Interventions for Radiation-Induced Fibrosis in Patients With Breast Cancer: Systematic Review and Meta-analyses.

Purpose: Radiation therapy can affect normal tissues in patients with breast cancer, causing adverse effects such as fibrosis. Although there are several interventions for radiation-induced fibrosis, the efficacy of these procedures is still unclear. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the efficacy of interventions for radiation-induced fibrosis in patients with breast cancer. Methods and Materials: This is a systematic review of randomized clinical trials. Studies that compared any intervention for fibrosis to another intervention, placebo, or no intervention were included. Outcomes assessed were fibrosis, adverse events, quality of life, treatment adherence, pain, and functionality. Results: A total of 2501 publications were found, and 7 studies were selected because they met the inclusion criteria. The interventions for fibrosis were pentoxifylline and vitamin E, grape seed extract, kinesiotherapy, and endermotherapy. The results showed great heterogeneity in the treatment protocols for radiation-induced fibrosis in patients with breast cancer and in their evaluation metrics. The meta-analyses showed no benefit in using pentoxifylline and vitamin E compared with placebo or no intervention (standardized mean difference: -0.30; 95% confidence interval, -0.79 to 0.20; P = .24 [very low evidence]) compared with placebo and vitamin E (standardized mean difference: -0.09; 95% confidence interval, -0.66 to 0.49; P = .77 [moderate evidence]), respectively, assessed by the Late Effects Normal Tissue Task Force-Subjective, Objective, Management, and Analytic (LENT-SOMA) scoring scale. Conclusions: The effectiveness of these interventions for the treatment of radiation-induced fibrosis in patients with breast cancer could not be determined. Although isolated studies show significant results favorable to the experimental groups, caution should be exercised in these findings because of the small number, small sample size, and high risk of bias presented by some of the included studies, which makes the recommendation for clinical practice still weak.

Elemental characterization of oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma and its relationship with smoking, prognosis and survival.

Oral cancer squamous cell carcinoma (OCSCC) mainly affects individuals aged between 50 and 70 years who consume tobacco and alcohol. Tobacco smoke contains hundreds of known toxic and carcinogenic molecules, and a few studies have sought to verify the relationship of such trace elements as risk or prognostic factors for head and neck cancer. We obtained 78 samples of tumor tissues from patients with OCSCC, and performed a qualitative elemental characterization using the micro X-Ray Fluorescence technique based on synchrotron radiation. We found the presence of magnesium, phosphorus, sulfur, chlorine, potassium, calcium, chromium, manganese, iron, zinc, cobalt, nickel, copper, arsenic and bromine in OCSCC samples. Magnesium, chlorine, chromium, manganese, nickel, arsenic and bromine are associated with smoking. We observed a significant association between relapse and chlorine and chromium. The presence of chlorine in the samples was an independent protective factor against relapse (OR = 0.105, CI = 0.01-0.63) and for best disease-free survival (HR = 0.194, CI = 0.04-0.87). Reporting for the first time in oral cancer, these results suggest a key relationship between smoking and the presence of certain elements. In addition, chlorine proved to be important in the context of patient prognosis and survival.

Are recurrent denture-related sores associated with the risk of oral cancer? A case control study / Ha associacao entre as feridas bucais por protese dentaria e risco de cancer de boca? Estudo caso-controle

Objectives: This study aimed to assess the hypothesis that recurrent denture-related sores association may be associated with the risk of oral cancer. Methods: We conducted a hospital-based case-control study comprising 71 new cases of oral cancer in two hospitals in São Paulo, Brazil, and 240 controls without cancer, recruited from outpatient units of the same hospitals. All cases had histologically confirmed squamous cell carcinoma in anatomic sites of the mouth that may be specifically consi-dered at risk of sores by ill-fitting dentures. Denture-related sores were assessed by the self-report of recurrent oral sores due to the use of ill-fitting complete removable dental prosthesis. Associations were assessed by multivariate logistic regression conditioned on socio-demographic and behavioral characteristics. Results: The association between ill-fitting dentures and oral cancer was statistically significant in the multivariate model: odds ratio 3.98; 95% confidence interval 1.06 - 14.96. The specific assessment of association between tumors in the lower jaw and sores by mandibular dentures confirmed this result: odds ratio 6.39; 95% confidence interval 1.49 - 29.52. Conclusion: The potential contribution of denture-related sores to oral carcinogenesis still fuels controversies. This study reinfor-ces the hypothesis that recurrent denture-related sores may be associated with the risk of oral cancer. Results reported here also suggest that an appropriate application and monitoring of dental prosthesis represent a non-negligible scope for cancer prevention. .

Objetivo: O presente estudo avaliou a associação entre as feridas recorrentes por prótese dentária mal adaptada e o risco de câncer bucal. Metodologia: Foi realizado estudo caso-controle de base hospitalar que incluiu 71 pacientes com câncer bucal atendidos em dois hospitais da cidade de São Paulo, Brasil. O grupo controle foi composto por 240 pacientes sem câncer, atendidos em ambulatórios diversos dos mesmos hospitais. Todos os casos receberam diagnóstico histológico de carcinoma epidermoide em localizações anatômicas da boca sujeitas a feridas pelo uso de prótese mal adaptada. As feridas decorrentes do uso de prótese mal adaptada foram avaliadas por meio do autorrelato dos pacientes. A análise utilizou modelos de regressão logística não condicional multivariada. Resultados: A associação entre feridas por prótese mal-adaptada e câncer de boca mostrou-se estatisticamente significante no modelo multivariado: OR 3.98; IC95% 1.06 - 14.96. A avaliação específica dos tumores da mucosa inferior confirmou esse resultado (OR 6.39; IC95% 1.49 - 29.52). Conclusão: A contribuição do uso de próteses mal-adaptadas para a carcinogênese bucal ainda é controversa. O presente estudo confirma a hipótese de que as feridas recorrentes pelo uso de próteses mal-adaptadas podem estar associadas ao risco de câncer bucal. Os resultados encontrados sugerem que a avaliação profissional regular das próteses dentárias pode ser importante para a prevenção do câncer. .

Validade discriminante do questionário de qualidade de vida da Universidade de Washington no contexto brasileiro / Discriminant validity of the University of Washington quality of life questionnaire in the Brazilian context

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a validade discriminante do questionário de qualidade de vida da Universidade de Washington para pacientes com câncer de cabeça e pescoço e identificar possíveis fatores sociodemográficos que modifiquem seus resultados. MÉTODOS: Foram entrevistados 47 pacientes com câncer de boca e orofaringe em estágio pré-cirúrgico em um hospital no sul do município de São Paulo em 2007, e 141 pacientes sem câncer, pareados por sexo e idade em uma proporção de três para um, que foram atendidos em ambulatórios do mesmo hospital em 2008. Os resultados obtidos para os dois grupos foram comparados pelo teste t de Student. Para os pacientes sem câncer utilizou-se análise de regressão de Poisson para avaliar possíveis fatores de modificação da qualidade de vida. RESULTADOS: O escore geral de qualidade de vida foi significantemente mais elevado (p < 0,001) para os pacientes sem câncer (91,1) do que para os pacientes com câncer (80,6). Observações análogas foram efetuadas para oito dos doze domínios de qualidade de vida compreendidos no questionário (dor, aparência, deglutição, mastigação, fala, ombros, paladar e ansiedade). Como possíveis fatores de modificação dos escores de qualidade de vida foram identificados renda familiar (com impacto nos domínios de recreação, p = 0,017, e função dos ombros, p = 0,049), escolaridade (em ansiedade, p = 0,003), sexo (em função dos ombros, p = 0,038) e dor de dente (em mastigação, p = 0,015). CONCLUSÕES: O questionário tem validade discriminante, pois seus escores são especificamente mais afetados para pacientes com câncer. Reforça-se a indicação do questionário para monitorar o tratamento e recomenda-se avaliar os fatores que podem causar impacto nesses indicadores.

OBJECTIVE: To assess discriminant validity of the University of Washington quality of life questionnaire for patients with head and neck cancer, and to identify socio-demographic factors that may modify its results. METHODS: We interviewed 47 patients with oral and oropharyngeal cancer in pre-surgical stage in a hospital located in the South region of the city of São Paulo, in 2007, and 141 patients without cancer, matched by sex and age in a ratio of three to one, who were attending outpatient clinics of the same hospital in 2008. The results for the two groups were compared by the Student t test. Poisson regression models to evaluate factors that may modify quality of life scores among patients without cancer. RESULTS: The overall quality of life score was significantly higher (p < 0.001) for patients without cancer (91.1) than for patients with cancer (80.6). Similar observations were made for eight of the twelve quality of life domains included in the questionnaire (pain, appearance, swallowing, chewing, speech, shoulder, taste, and anxiety). As factors that may modify the quality of life scores, we identified family income (which impacted in recreation, p = 0.017, and shoulder function, p = 0.049), schooling (in anxiety, p = 0.003), sex (in shoulder function, p = 0.038) and toothache (in chewing, p = 0.015). CONCLUSIONS: The questionnaire has discriminant validity, because its scores are specifically more reduced among cancer patients. The use of the questionnaire for monitoring the treatment of cancer patients is reinforced, and the assessment of factors that may impact in its results is recommended.

Consumo de alimentos de origem animal e câncer de boca e orofaringe / Consumption of animal Consumption of animalderived oropharyngeal cancer

Objetivo. Avaliar a relação entre alimentos de origem animal e câncer de boca e orofaringe.Métodos. Estudo caso-controle, de base hospitalar, pareado por sexo e idade (± 5 anos) coma coleta de dados realizada entre julho de 2006 e junho de 2008. A amostra foi composta por296 pacientes com câncer de boca e orofaringe e 296 pacientes sem histórico de câncer atendidosem quatro hospitais da cidade de São Paulo (SP), Brasil. Foi aplicado um questionário semiestruturado,para a coleta de dados relativos à condição socioeconômica e aos hábitos deletérios(tabaco e bebidas alcoólicas). Para avaliação do consumo alimentar, utilizou-se um questionáriode frequência alimentar qualitativo. A análise se deu por meio de modelos de regressão logísticamultivariada, que consideraram a hierarquia existente entre as características estudadas.Resultados. Entre os alimentos de origem animal, o consumo frequente de carne bovina(OR = 2,73; IC95% = 1,27–5,87; P < 0,001), bacon (OR = 2,48; IC95% = 1,30–4,74;P < 0,001) e ovos (OR = 3,04; IC95% = 1,51–6,15; P < 0,001) estava relacionado ao aumentono risco de câncer de boca e orofaringe, tanto na análise univariada quanto na multivariada.Entre os laticínios, o leite apresentou efeito protetor contra a doença (OR = 0,41; IC95% =0,21–0,82; P < 0,001).Conclusões. O presente estudo sustenta a hipótese de que alimentos de origem animalpodem estar relacionados à etiologia do câncer de boca e orofaringe. Essa informação podeorientar políticas preventivas contra a doença, gerando benefícios para a saúde pública.

Objective. Evaluate the relationship between animal-derived foods and mouth andoropharyngeal cancer.Methods. Hospital-based case-control study matched by sex and age (± 5 years) withdata collected between July of 2006 and June of 2008. The sample contained 296 patientswith mouth and oropharyngeal cancer and 296 patients without a cancer history who weretreated in four hospitals in the City of São Paulo, State of São Paulo, Brazil. A semistructuredquestionnaire was administered to collect data regarding socioeconomic condition andharmful habits (tobacco and alcoholic beverage consumption). To assess eating habits,a qualitative questionnaire that asked about the frequency of food consumption wasused. The analysis was rendered by means of multivariate logistic regression models thatconsidered the existing hierarchy among the characteristics studied.Results. Among foods of animal origin, frequent consumption of beef (OR = 2.73;CI95% = 1.27–5.87; P < 0.001), bacon (OR = 2.48; CI95% = 1.30–4.74; P < 0.001) andeggs (OR = 3.04; CI95% = 1.51–6.15; P < 0.001) was linked to an increased risk ofmouth and oropharyngeal cancer, in both the univariate and multivariate analyses.Among dairy products, milk showed a protective effect against the disease (OR =0.41; CI95% = 0.21–0.82; P < 0.001).Conclusions. This study affirms the hypothesis that animal-derived foods can beetiologically linked to mouth and oropharyngeal cancer. This information can guidepolicies to prevent these diseases, generating public health benefits.

[Interaction between dietary intake and GSTM1 and GSTT1 polymorphisms in head and neck cancer risk: a case-control study in São Paulo, Brazil]. / Interação entre consumo alimentar e polimorfismos da GSTM1 e GSTT1 no risco para o câncer de cabeça e pescoço: estudo caso-controle em São Paulo, Brasil.

A hospital-based case-control study was conducted to investigate the potential interaction between dietary factors and polymorphisms in phase II metabolic enzymes GSTM1 and GSTT1, associated with head and neck cancer risk. The study included 103 histologically confirmed incident cases and 101 controls. Food intake was estimated with a validated food frequency questionnaire. The gene polymorphisms were evaluated by PCR. Increased risk was observed in the highest tertile of beef consumption in the presence of the GSTM1 (OR = 10.79; 95%CI: 2.17-53.64) and GSTT1 null alleles (OR = 3.41; 95%CI: 0.43-27.21). Assessment of dietary intake considering the ratio between animal product and vegetable consumption showed OR = 2.35 (95%CI: 0.27-19.85) in the intermediate tertile and OR = 3.36 (95%CI: 0.41-27.03) in the highest tertile. The results suggest a possible interaction between meat intake and GSTM1/GSTT1 polymorphisms in modulating the risk of head and neck cancer, influenced by vegetable consumption.

Interação entre consumo alimentar e polimorfismos da GSTM1 e GSTT1 no risco para o câncer de cabeça e pescoço: estudo caso-controle em São Paulo, Brasil / Interaction between dietary intake and GSTM1 and GSTT1 polymorphisms in head and neck cancer risk: a case-control study in São Paulo, Brazil

O objetivo foi investigar a interação entre fatores dietéticos e polimorfismos de enzimas de metabolização de xenobióticos (GSTM1 e GSTT1) associadas ao câncer de cabeça e pescoço em um estudo caso controle de base hospitalar, no Município de São Paulo, Brasil. Participaram 103 casos incidentes, histologicamente confirmados, e 101 controles. O consumo alimentar foi obtido por um questionário de frequência alimentar validado. Os polimorfismos GSTM1 e GSTT1 foram avaliados pelo método PCR. Observou-se aumento de risco no mais alto tercil de consumo de carne bovina na presença do alelo nulo da GSTM1 (OR = 10,79; IC95 por cento: 2,17-53,64) e GSTT1 (OR = 3,41; IC95 por cento: 0,43-27,21). Considerando-se a razão entre alimentos de origem animal e vegetal, verificou-se para o tercil intermediário a OR = 2,02 (IC95 por cento: 0,24-16,0) e no tercil superior OR = 3,23 (IC95 por cento: 0,40-25,92). Os resultados apontam para uma possível interação entre o consumo de carne e variantes polimórficas dos genes GSTM1 e GSTT1 na modulação do risco para o câncer de cabeça e pescoço, influenciados pelo consumo de alimentos de origem vegetal.

A hospital-based case-control study was conducted to investigate the potential interaction between dietary factors and polymorphisms in phase II metabolic enzymes GSTM1 and GSTT1, associated with head and neck cancer risk. The study included 103 histologically confirmed incident cases and 101 controls. Food intake was estimated with a validated food frequency questionnaire. The gene polymorphisms were evaluated by PCR. Increased risk was observed in the highest tertile of beef consumption in the presence of the GSTM1 (OR = 10.79; 95 percentCI: 2.17-53.64) and GSTT1 null alleles (OR = 3.41; 95 percentCI: 0.43-27.21). Assessment of dietary intake considering the ratio between animal product and vegetable consumption showed OR = 2.35 (95 percentCI: 0.27-19.85) in the intermediate tertile and OR = 3.36 (95 percentCI: 0.41-27.03) in the highest tertile. The results suggest a possible interaction between meat intake and GSTM1/GSTT1 polymorphisms in modulating the risk of head and neck cancer, influenced by vegetable consumption.

Survival and quality of life of patients with oral and oropharyngeal cancer at 1-year follow-up of tumor resection

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess the survival and life quality evolution of patients subjected to surgical excision of oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Forty-seven patients treated at a Brazilian healthcare unit specialized in head and neck surgery between 2006 and 2007 were enrolled in the study. The gathering of data comprised reviewing hospital files and applying the University of Washington Quality of Life (UW-QOL) questionnaire previously and 1 year after the surgery. Comparative analysis used Poisson regression to assess factors associated with survival and a paired t-test to compare preoperative and 1-year postoperative QOL ratings. RESULTS: 1 year after surgery, 7 patients were not found (dropout of the cohort); 15 had died and 25 fulfilled the UW-QOL again. The risk of death was associated with having regional metastasis previously to surgery (relative risk=2.18; 95 percent confidence interval=1.09-5.17) and tumor size T3 or T4 (RR=2.30; 95 percentCI=1.05-5.04). Survivors presented significantly (p<0.05) poorer overall and domain-specific ratings of quality of life. Chewing presented the largest reduction: from 74.0 before surgery to 34.0 one year later. Anxiety was the only domain whose average rating increased (from 36.0 to 70.7). CONCLUSIONS: The prospective assessment of survival and quality of life may contribute to anticipate interventions aimed at reducing the incidence of functional limitations in patients with oral and oropharyngeal cancer.

Mudança do paradigma no carcinoma espinocelular recidivado de boca e orofaringe: Paliação versus quimioradioterapia / Paradigm change in recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the mouth and oropharynx: Palliation versus chemoradiotherapy

Introdução: As recidivas locais do carcinoma espinocelular de boca e orofaringe ocorrem em torno de 20% a 30% dos casos, enquanto que as recidivas regionais ocorrem em 10% a 15%. O tratamento depende do sítio do tumor primário e do tipo de tratamento inicial e, para o resgate não-cirúrgico, são reservados os casos de lesões irressecáveis. Objetivo: Avaliar a sobrevida nos pacientes com recidiva loco-regional de carcinoma espinocelular de cavidade oral e orofaringe submetidos à quimioradioterapia de resgate, comparando-os com os pacientes encaminhados à paliação. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo de 127 recidivas loco-regionais, sendo que 51 (40,2%) casos foram considerados elegíveis, com seis casos de diagnóstico no estádio clínico precoce (I e II) e 45 casos nos estádios clínicos avançados (III e IV). Resultados: Treze (10,2%) dos 127 pacientes submetidos ao tratamento de resgate foram à quimioradioterapia, com dose média de radioterapia de 65,7Gy e seis ciclos de quimioterapia com cisplatina. Trinta e oito (29,8%) pacientes foram aos cuidados paliativos multidisciplinares. Na avaliação da sobrevida livre de doença a um ano dos pacientes submetidos à quimioradioterapia de resgate, 16,7% estavam vivos e sem doença, enquanto no grupo dos pacientes submetidos à paliação, a sobrevida média foi de 3,9 meses. Conclusões: O tratamento quimioradioterápico de resgate nas recidivas loco-regionais apresenta resultados pobres em relação à sobrevida livre de doença, todavia promissores quando comparado aos pacientes com indicação de cuidados paliativos.

Introduction: the local relapse of the mouth and oropharynx squamous cell carcinoma occurs in 20% to 30% of patients and the regional relapse occurs in 10% to 15% of them. The treatment depends on the primary location of the tumor and the initial treatment that have influence in the salvage treatment, being indicated the conservative therapy for unresectable tumors. Objective: to assess the survival rate in patients with loco-regional relapse of oral cavity and oropharynx tumors, undergoing salvage chemoradiotherapy or palliative care in loco-regional relapses. Methods: retrospective study of 127 loco-regional relapses and 51 patients were considered elegible for study, being six cases with early clinical stage (I and II) and 45 cases with advanced clinical stage (III and IV). Results: thirteen (10.2%) out of 127 patients underwent salvage chemoradiotherapy with mean radiation dose of 65.7Gy and six-cycle chemotherapy using cisplatin (CDDP) weekly. Thirty-eight (29.8%) out 127 patients with loco-regional relapse were followed with palliative care. The free of disease survival at 1 year of the patients undergoing salvage chemoradiotherapy was 16.7%, whereas the average survival time of the patients of the palliative care group was 3.9 months. Conclusion: the chemoradiotherapy salvage treatment of loco-regional relapses showed poor results in relation to free-disease survival, therefore better when compared to the patients of palliative care.

Estudo funcional da voz e da deglutição na laringectomia supracricóide / Functional study of the voice and swallowing following supracricoid laryngectomy

OBJETIVOS: Identificar o grau e evolução da disfagia e disfonia nos indivíduos submetidos à laringectomia supracricóide e verificar a existência de associação destes aspectos com variáveis clínicas e cirúrgicas. MÉTODOS: Foram estudados 22 casos submetidos a laringectomias supracricóides no Departamento de Cirurgia de Cabeça e Pescoço e Otorrinolaringologia do Hospital Heliópolis e encaminhados para fonoterapia. Os graus de disfagia e disfonia foram correlacionados com gênero, idade (menor ou igual a 50 anos, mais de 50 anos), estadiamento T (T1, T2, T3, T4), sítio da lesão (supraglote, glote, subglote), preservação de uma ou duas aritenóides, tipo de reconstrução (cricohioidopexia ou cricohioidoepiglotopexia), tempo de retirada da sonda nasoenteral e de fechamento da traqueostomia (em ambos: até um mês de pós-operatório ou mais de um mês). Os testes estatísticos utilizados foram Qui-Quadrado e/ou Teste Exato de Fischer. RESULTADOS: Observou-se associação do grau moderado de disfagia com a glote como sítio primário, com a cricohioidoepiglotopexia como tipo de reconstrução e com a retirada da sonda nasoenteral até um mês após a cirurgia; e associação do grau severo de disfagia com a supraglote como sítio primário. A disfagia e a disfonia apresentaram associação entre si quanto aos graus de severidade, porém um maior número de pacientes teve evolução melhor da disfagia comparativamente à evolução da disfonia. Não houve significância estatística nas demais associações. CONCLUSÃO: A melhora na deglutição é mais freqüente do que a melhora da disfonia. Há associação do grau moderado de disfagia com o sítio glote, cricohioidoepiglotopexia e retirada da sonda nasoenteral até um mês após a cirurgia.

To identify the grade and evolution of dysphagia and dysphonia in patients undergoing supracricoid laringectomy, and to study the association of these findings with clinical and surgical variables. METHOD: The study included 22 cases undergoing supracricoid laringectomy at the Head and Neck Surgery and Otolaryngology Department of the Heliopolis Hospital - Brasil, and referred to speech therapy. Dysphagia and dysphonia were correlated with gender, age, stage T (T1, T2, T3, T4), primary site (supraglottis, glottis or subglottis), preservation of one or two arytenoids, reconstructive procedures (cricohyoidopexy or cricohyoidoepiglotopexy), time to withdraw the naso-enteral tube, and time to close the tracheostomy. Statistical tests included the Chi-square and/or Fischers exact test. RESULT: We observed an association between moderate grade dysphagia and the glottis as the primary site, cricohyoidoepiglotopexy as the type of reconstruction and naso-enteral tube removal within one month after the surgery. There was also an association between severe dysphagia and the supraglottis as the primary site. Dysphagia and dysphonia were associated in the degree of severity; however a larger number of patients had better progression of dysphagia compared to the progression of dysphonia. There was no statistical significance between other associations. CONCLUSION: Improvement of swallowing is more frequent than improvement of dysphagia. There is an association between moderate dysphagia and the glotttis as primary site, cricohyoidoepiglotopexy and naso-enteral tube removal within one month after surgery.

[Dietary factors and oral cancer: a case-control study in Greater Metropolitan São Paulo, Brazil]. / Fatores dietéticos e câncer oral: estudo caso-controle na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, Brasil.

Dietary factors associated with oral cancer were investigated in a case-control hospital-based study in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, from 1998 to 2002. A total of 835 subjects, 366 with histologically confirmed incident cases of oral-cavity or pharyngeal cancer and 469 controls participated in the study. Dietary data were collected with a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were obtained from unconditional logistic regression, adjusted for potential confounders. Inverse associations with risk of oral cancer were found for the highest intake of beans, OR = 0.37 (95%CI: 0.22-0.64), raw vegetables, OR = 0.51 (95%CI: 0.29-0.93) and the intermediate tertile of rice and pasta intake, OR = 0.56 (95%CI: 0.38-0.83). Positive associations were observed for the highest intake of eggs, OR = 1.84 (95%CI: 1.23-2.75), potatoes, OR = 2.22 (95%CI: 1.53-3.25), and milk, OR= 1.80 (95%CI: 1.09-2.98). Some traditional Brazilian foods like rice and beans emerged as protective factors against oral cancer, independently of other risk factors.

Fatores dietéticos e câncer oral: estudo caso-controle na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, Brasil / Dietary factors and oral cancer: a case-control study in Greater Metropolitan Sao Paulo, Brazil

Neste estudo, investigou-se os fatores dietéticos associados com o câncer oral, em um estudo tipo caso-controle de base hospitalar no Município de São Paulo, Brasil, entre 1998 e 2002. Participaram 835 indivíduos, sendo 366 casos incidentes de câncer de cavidade oral ou faringe e 469 controles. Os dados de consumo alimentar foram obtidos por um Questionário de Freqüência Alimentar (QFA). Os valores de odds ratio (OR) e intervalos com 95 por cento de confiança (IC95 por cento) foram estimados por regressão logística não condicional, ajustada por potenciais fatores de confusão. Verificaram-se associações inversas entre o câncer oral e o consumo mais elevado de feijão, OR = 0,37 (IC95 por cento: 0,22-0,64), vegetais crus, OR = 0,51 (IC95 por cento: 0,29-0,93) e para o tercil intermediário de arroz e massas, OR = 0,56 (IC95 por cento: 0,38-0,83). Associações diretas foram observadas para o mais elevado consumo de ovos, OR = 1,84 (IC95 por cento: 1,23-2,75), batata, OR = 2,22 (IC95 por cento: 1,53-3,25) e leite, OR= 1,80 (IC95 por cento: 1,09-2,98). Alimentos básicos da dieta do brasileiro, como arroz e feijão, emergiram como fatores de proteção para o câncer oral, independente de outros fatores de risco.

Dietary factors associated with oral cancer were investigated in a case-control hospital-based study in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, from 1998 to 2002. A total of 835 subjects, 366 with histologically confirmed incident cases of oral-cavity or pharyngeal cancer and 469 controls participated in the study. Dietary data were collected with a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Odds ratios (OR) and 95 percent confidence intervals (95 percentCI) were obtained from unconditional logistic regression, adjusted for potential confounders. Inverse associations with risk of oral cancer were found for the highest intake of beans, OR = 0.37 (95 percentCI: 0.22-0.64), raw vegetables, OR = 0.51 (95 percentCI: 0.29-0.93) and the intermediate tertile of rice and pasta intake, OR = 0.56 (95 percentCI: 0.38-0.83). Positive associations were observed for the highest intake of eggs, OR = 1.84 (95 percentCI: 1.23-2.75), potatoes, OR = 2.22 (95 percentCI: 1.53-3.25), and milk, OR= 1.80 (95 percentCI: 1.09-2.98). Some traditional Brazilian foods like rice and beans emerged as protective factors against oral cancer, independently of other risk factors.

Dietary patterns and risk of oral cancer: a case-control study in São Paulo, Brazil

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the association between dietary patterns and oral cancer. METHODS: The study, part of a Latin American multicenter hospital-based case-control study, was conducted in São Paulo, Southeastern Brazil, between November 1998 and March 2002 and included 366 incident cases of oral cancer and 469 controls, frequency-matched with cases by sex and age. Dietary data were collected using a food frequency questionnaire. The risk associated with the intake of food groups defined a posteriori, through factor analysis (called factors), was assessed. The first factor, labeled "prudent," was characterized by the intake of vegetables, fruit, cheese, and poultry. The second factor, "traditional," consisted of the intake of rice, pasta, pulses, and meat. The third factor, "snacks," was characterized as the intake of bread, butter, salami, cheese, cakes, and desserts. The fourth, "monotonous," was inversely associated with the intake of fruit, vegetables and most other food items. Factor scores for each component retained were calculated for cases and controls. After categorization of factor scores into tertiles according to the distribution of controls, odds ratios and 95 percent confidence intervals were calculated using unconditional multiple logistic regression. RESULTS: "Traditional" factor showed an inverse association with cancer (OR=0.51; 95 percent CI: 0.32; 0.81, p-value for trend 0.14), whereas "monotonous" was positively associated with the outcome (OR=1.78; 95 percent CI: 1.78; 2.85, p-value for trend <0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The study data suggest that the traditional Brazilian diet, consisting of rice and beans plus moderate amounts of meat, may confer protection against oral cancer, independently of any other risk factors such as alcohol intake and smoking.

OBJETIVO: Analisar padrões dietéticos relacionados com o câncer oral. MÉTODOS: Estudo caso-controle de base hospitalar, parte de um estudo multicêntrico na América Latina, foi realizado em São Paulo entre novembro de 1998 e março de 2003 em 366 casos incidentes de câncer oral e 469 controles, pareados por freqüência de sexo e idade. O inquérito dietético foi realizado por questionário de freqüência alimentar. Analisou-se o risco associado ao consumo de grupos de alimentos definidos a posteriori, por análise fatorial. O primeiro fator, denominado "prudente", caracterizou-se pelo consumo de vegetais, frutas, queijos e aves. O segundo, "tradicional", pelo consumo de arroz e massas, leguminosas e carne, enquanto o terceiro, "lanches", pelo consumo de pão, manteiga, embutidos, queijos e doces. O último, "monótono", associou-se inversamente ao consumo de frutas e vegetais, e a maior parte dos outros itens alimentares. Calculou-se um escore para cada padrão derivado, para casos e controles. Após categorização dos escores em tercis, de acordo com a distribuição dos controles, estimou-se a odds ratio e o intervalo de confiança de 95 por cento por regressão logística múltipla não condicional. RESULTADOS: O padrão "tradicional" relacionou-se inversamente com o câncer oral (OR=0,51; IC 95 por cento: 0,32; 0.81, p=0,140), enquanto o padrão "monótono" associou-se positivamente (OR=1,78; IC 95 por cento: 1,78; 2,85, p<0,001). CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados sugerem que o prato tradicional do brasileiro, composto de arroz e feijão, mais quantidades moderadas de carne, pode conferir proteção quanto ao câncer oral, independente de outros fatores de risco reconhecidos, como consumo de álcool e tabaco.

Esvaziamento cervical seletivo no tratamento do carcinoma epidermóide do andar inferior da boca / Squamous cell carcinoma of the mouth. Rationale for selective neck dissection

OBJETIVO: O esvaziamento cervical seletivo, removendo apenas os linfonodos com maior probabilidade de metástases, pode ser adequado para o tratamento do pescoço nos carcinomas epidermóides do andar inferior da boca. O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar os níveis linfonodais acometidos por metástases em uma série de pacientes tratados em uma única instituição. MÉTODO: Foram avaliados os registros de 416 pacientes com câncer de lábio, língua oral, soalho de boca, gengiva inferior, região jugal e trígono retromolar, submetidos à 519 esvaziamentos cervicais entre 1977 e 2001, quanto ao níveis linfonodais acometidos por metástases. RESULTADOS: O nível I estava acometido em 107/519 (20 por cento) esvaziamentos, o nível II em 147/519 (28 por cento), o nível III em 75/519 (14 por cento), o nível IV em 32/419 (7 por cento) e o nível V em 22/419 (5 por cento). A taxa de falso-negativos e de falso-positivos foi de 36 por cento e 30 por cento, respectivamente. Os pacientes com metástases nos níveis I e/ou II, III, IV ou V tiveram uma média 2,2; 4,8; 6,5 e 7,5 linfonodos comprometidos, respectivamente (p < 0.0001). As metástases no nível IIb foram diagnosticadas em 21 (5 por cento) pacientes, sendo que 11 (52 por cento) deles tinham metástases no nível V (p < 0,0001). CONCLUSÃO: O esvaziamento cervical dos níveis I a IV remove quase todos os linfonodos com risco de metástases no carcinoma epidermóide do andar inferior da boca. O esvaziamento seletivo com esta extensão é adequado para o tratamento eletivo do pescoço (N0), onde ocorrem aproximadamente 30 por cento de casos falso-negativos, e também pode ser suficiente no esvaziamento terapêutico (N+). Quando ocorrem metástases no nível IIb, aumenta significativamente o risco de metástases no nível V.

Expressão de galectina-3 e citoqueratina 19 nas neoplasias epiteliais da glândula tireóidea e correlação histopatológica / Expression of galectin-3 and cytokeratin 19 in the epithelial neoplasm of the thyroid gland and histopathological correlation

INTRODUÇAO: O câncer da glândula tireóidea é caracterizado pela sua variedade clínica e patológica. O difícil diagnóstico pré-operatório das lesões foliculares induz a mais procedimentos cirúrgicos de caráter diagnóstico do que propriamente terapêutico. A proposta deste estudo foi identificar a expressão imuno-histoquímica das neoplasias epiteliais tireóideas utilizando anticorpos monoclonais para galectina-3 e citoqueratina 19 e correlacioná-la com variáveis histopatológicas. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: A expressão da galectina-3 e da citoqueratina 19 foi estudada imuno-histoquimicamente em 84 casos com diagnóstico de tecido normal (n = 10), bócio adenomatoso (n = 8), adenoma folicular (n = 12), adenoma de célula de Hürthle (n = 3), carcinoma papilífero (n = 29), carcinoma folicular (n = 8), carcinoma insular (n = 4), carcinoma de células de Hürthle (n = 4) e carcinoma indiferenciado (n = 6), selecionados a partir de pacientes operados no Serviço de Cirurgia de Cabeça e Pescoço do Hospital Heliópolis (HOSPHEL), no período de 1984 a 1995. RESULTADOS: A expressão da galectina-3 foi observada em bócio adenomatoso (12,5 por cento), adenoma folicular (16,7 por cento), carcinoma papilífero (96,6 por cento), carcinoma folicular (12,5 por cento), carcinoma insular (50 por cento), carcinoma de célula de Hürthle (100 por cento) e carcinoma indiferenciado (50 por cento). Nossos resultados confirmaram a expressão significativa da galectina-3 no grupo das neoplasias malignas, principalmente no carcinoma papilífero. O padrão de expressão da citoqueratina 19 foi diferente entre os tipos de lesão: enquanto nos bócios e adenomas mostrou-se fraco, nos carcinomas papilíferos foi forte e difuso. CONCLUSAO: Associadas, a galectina-3 e a citoqueratina 19 auxiliam o diagnóstico histopatológico, principalmente nas lesões de interpretação duvidosa, além de evidenciarem atipias e, com isso, determinarem uma lesão suspeita.

Determinação imunohistoquímica da presença de células mióides em pacientes submetidos à timectomia / Determination of the presence of myoid cells in the thymus by immunohistochemistry after thymectomy for myasthenia gravis

OBJETIVO: Detectar e quantificar células mióides em timos de pacientes com miastenia grave, estabelecendo possível correlação entre a quantidade de células mióides com variáveis demográficas e clínico-patológicas. MÉTODO: Foram analisados por meio de método imuno-histoquímico com anticorpo antidesmina (clone D33; marca Dako), timos de 22 pacientes (16 mulheres e seis homens, entre 12 e 61 anos) submetidos à timectomia, entre 1981 e 1995, no Serviço de Cirurgia Torácica do Hospital Heliópolis como parte do tratamento de miastenia grave. RESULTADOS: As maiores médias de células mióides foram encontrados em timos dos pacientes da raça negra (29,4:17,8), do sexo feminino (23,2:13,0) e com faixa etária entre 60 e 80 anos (média de 33,0). Pela classificação clínica da Fundação de Miastenia Grave da América (MGFA), a maior média de células mióides (26,7) encontra-se na classe IIIa, sendo do tipo histológico de hiperplasia verdadeira (média 42,0). As células mióides foram identificadas em 11 timos com hiperplasia linfóide, três hiperplasias verdadeiras e em quatro timos normais. Os timomas malignos (três) e um timo normal não apresentaram células mióides. CONCLUSÕES: As células mióides podem ser identificadas e quantificadas pelo método imuno-histoquímico com anticorpo antidesmina, porém não existe correlação entre a quantidade de células mióides e as variáveis demográficas, clínico-patológicas. Elas não foram identificadas no timoma fusocelular.

BACKGROUND: To detect and quantify myoid cells in thymus of patients with myasthenia gravis, establishing possible correlation between the amount of myoid cells and demographics, clinics, and pathological variables. METHODS: thymic specimens of 22 patients (16 women and six men, age ranging from 12 to 61 years, were analyzed through immunohistochemistry with monoclonal antibody anti- desmin (Dako - D33). They were submitted to tymectomy, between 1981 and 1995, in the Thoracic Surgery Department of Hospital Heliópolis, São Paulo, Brazil, as part of the treatment for myasthenia gravis. RESULTS: The largest mean valves of myoid cells were found in the thymus of patients from the black race (29.4: 17.8), female (23,2: 13,0) and with ages between 60 and 80 years old (average of 33.0) years old according to the the clinical classification of the Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America (MGFA), the largest average of myoid cells (26.7) was found in class III and being the histological type of True Hyperplasia (average 42.0). The myoid cells were identified in 11 thymus with Lymphoid Hyperplasia, in three with True Hyperplasias and in four with Normal thymus. The malignant thymoma (three) and a normal thymus did not present myoid cells. CONCLUSION: The myoid cells can be identified and quantified by the immunohistochemistry method with monoclonal antibody anti- desmin, however there is no correlation between the amount of myoid cells and demographic, clinics, pathological variables. They were not identified in spindle cells tymoma.

Anatomical study of the superior pedicle of retroauricular skin flaps

Since the description of the flap proposed by Washio in 1969, several vascular pedicle models have been designed for the retroauricular flap, aiming chiefly to reduce the thickness of the pedicle so as to migrate the flap as an island. In spite of those advances, there are still problems such as venous stasis and partial loss of the flap.In a study in cadavers, twenty pedicles were dissected in order to find the presence or absence of veins in the region, maximum length of the pedicle and anatomical reference points for a safe dissection. All pedicles were located. The venous distribution found, that was different from that described in other studis, could account for the problems in venous drainage.

Induction of osteogenesis by demineralized homologous and xenograft bone matrix

The osteogenesis induction by demineralized bone matrix grafts remains as a challenge in the reconstructions of the mandible through homologous and xenografts or in implants in abdominal muscle. PURPOSE: Observed the behaviour of implants of demineralized bone matrix at the mandible (right side with homologous graft and left side with xenograft of pig). METHODS: Experimental study with homologous and heterologous implants of demineralized bone matrix at the mandible and in ectopic muscle at the Center of Experimental Surgery of Heliopolis Hospital, Hosphel, São Paulo, Brazil. In 6 white New Zeland rabbits, 46 grafts were performed being 23 with homologous (rabbit) and 23 with xenograft (pig). 12 homologous implants (6 at the right side of the mandible and 6 at abdominal muscle of the rabbit) and 12 heterologous implants of pigs (6 at the left side of the mandible and 6 at abdominal muscle rabbit) were performed with demineralized bone matrix. RESULTS: Osteogenesis was assessed through histologic features after 30 and 60 days. After 1 rabbit dead, osteogenesis (mandible) were detected in 9 of 11 (82 percent) rabbits that received homologous matrix, in spite of heterologous implants showed osteogenesis in 6 out of 11 (54 percent) (p=0,18). The abdominal muscle showed induced osteogenesis in 3 out of 11(27 percent) animals with homologous and 0 percent with heterologous implants (p=0,10). CONCLUSIONS: Osteogenesis induction through homologous grafts in rabbit mandible and abdominal muscle were more effective than xenografts.