Heat-killed Limosilactobacillus reuteri ATCC PTA 6475 prevents bone loss in ovariectomized mice: A preliminary study.

Osteoporosis is an important health problem that occurs due to an imbalance between bone formation and resorption. Hormonal deficiency post-menopause is a significant risk factor. The probiotic Limosilactobacillus reuteri has been reported to prevent ovariectomy (Ovx)-induced bone loss in mice and reduce bone loss in postmenopausal women. Despite the numerous health benefits of probiotics, as they are live bacteria, the administration is not risk-free for certain groups (e.g., neonates and immunosuppressed patients). We evaluated the effects of L. reuteri (ATCC PTA 6475) and its heat-killed (postbiotic) form on Ovx-induced bone loss. Adult female mice (BALB/c) were randomly divided into four groups: group C-control (sham); group OVX-C-Ovx; group OVX-POS-Ovx + heat-killed probiotic; group OVX-PRO-Ovx + probiotic. L. reuteri or the postbiotic was administered to the groups (1.3x109 CFU/day) by gavage. Bacterial morphology after heat treatment was accessed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The treatment started one week after Ovx and lasted 28 days (4 weeks). The animals were euthanized at the end of the treatment period. Bone microarchitecture and ileum Occludin and pro-inflammatory cytokines gene expression were evaluated by computed microtomography and qPCR techniques, respectively. The Ovx groups had lower percentage of bone volume (BV/TV) and number of bone trabeculae as well as greater total porosity compared to the control group. Treatment with live and heat-killed L. reuteri resulted in higher BV/TV and trabecular thickness than the Ovx group. The heat treatment caused some cell surface disruptions, but its structure resembled that of the live probiotic in SEM analysis. There were no statistical differences in Occludin, Il-6 and Tnf-α gene expression. Both viable and heat-killed L. reuteri prevented bone loss on ovariectomized mice, independently of gut Occludin and intestinal Il-6 and Tnf-α gene expression.

Preliminary Findings on the Salivary Metabolome of Hookah and Cigarette Smokers.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the salivary metabolomic profile of patients who habitually smoke hookah and cigarettes. The groups consisted of 33 regular and exclusive hookah smokers, 26 regular and exclusive cigarette smokers, and 30 nonsmokers. Unstimulated whole saliva was collected for the measurement of salivary metabolites by gas chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). The MetaboAnalyst software was used for statistical analysis and evaluation of biomarkers. 11 smoking salivary biomarkers were identified using the area under receiving-operator curver criterion and threshold of 0.9. Xylitol and octadecanol were higher in cigarette smokers compared to controls; arabitol and maltose were higher in controls compared to cigarette smokers; octadecanol and tyramine were higher in hookah smokers compared to controls; phenylalanine was higher in controls compared to hookah smokers; and fructose, isocitric acid, glucuronic acid, tryptamine, maltose, tyramine, and 3-hydroxyisolvaleric acid were higher in hookah smokers compared to cigarettes smokers. Conclusions: The evaluation of the salivary metabolome of hookah smokers, showing separation between the groups, especially between the control versus hookah groups and cigarette versus hookah groups, and it seems to demonstrate that the use of hookah tobacco is more damaging to health.

E-cig might cause cell damage of oral mucosa.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate cytogenetic and cytotoxic damage through the evaluation of micronuclei (MN) and metanuclear anomalies in the oral mucosa of electronic cigarette (e-cig) users. STUDY DESIGN: The patients were recruited into 4 groups: e-cig users, smokers, former smokers, and nonsmokers (control). The samples were collected by means of exfoliative cytology of the lateral region of the tongue and the floor of the mouth. The smears obtained were fixed and stained by the Feulgen method for investigation of MN and metanuclear anomalies. RESULTS: A significant difference was observed for MN frequency only between the smoker and control groups. As for metanuclear anomalies, significant differences were observed: karyolysis between: smokers and control, e-cig and control, as well as former smokers; karyorrhexis: between smoker and control; binucleation: between e-cig and former smoker, as well as control; broken eggs: between e-cig and all other groups; nuclear bud: between e-cig and former smokers, as well as control. CONCLUSIONS: E-cig and alcohol users presented genotoxicity and cytotoxicity in the oral mucosa cells. The use of e-cigs and alcohol by former smokers can cause more damage to the cells of the oral mucosa compared to those who have not used e-cigs.

Superexpressão de genes da via Wnt/b-catenina no carcinoma de células escamosas bucal / Overexpression of Wnt/ß-catenin pathway genes in oral squamous cell carcinoma

O presente trabalho tem como proposição avaliar a expressão de genes da via de sinalização Wnt no carcinoma de células escamosas bucal (CCE). Foram avaliados dois grupos: Grupo controle (GCO): 12 amostras de mucosa bucal com aspecto de normalidade. Grupo carcinoma (GCA): 30 amostras com diagnóstico histopatológico de CCE. As informações quanto ao hábito tabágico, consumo de etílicos, gradação e estágio da doença foram extraídas dos prontuários. A expressão dos genes WNT5A, APC, CTNNB1, CCND1, MYC foi avaliada por meio de RT-qPCR e, os resultados de expressão gênica foram correlacionados com os dados clinicopatológicos dos pacientes. Os dados foram analisados por meio do software GraphPad Prism 5.03. Utilizou-se o teste t de Student e os coeficientes de correlação de Pearson e de Sperman, com nível de significância de 5% para todos os testes. Houve superexpressão dos genes, WNT5A (fold increase=0,28; p=0,034), APC (fold increase=0,74; p=0,043), CTNNB1 (fold increase=0,36; p=0,493), CCND1 (fold increase=0,67; p= 0,049) e MYC (fold increase=0,99; p=0,001) no GCA, quando comparado ao GCO. Ainda, a expressão do gene MYC apresentou correlação inversamente proporcional com o consumo de cigarros por dia (-3,76; p=0,040) e carga tabágica (-3,73; p=0,043). Já a expressão do gene CTNNB1 apresentou correlação inversamente proporcional ao Teste de Fagerström (-0,405; p=0,026) e a gradação histopatológica (-0,419; p=0,021). A via de sinalização Wnt/ßcatenina mostrou-se envolvida na carcinogênese bucal das amostras estudadas, por meio da superexpressão dos genes WNT5A, APC, CCND1 e MYC. Interessantemente, o aumento da expressão de CTNNB1 correlacionou-se com menor carga tabágica da mesma forma que o MYC com menor número de cigarros diários e menor carga tabágica. Assim, sugere-se que o papel da via Wnt parece ser importante nos estágios iniciais da carcinogênese bucal e que a ativação ou superexpressão dos genes se dá de maneira independente ao hábito tabágico(AU)

This study aim was to investigate the Wnt signaling genes expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Patients were divided into 2 groups: Control group (COG): 12 samples of oral mucosa with normal appearance. Carcinoma group (CAG): 30 samples of histopathological SCC diagnosis. Smoking habits, alcohol consumption, disease histopathological grade and clinical staging were accessed from medical records. The expression of the WNT5A, APC, CTNNB1, CCND1 and MYC genes was evaluated by RT-qPCR and the gene expression profile were correlated with the clinicopathological data of the patients. The groups were compared by the Student t-test, with p < 0.05 indicating a significant difference. The gene expression results were correlated with clinical data with Pearson's and Sperman's correlation coefficient. It was seen an overexpression of WNT5A (fold increase=0,28; p=0,034), APC (fold increase=0,74; p=0,043), CTNNB1 (fold increase=0,36; p=0,493), CCND1 (fold increase=0,67; p= 0,049) e MYC (fold increase=0,99; p=0,001) compared to COG. The Wnt / ß-catenin signaling pathway was shown to be involved in the oral carcinogenesis of the studied samples, through the overexpression of the WNT5A, APC, CCND1 and MYC genes. Interestingly, the increased expression of CTNNB1 was correlated to a lower load in the same way as MYC was correlated to a lower number of daily cigarettes and a lower smoking load. Thus, it is suggested that the role of the Wnt pathway appears to be important in the early stages of oral carcinogenesis and that the activation or overexpression of genes occurs independently of smoking(AU)

Persistent dysgeusia post-halitosis treatment: How does it impact the patients' quality of life?

Background: The objective of this study was to evaluate the quality of life and the presence of anxiety and depression in patients with dysgeusia post halitosis treatment. Material and Methods: Sixty patients were divided into three groups: Dysgeusia group (DG); Halitosis group (HG) and Control group (CG). The following instruments were used: Medical results study Short form health research of 36 items (SF-36), State-state anxiety inventory (STAI) and Self-report questionnaire-20 (SRQ-20). Results: Of the 60 subjects studied, 85% were female and 15% were male. The evaluation of SF-36 indicated a statistically significant correlation between some domains for DG and showed low scores for Mental Health. In relation to HG, low scores were obtained for Bodily Pain, Vitality and Emotional Role. The CG showed low scores for Bodily Pain, General Health and Vitality. STAI was significant when DG was compared to HG and CG. The mean SRQ-20 score was higher in DG compared with the other groups. Conclusions: Persistent dysgeusia post-halitosis treatment impacts on QoL generically in the Mental health do-main, and specifically in trait and state anxiety. Symptoms of depression were also seen in this group of patients

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Is DNA ploidy related to smoking?

BACKGROUND: In the oral cavity, genomic instability is caused by long-term exposure to carcinogens. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between smoking and DNA ploidy. METHODS: Cytological material was obtained from patients participating in the Outpatient Smoking Treatment Program of the Heart Institute (INCOR-HCFMUSP), and of the Discipline of Oral Medicine (ICT-UNESP). The inclusion criteria for all groups were the absence of a history of malignant tumors, absence of clinical signs of changes in the selected area, and alcohol consumption of less than 3 units per week. Group 1:30 smokers before smoking cessation treatment; Group 2:30 non-smokers; Group 3:30 ex-smokers abstinent for at least 1 year. Cytological smears were collected from the floor of the mouth and border of the tongue and stained by Feulgen. Aneuploidy was evaluated using the ACIS® III system. RESULTS: The Kruskal-Wallis test showed no statistically significant difference (P = .4383) between the groups studied. No association between tobacco consumption and aneuploidy was observed in group 1 (P = 1) or group 2 (P = .68; Fisher's exact test). CONCLUSION: Smoking was not associated with changes in DNA content or the incidence of aneuploidy in normal oral mucosa.

Mandible metastasis of small cell lung cancer mimicking a residual cyst.

Small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) is an uncommon tumor characterized by an aggressive behavior with early metastasis, usually to the contralateral lung, liver, brain, and bones. There are only five cases of this particular tumor metastasizing to the oral cavity described in the English literature. We present the case of metastatic SCLC in the mandible with radiographic findings resembling a residual cyst. A 66-year-old man with previous diagnosis and treatment for a SCLC was referred to the Stomatology Department with a history of persistent pain in the mandible 1 year after the inferior right pre-molar tooth extraction. The radiographic exam showed a well-delimited radiolucent area on that extracted tooth's region resembling a residual cyst. Biopsy was performed yielding the diagnosis of metastatic SCLC. The patient was referred to the clinical oncologist for chemotherapy. Although uncommon, this tumor should be included in the differential diagnosis of jawbone lesions, particularly when the patient presents a previous diagnosis of SCLC.

Mandible metastasis of small cell lung cancer mimicking a residual cyst

Small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) is an uncommon tumor characterized by an aggressive behavior with early metastasis, usually to the contralateral lung, liver, brain, and bones. There are only five cases of this particular tumor metastasizing to the oral cavity described in the English literature. We present the case of metastatic SCLC in the mandible with radiographic findings resembling a residual cyst. A 66-year-old man with previous diagnosis and treatment for a SCLC was referred to the Stomatology Department with a history of persistent pain in the mandible 1 year after the inferior right pre-molar tooth extraction. The radiographic exam showed a well-delimited radiolucent area on that extracted tooth's region resembling a residual cyst. Biopsy was performed yielding the diagnosis of metastatic SCLC. The patient was referred to the clinical oncologist for chemotherapy. Although uncommon, this tumor should be included in the differential diagnosis of jawbone lesions, particularly when the patient presents a previous diagnosis of SCLC.