ABSTRACT
O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito in vivo e in vitro do óleo de citronela (Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendle) no carrapato de bovinos (Boophilus microplus). O óleo foi obtido de folhas frescas pelo processo de destilação e o rendimento foi de 0,7 por cento. Para as experimentações in vitro foram usadas sete (0; 0,5; 1,0; 10,0; 25,0; 50,0; 100,0 por cento) e nove (0,1; 0,25; 0,5; 1,0; 2,0; 10,0; 25,0; 50,0; 100 por cento) concentrações de óleo de citronela, sendo testadas em fêmeas ingurgitadas. A eficácia observada foi de 0; 44,2; 92,1; 85,6; 87,8; 87,0; 88,9 e de 0,7; 2,8; 51,6; 79,3; 81,0; 87,1; 86,7; 89,5 por cento, respectivamente. Os resultados sugerem que o óleo de citronela pode ser usado no controle do carrapato bovino.(AU)
This research was aimed at evaluating in vitro and in vivo effects of citronella (Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendle) oil on catle ticks. The volatile oil was obtained from de fresh leaves of citronella grass by steam destilation and the yelds was 0.7 percent. Seven (0; 0.5; 1.0; 10.0; 25.0; 50.0; 100.0 percent) and nine (0.1; 0.25; 0.5; 1.0; 2.0; 10.0; 25.0; 50.0; 100.0 percent) concentrations of citonella oil were used on in vitro trials with engorged female ticks. The efficacy control ticks was 0; 44.2; 92.1; 85.6; 87.8; 87.0; 88.9 and 0; 0.7; 2.8; 51.6; 79.3; 81.0; 87.1; 86.7 89.5 percent, respectively. These sugest that the citronella oil can be practical used for controlling of catle ticks.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Cattle , Cattle , Tick Control/methodsABSTRACT
O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito in vivo e in vitro do óleo de citronela (Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendle) no carrapato de bovinos (Boophilus microplus). O óleo foi obtido de folhas frescas pelo processo de destilação e o rendimento foi de 0,7 por cento. Para as experimentações in vitro foram usadas sete (0; 0,5; 1,0; 10,0; 25,0; 50,0; 100,0 por cento) e nove (0,1; 0,25; 0,5; 1,0; 2,0; 10,0; 25,0; 50,0; 100 por cento) concentrações de óleo de citronela, sendo testadas em fêmeas ingurgitadas. A eficácia observada foi de 0; 44,2; 92,1; 85,6; 87,8; 87,0; 88,9 e de 0,7; 2,8; 51,6; 79,3; 81,0; 87,1; 86,7; 89,5 por cento, respectivamente. Os resultados sugerem que o óleo de citronela pode ser usado no controle do carrapato bovino.
This research was aimed at evaluating in vitro and in vivo effects of citronella (Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendle) oil on catle ticks. The volatile oil was obtained from de fresh leaves of citronella grass by steam destilation and the yelds was 0.7 percent. Seven (0; 0.5; 1.0; 10.0; 25.0; 50.0; 100.0 percent) and nine (0.1; 0.25; 0.5; 1.0; 2.0; 10.0; 25.0; 50.0; 100.0 percent) concentrations of citonella oil were used on in vitro trials with engorged female ticks. The efficacy control ticks was 0; 44.2; 92.1; 85.6; 87.8; 87.0; 88.9 and 0; 0.7; 2.8; 51.6; 79.3; 81.0; 87.1; 86.7 89.5 percent, respectively. These sugest that the citronella oil can be practical used for controlling of catle ticks.
ABSTRACT
Soybean by-products are currently used in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, as a source of protein in dairy cows. However, the high protein breakdown of this feed source in the rumen causes loss of the intrinsic quality of the protein and increases plasma urea with deleterious consequences to animal metabolism. Thermal treatment of soybean can overcome this limitation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the metabolism of dairy cows fed with thermally treated soybean and raw soybean, through the analyses of the metabolic profile of plasma and milk. Twelve Holstein cows in mid-lactation period were studied using four treatments: commercial concentrated of protein, soybean meal, raw soybean and roasted soybean. Protein and urea levels in milk were measured in morning and afternoon samples. Data were arranged in a Latin square design (4 treatments and 3 animals in each square). There were no significant differences in glucose, beta-hydroxybutyrate, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium concentrations among treatments. Cows consuming raw and thermally treated soybean had higher levels of plasma cholesterol. Cows consuming roasted soybean had lower level of plasma and milk urea in the morning. Afternoon milk samples had higher levels of urea than morning samples. It is suggested that thermally treated soybean was effective in diminishing the breakdown of protein in the rumen. It is better to employ morning milk samples to evaluate metabolic profile than afternoon samples.
ABSTRACT
Soybean by-products are currently used in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, as a source of protein in dairy cows. However, the high protein breakdown of this feed source in the rumen causes loss of the intrinsic quality of the protein and increases plasma urea with deleterious consequences to animal metabolism. Thermal treatment of soybean can overcome this limitation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the metabolism of dairy cows fed with thermally treated soybean and raw soybean, through the analyses of the metabolic profile of plasma and milk. Twelve Holstein cows in mid-lactation period were studied using four treatments: commercial concentrated of protein, soybean meal, raw soybean and roasted soybean. Protein and urea levels in milk were measured in morning and afternoon samples. Data were arranged in a Latin square design (4 treatments and 3 animals in each square). There were no significant differences in glucose, beta-hydroxybutyrate, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium concentrations among treatments. Cows consuming raw and thermally treated soybean had higher levels of plasma cholesterol. Cows consuming roasted soybean had lower level of plasma and milk urea in the morning. Afternoon milk samples had higher levels of urea than morning samples. It is suggested that thermally treated soybean was effective in diminishing the breakdown of protein in the rumen. It is better to employ morning milk samples to evaluate metabolic profile than afternoon samples.
Os subprodutos de soja vêm sendo utilizados como fonte protéica na alimentação de vacas leiteiras no Rio Grande do Sul. Entretanto, a elevada degradabilidade ruminal desta fonte causa perda da qualidade intrínseca da proteína e leva a aumento da uréia plasmática, com conseqüências deletérias no metabolismo animal. O tratamento térmico do grão de soja pode superar essa limitação. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o metabolismo de vacas leiteiras alimentadas com grão de soja cru e tratado termicamente, mediante o perfil metabólico no plasma e no leite. Foram utilizadas doze vacas da raça Holandesa no terço médio da lactação, nas quais foram aplicados quatro tratamentos: concentrado protéico comercial, farelo de soja, grão de soja cru e grão de soja tostado. No leite, foram dosados os teores de proteína e uréia. Não foram detectadas diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos na concentração de glicose, beta-hidroxibutirato, cálcio, fósforo e magnésio. Houve maiores níveis de colesterol plasmático nos animais consumindo grão de soja cru e tratado com calor. As vacas consumindo soja tostada tiveram menor teor de uréia no plasma e no leite da ordenha da manhã, sugerindo que o tratamento com calor no grão de soja foi efetivo para diminuir a degradação protéica no rúmen. Recomenda-se usar amostras de leite coletadas pela manhã para avaliar o perfil metabólico.
ABSTRACT
Soybean by-products are currently used in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, as a source of protein in dairy cows. However, the high protein breakdown of this feed source in the rumen causes loss of the intrinsic quality of the protein and increases plasma urea with deleterious consequences to animal metabolism. Thermal treatment of soybean can overcome this limitation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the metabolism of dairy cows fed with thermally treated soybean and raw soybean, through the analyses of the metabolic profile of plasma and milk. Twelve Holstein cows in mid-lactation period were studied using four treatments: commercial concentrated of protein, soybean meal, raw soybean and roasted soybean. Protein and urea levels in milk were measured in morning and afternoon samples. Data were arranged in a Latin square design (4 treatments and 3 animals in each square). There were no significant differences in glucose, beta-hydroxybutyrate, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium concentrations among treatments. Cows consuming raw and thermally treated soybean had higher levels of plasma cholesterol. Cows consuming roasted soybean had lower level of plasma and milk urea in the morning. Afternoon milk samples had higher levels of urea than morning samples. It is suggested that thermally treated soybean was effective in diminishing the breakdown of protein in the rumen. It is better to employ morning milk samples to evaluate metabolic profile than afternoon samples.
Os subprodutos de soja vêm sendo utilizados como fonte protéica na alimentação de vacas leiteiras no Rio Grande do Sul. Entretanto, a elevada degradabilidade ruminal desta fonte causa perda da qualidade intrínseca da proteína e leva a aumento da uréia plasmática, com conseqüências deletérias no metabolismo animal. O tratamento térmico do grão de soja pode superar essa limitação. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o metabolismo de vacas leiteiras alimentadas com grão de soja cru e tratado termicamente, mediante o perfil metabólico no plasma e no leite. Foram utilizadas doze vacas da raça Holandesa no terço médio da lactação, nas quais foram aplicados quatro tratamentos: concentrado protéico comercial, farelo de soja, grão de soja cru e grão de soja tostado. No leite, foram dosados os teores de proteína e uréia. Não foram detectadas diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos na concentração de glicose, beta-hidroxibutirato, cálcio, fósforo e magnésio. Houve maiores níveis de colesterol plasmático nos animais consumindo grão de soja cru e tratado com calor. As vacas consumindo soja tostada tiveram menor teor de uréia no plasma e no leite da ordenha da manhã, sugerindo que o tratamento com calor no grão de soja foi efetivo para diminuir a degradação protéica no rúmen. Recomenda-se usar amostras de leite coletadas pela manhã para avaliar o perfil metabólico.
ABSTRACT
This work was undertaken to study the performance of lactating Holstein BW cows through milk yield, when submitted to two treatments, which consisted of their exposure to shade and no shade during the hotest hours of summer days. After a 55 days period, a clear tendency was evident for those cows on the no shade group to show a lower yield and, among those, the higher yielding ones were the most affected. According to our data it was concluded that shade has to be provided to lactating dairy cows, specially for higher producers, at the hotest hours of the day during summer months.
O objetivo do presente trabalho foi o de avaliar o desempenho de vacas da raça Holandês em lactação, submetidas a manejo com e sem disponibilidade de sombra, durante as horas mais quentes do dia, no verão, com relação à produção de leite. Após um período de 55 dias, ficou evidenciada uma clara tendência de menor produção de leite por parte dos animais que não tiveram acesso à sombra, sendo que os de maior produção mostraram-se mais sensíveis às condições desfavoráveis do manejo ao Sol. Com base nos dados obtidos, concluiu-se que se faz necessária a disponibilidade de sombra durante os meses quentes de verão, para as vacas leiteiras em lactação, principalmente para aquelas de mais alto nível de produção.
ABSTRACT
This work was undertaken to study the performance of lactating Holstein BW cows through milk yield, when submitted to two treatments, which consisted of their exposure to shade and no shade during the hotest hours of summer days. After a 55 days period, a clear tendency was evident for those cows on the no shade group to show a lower yield and, among those, the higher yielding ones were the most affected. According to our data it was concluded that shade has to be provided to lactating dairy cows, specially for higher producers, at the hotest hours of the day during summer months.
O objetivo do presente trabalho foi o de avaliar o desempenho de vacas da raça Holandês em lactação, submetidas a manejo com e sem disponibilidade de sombra, durante as horas mais quentes do dia, no verão, com relação à produção de leite. Após um período de 55 dias, ficou evidenciada uma clara tendência de menor produção de leite por parte dos animais que não tiveram acesso à sombra, sendo que os de maior produção mostraram-se mais sensíveis às condições desfavoráveis do manejo ao Sol. Com base nos dados obtidos, concluiu-se que se faz necessária a disponibilidade de sombra durante os meses quentes de verão, para as vacas leiteiras em lactação, principalmente para aquelas de mais alto nível de produção.