2 μM) e BaCl2 (0,03 M) em 46,6; 38,6 e 55,3 por cento (p < 0,001), respectivamente. Em camundongos, o extrato aquoso liofilizado (100-400 mg/kg) não reduziu de forma significativa as contorções abdominais induzidas por ácido acético, não modificou o tempo de reação dos animais no teste da formalina e não aumentou o tempo de latência ao calor no teste da placa quente. No ensaio de toxicidade aguda utilizado, não foi detectada a morte de nenhum animal após tratamento com doses de até 5 g/kg (p.o.) do extrato. Em conclusão, os resultados obtidos indicam que o extrato aquoso da P. piperoides apresenta efeito antiespasmódico e baixa toxicidade aguda. O extrato, no entanto, não possui efeito antinociceptivo.

The present work evaluated the antinociceptive, miorelaxant and antispasmodic effects as well as the acute toxicity of the aqueous extract from leaves of Phoradendron piperoides. In guinea pig ileum, the plant extract (0.05 - 2.0 mg/kg) decreased the preparations basal tone in a dose-dependent manner (IC50 = 0.114 mg/mL) and it (1.5 mg/mL) reduced (p < 0.001) the contractions induced by carbachol (2 μM), histamine (2 μM) and BaCl2 (0.03M). The extract, at oral doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg, did not manifest a significant antinociceptive effect in the writhing, formalin and hot-plate tests. Moreover, no animal deaths were observed in doses up to 5 g/kg. In conclusion, the aqueous extract of Phoradendron piperoides showed no antinociceptive effect and no acute toxicity in mice. Indeed, it revealed miorelaxant and antispasmodic activities that are probably miogenic and not specific for neurotransmitters.

Antinociceptive effect and acute toxicity of the Hyptis suaveolens leaves aqueous extract on mice.

The aqueous extract of Hyptis suaveolens leaves was studied for their antinociceptive property in chemical and thermal models of nociception in mice. Oral administration of the aqueous extract (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) dose-dependently reduced the number of writhings induced by acetic acid, decreased the licking activity of the early phase in formalin test and increased the reaction time in hot-plate test. The antinociceptive effect was significantly antagonized by naloxone (3 mg/kg; i.p.). Preliminary acute toxicity study showed that no animal death with doses up to 5 g/kg (p.o.).