Biodegradation and sorption of nutrients and endocrine disruptors in a novel concrete-based substrate in vertical-flow constructed wetlands.

Removing phosphorus and endocrine-disruptors (EDC) is still challenging for low-cost sewage treatment systems. This study investigated the efficiency of three vertical-flow constructed wetlands (VFCW) vegetated with Eichhornia crassipes onto red clay (CW-RC), autoclaved aerated concrete (CW-AC), and composite from the chemical activation of autoclaved aerated concrete with white cement (CW-AAC) in the removal of organic matter, nutrients, and estrone, 17ß-estradiol, and 17α-ethinylestradiol. The novelty aspect of this study is related to selecting these clay and cementitious-based materials in removing endocrine disruptors and nutrients in VFCW. The subsurface VFCW were operated in sequencing-batch mode (cycles of 48-48-72 h), treating synthetic wastewater for 308 days. The operation consisted of Stages I and II, different by adding EDC in Stage II. The presence of EDC increased the competition for dissolved oxygen (DO) and reduced the active sites available for adsorption, diminishing the removal efficiencies of TKN and TAN and total phosphorus in the systems. CW-RC showed a significant increase in COD removal from 65% to 91%, while CW-AC and CW-AAC maintained stable COD removal (84%-82% and 78%-81%, respectively). Overall, the substrates proved effective in removing EDC, with CW-AC and CW-AAC achieving >60% of removal. Bacteria Candidatus Brocadia and Candidatus Jettenia, responsible for carrying out the Anammox process, were identified in assessing the microbial community structure. According to the mass balance analysis, adsorption is the main mechanism for removing TP in CW-AC and CW-AAC, while other losses were predominant in CW-RC. Conversely, for TN removal, the adsorption is more representative in CW-RC, and the different metabolic routes of microorganisms, biofilm assimilation, and partial ammonia volatilization in CW-AC and CW-AAC. The results suggest that the composite AAC is the most suitable material for enhancing the simultaneous removal of organic matter, nutrients, and EDC in VFCW under the evaluated operational conditions.

Recovery of methane dissolved in the effluent of a novel upflow anaerobic hybrid reactor (UAHB) submitted to temperature variation.

Recent studies point out losses of 30-40% of the produced methane in the effluent of anaerobic reactors treating sewage, reducing the renewable energy potential and the environmental footprint. A novel bench-scale upflow anaerobic hybrid (UAHB) reactor combining a sludge blanket at the bottom and a filter media at the top, both with three-phase separators, was proposed to evaluate the recovery of dissolved methane. UAHB was operated with volumetric organic loading rate of 1.24 kg COD m-3 d-1 and hydraulic retention time of 8 h for 218 days to evaluate the influence of temperature (18°C, 23°C, and 28°C) in the methane dissolved in the effluent and collected from three-phase separators. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total suspended solids (TSS) removals efficiencies remained constant during the operation and equal to 90 and 95%, respectively, related to the activity of biomass retained in the filter media. Temperature increase influenced more the methane production in the sludge blanket rather than in the upper bed. The volume of recovered methane increased about 20% with the installation of the support media and the upper three-phase separator (3PHS). The loss of methane dissolved in the effluent was strongly influenced by the temperature, and higher with the decrease of this parameter. Non-statistically significant correlations were observed between the temperature and the methane production in the upper bed (p-value = 0.0943) and total (p-value = 0.0930). Thus, it can be concluded that the evaluated temperatures did not influence the global efficiency and the total methane yield of the UAHB reactor.

Effects of temperature and HRT on biogas production in moving and fixed bed of a novel upflow anaerobic hybrid (UAHB) reactor.

The upflow anaerobic hybrid (UAHB) reactor combines the advantages of a upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB-type) reactor and an anaerobic filter in a single compartment. A novel configuration of the UAHB reactor, composed of two three-phase separators (3PHS), was proposed to evaluate the biogas production in the moving and fixed bed in the treatment of synthetic sewage at a temperature range of 14-21 °C and hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 12, 10 and 8 h. The bench-scale reactor was operated in three different phases with organic loading rate (VOLR) of 0.6 (0.3-0.7), 0.7 ± 0.2, and 1.1 ± 0.1 kg COD m-3 d-1, respectively, for 225 days. The average removal efficiency of chemical oxygen demand (CODt) was 78 (42-89)%, and the total biogas yield was 3090 (1704-4782) mL d-1, with 66% of the lower 3PHS (moving bed) and 34% of the upper 3PHS (fixed bed). However, no significant difference was observed between the biogas yield on the 3PHS (p-value = 0.5048), thus confirming the influence of temperature in the biogas production. The average percentage of methane was 76 (60-82)% for both beds, and the filter media increased the production by 21%. Thus, it can be concluded that the fixed bed suppressed the instability of the moving bed regarding the biogas production and contributed to the final quality of the effluent.

Performance of an anaerobic-oxic-anoxic (AOA) system in the simultaneous removal of nutrients and triclosan and bacterial community.

The constant presence of triclosan (TCS) in surface water and wastewater has been verified due to its application in several pharmaceutical and personal care products. Thus, removing this emerging contaminant is essential to minimize the contamination of water bodies. The anaerobic-aerobic-anoxic (AOA) system is an innovative alternative that combines the removal of nutrients and triclosan. This study focuses on the simultaneous removal of carbonaceous matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, and triclosan in a continuous pilot-scale AOA system from synthetic wastewater. The upflow system, in series, was operated at hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 8 h and a flowrate of 2.40 L h-1. Glucose (190 mg L-1) was added to the anoxic reactor as the external carbon source. Besides that, bacterial community structure was investigated using 16S rRNA sequencing in each reactor. The system achieved average removal efficiencies of 96% (14.03 g d-1) for Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), 85% (2.64 g d-1) for Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN), 88% (1.40 g d-1) for Total Ammonia Nitrogen (TAN), 20% (0.12 g d-1) for Total Phosphorus (TP), and 93% (1.87 µg d-1) for Triclosan (TCS). The phyla Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Chloroflexi were found in greater abundance. The main genera identified were Anaeromusa, Aeromonas, Azospira, Clostridium, and Lactococcus. The organisms related to phylum and genus corroborate the involved processes and the removal performance achieved. In addition, Lactococcus, Thermomonas, Ferruginibacter, and Dechloromonas were involved in triclosan biodegradation. The anaerobic-oxic-anoxic system successfully removed carbonaceous, nitrogenous matter, and triclosan, with glucose increasing the denitrifying activity.

Lítio, dextrana e rodamina na avaliação da hidrodinâmica de sistemas alagados construídos / Lithium, dextran, and rhodamine in the hydrodynamic evaluation of constructed wetlands

RESUMO Sistemas alagados construídos (SACs) são alternativas de engenharia para tratamento de águas residuárias. Entretanto, ainda são limitadas as pesquisas relacionadas à hidrodinâmica desses sistemas, quando comparados a outras unidades de tratamento, como filtros biológicos, reatores anaeróbios, lagoas de estabilização, dentre outros. Dessa forma, neste estudo teve-se como objetivo avaliar o comportamento hidrodinâmico de três SACs de escoamento horizontal subsuperficial (plantados e não plantados) em escala piloto, por meio da injeção dos traçadores cloreto de lítio, dextrana azul e rodamina WT. Utilizaram-se diferentes metodologias de normalização, para vazão constante e para vazão variável, para avaliar o efeito da variação da taxa de escoamento no sistema. Além disso, determinaram-se os índices hidrodinâmicos e o grau de dispersão dos sistemas por meio dos modelos de escoamento tanques em série e escoamento disperso. Os valores recuperados de rodamina WT e de lítio foram satisfatórios, maiores do que 80% da massa injetada nos três SACs. Para a dextrana azul, a taxa recuperação não foi validada. Não foram verificadas diferenças nas curvas de distribuição de tempo de retenção submetidas às duas metodologias de normalização. Os índices hidrodinâmicos determinados revelaram baixo grau de curtos-circuitos, boa eficiência hidráulica e mistura nos sistemas. Os sistemas apresentaram grau de dispersão moderada, o que está de acordo com os resultados obtidos pelos índices hidrodinâmicos.

ABSTRACT Constructed wetlands (CWs) are engineering alternatives for wastewater treatment. However, the scientific literature related to the hydrodynamics of these systems is still scarce when compared to other treatments, such as trickling filters, anaerobic reactors, stabilizations ponds, among others. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the hydrodynamic behavior of three subsurface horizontal flow CWs (vegetated and unvegetated) on a pilot scale by injecting the tracers lithium chloride, blue dextran, and rhodamine WT. Different normalization methodologies for constant and variable flows were used to evaluate the effect of flow rate variation on the system. In addition, hydrodynamic indices and the system dispersion degree were determined by tank-in-series and dispersion models. The recovered mass of rhodamine WT and lithium was greater than 80% in the three systems, considered satisfactory. For the blue dextran, the recovery rate was not validated. Residence time distribution curves were submitted to two normalization methodologies. No difference was detected. The hydrodynamic indices found revealed low short circuit level, good hydraulic efficiency and mixing in the systems. The systems presented a moderate degree of dispersion, agreeing with the results obtained by the hydrodynamic indices.

Influence of the flooded time on the performance of a tidal flow constructed wetland treating urban stream water.

A vertical subsuperficial tidal flow constructed wetland (TFCW) operated under flooded time (FT) variation, was evaluated in the removal of carbonaceous, nitrogenous, and phosphorous matter from urban stream water. The TFCW downflow (117 L) was filled with bricks (44% porosity) and vegetated with Althernanthera philoxeroides (32 plants m-2). The TFCW was operated under different flooded times - Stage A (48 h), B (36 h), C (24 h), and D (12 h), organic loading rates of 19.58-43.83 gCOD m-2 d-1, 3.68-6.94 gTN m-2 d-1 and 0.93-2.00 gTP m-2 d-1 and volumetric load rates of 46.8, 58.5, 78.0 and 11.7 L d-1. No significant differences were observed in the removal efficiencies to Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD 66 to 94%), Total Ammonia Nitrogen (TAN 58 to 87%), and Total Nitrogen (TN 53 to 78%) among the stages, and nitrate concentrations lower than 6 mg L-1 in the effluent. High Total Phosphorus removal was obtained in FT of 48 h (TP 79%). Total phosphorus loading rate was a limiting factor in TP removal, which reduced along with the reduction of FT. The nitrifying community was present over time since ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (Nitrosospira) and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (Nitrobacter and Nitrospira) were identified in operational stages with variation in relative abundance, but TAN removal efficiency did not show significant differences. There was no change in the denitrifying community structure, indicating that FT did not influence the TN removal. A. philoxeroides was responsible for phytoextraction of 2.1% of TN and 2.7% of TP from the total removed by TFCW. TN removal (65%) was attributed to adsorption in the filtering material and microbial metabolism during the rest time. The findings of this study suggest FT of 12 h to remove COD and TN, and equal to or higher than 48 h to remove TP.

Construction waste as substrate in vertical subsuperficial constructed wetlands treating organic matter, ibuprofenhene, acetaminophen and ethinylestradiol from low-strength synthetic wastewater.

This study aimed to evaluate the removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), total ammonia nitrogen (TAN), total phosphorus (TP), ibuprofen, acetaminophen and ethinylestradiol of synthetic effluent simulating low-strength sewage by sequencing-batch mode constructed wetlands (CWs). To verify the feasibility of using a floating macrophyte in CWs and compare different substrates, three CWs containing light expanded clay aggregates (CWL), expanded clay with porcelain tiles (CWLP) and bricks (CWB) were planted with Pistia stratiotes. The results showed that CWB achieved the highest removals of TKN (78%), TAN (70%) and TP (46%), and CWLP achieved the highest COD removal (75%). LECA favored the removal of ibuprofen (92%, p < 0.05) when compared to bricks (77%), probably by the combination of biodegradation and sorption in the systems. The highest acetaminophen removal (71% to 96%) was observed in CWL, probably via biodegradation, but no significant differences were found between the CWs (p > 0.05). Ethinylestradiol was removed 76% in CWLP and 73% in CWB, both differing statistically from CWL (p < 0.05), demonstrating that brick and the combination of clay with porcelain were better than just clay in this hormone removal. After 188 days of operation, P. stratiotes was able to uptake nitrogen and phosphorus of approximately 0.28 g and 0.25 g in CWL, 0.33 g and 0.21 g CWLP, and 0.22 g and 0.09 g in CWB of, respectively. Adsorption of nitrogen and phosphorus onto the substrates was 0.48 g and 6.84 g in CWL, 0.53 g and 5.69 g in CWLP, and 0.36 g and 10.18 g in CWB, respectively. The findings on this study suggest that adsorption was possible the main process for TP removal onto the evaluated substrates whereas microbial activity was the most probable mechanism for TN removal in the evaluated CW systems.

Materiais alternativos como meio suporte de filtros anaeróbios para tratamento de esgoto sanitário sintético / Alternative materials as support medium of anaerobic filters for the treatment of synthetic sanitary sewage

RESUMO O tipo de material utilizado como recheio em filtros anaeróbios pode ser determinante na eficiência do tratamento, então a avaliação de novos materiais se torna importante. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar o comportamento de três filtros anaeróbios de fluxo ascendente, operados de modo contínuo, preenchidos com carvão ativado, cerâmica de argila e borracha de pneu, no tratamento de água residuária sintética com glicose como substrato. Os filtros, em escala de bancada (1,3 L), foram operados com tempo de detenção hidráulica (TDH) de oito e quatro horas, em duas etapas. Seu desempenho, avaliado com o emprego dos parâmetros pH, alcalinidade total e bicarbonato e ácidos voláteis, foi estável nas duas etapas de operação. O filtro que obteve maior eficiência em termos de remoção de demanda química de oxigênio (DQO) foi o com carvão ativado, 94 e 81% nas etapas I e II, respectivamente, seguido do com borracha de pneu, 88 e 63%, e do com cerâmica de argila, 81 e 61%, ambos nas etapas I e II, respectivamente. As principais morfologias encontradas nos meios suportes foram bacilos, cocos, filamentos, Methanosaeta sp. e Methanosarcina sp. As diferenças obtidas entre os filtros podem ser relacionadas com as características distintas de cada material utilizado como meio suporte, e as diferenças entre as etapas ocorrem pelo aumento da carga hidráulica, que diminui o tempo de retenção celular, assim como eventuais diferenças de temperatura.

ABSTRACT The type of material used as packing in anaerobic filters may be a determinant factor in the treatment efficiency, so the evaluation of new materials is important. Thus, the objective of this study was to study the behavior of three upflow anaerobic filters, filled with charcoal, clay pottery and tire rubber, in the treatment of synthetic wastewater with glucose as substrate. The filter, in bench scale (1.3 L), was operated at a HRT of 8 and 4 hours, in two phases. The performance of the filters, in terms of pH, total alkalinity and bicarbonate and volatile acids was stable during the two operational phases. The best filter in terms of COD removal efficiency was the one with activated carbon, 94 and 81%, in Phases I and II, respectively, followed by tire rubber filter, 88 and 63%. The lowest efficiency obtained was the ceramic clay filter, with 81 and 61%, in Phases I and II, respectively. The main morphologies found were bacilli, cocci, filaments, Methanosaeta sp. and Methanosarcina sp. The differences obtained between filters are related to the different characteristics of each material, and the differences between phases are due to the hydraulic load increase and subsequent cellular retention time decrease, as well as an eventual temperature difference.

Avaliação do comportamento hidrodinâmico de reator anaeróbio de manta de lodo e fluxo ascendente com diferentes configurações do sistema de distribuição do afluente utilizando fluidodinâmica computacional / Hydrodynamic performance evaluation of an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor with different configurations of the influent distribution system using computational fluid dynamics

RESUMO Compreender o comportamento hidrodinâmico de reatores biológicos pode auxiliar na detecção de problemas associados a falhas operacionais e de projeto, situações que prejudicam a eficiência do tratamento. Neste artigo, realizaram-se simulações da fluidodinâmica computacional (CFD) de escoamento de duas fases sólida-líquida de um reator anaeróbio de manta de lodo e fluxo ascendente (UASB), em escala piloto (160 L), com tempo de detenção hidráulica (TDH) de 10 h e vazão de 16 L.h-1. Um modelo Euler-Euler simplificado foi formulado para simular o comportamento hidrodinâmico da zona de reação, influenciada pela configuração do sistema de distribuição do afluente. Foram avaliadas quatro configurações do sistema de distribuição do afluente no reator: uma entrada na parte central (1) e duas entradas centrais (2), de fluxo ascendente; duas entradas nas laterais (3), de fluxo radial; e três entradas de fluxo descendente (4), utilizando geometrias bidimensionais e tridimensionais para verificar a formação de zonas mortas, curtos-circuitos hidráulicos e caminhos preferenciais. As melhores características hidrodinâmicas e a melhor distribuição do afluente foram verificadas na configuração 4, com melhor perfil de mistura do lodo com a fase líquida, na comparação com as demais configurações. Foi notada formação de vórtices na parte inferior do reator com maior concentração do lodo anaeróbio nessa configuração e de caminhos preferenciais nas laterais do reator na configuração 3, indicando mistura ineficiente do afluente com o lodo anaeróbio. O modelo demonstrou que a configuração do sistema de distribuição do afluente influencia significativamente o comportamento hidrodinâmico do reator UASB.

ABSTRACT Understanding the hydrodynamics behavior of biological reactors can help in the detection of problems related to operational failures and design that adversely affect the efficiency of the treatment. In this paper, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of two-phase liquid-solid flow were carried out in an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor in pilot scale (160 L), with hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 10 h and flowrate 16 L.h-1. The Euler-Euler approach was formulated to simulate the reaction zone hydrodynamics. Four configurations of the influent distribution system in the reactor were evaluated: one central inlet (1) and two central inlets (2), upflow; two lateral inlets (3), radial flow; and three inlets, downflow (4), using two and three-dimensional geometries to verify the formation of dead zones, hydraulic short-circuiting and preferential pathways. Better influent distribution and greater mixture profile of the sludge with the liquid phase were found in the configuration 4, compared to the others by the formation of vortices in the bottom part of the reactor with higher concentration of anaerobic sludge. Formation of preferential pathways was noted in the lateral inlets of the reactor in the configuration 3, indicating an inefficient mixture of the influent with the sludge. The model demonstrates that the configuration of the influent distribution system significantly influences the hydrodynamics behavior of the UASB reactor.

Avaliação hidrodinâmica de reator UASB submetido à variação cíclica de vazão / Hydrodynamic evaluation of a UASB reactor submitted to cyclical flowrate variation

Um reator UASB em escala piloto (160 l) foi usado com o objetivo de estudar seu comportamento hidrodinâmico quando submetido a variações cíclicas senoidais da vazão afluente. Os ensaios foram realizados com traçador eosina Y para as condições operacionais: vazão média afluente constante e igual a 16 l.h-1 e tempo de detenção hidráulica de 10 h (ensaios 1 e 2), e para vazão afluente submetida à variação senoidal de 40 por cento (ensaios 3 e 4) e de 60 por cento (ensaio 5). A variação da concentração do traçador no efluente foi ajustada pelos modelos teóricos de dispersão de fluxo e de reatores em série. O reator UASB apresentou comportamento similar ao de reator de mistura completa para vazão média afluente constante e similar ao reator de fluxo pistonado com a aplicação das variações senoidais cíclicas, sendo que o modelo de pequena dispersão apresentou melhor ajuste matemático.

A bench scale UASB reactor (160 l) was used in stimulus-response assays in order to evaluate its behaviour when submitted to cyclical sinusoidal variations of the influent flow rate. Assays were carried out with eosin Y as the tracer in different operational conditions: constant mean influent flow rate of 16 l.h-1 and hydraulic residence time of 10 h (assays 1 and 2), and influent flow rate submitted to sinusoidal variation of 40 percent (assays 3 and 4) and 60 percent (assay 5). The variation of tracer concentration in the effluent was adjusted by the theoretical models of dispersion (low and high) and N-continuous stirred tank reactors in series. Complete mixture behaviour was noted to the application of the constant influent flow rate and a plug flow one to the application of the cyclical sinusoidal variations of the influent flow rate. The low dispersion model demonstrated the best mathematical adjustment in the RTD.