ABSTRACT
The yellow fever virus (YFV) epidemic in Brazil is the largest in decades. The recent discovery of YFV in Brazilian Aedes species mosquitos highlights a need to monitor the risk of reestablishment of urban YFV transmission in the Americas. We use a suite of epidemiological, spatial, and genomic approaches to characterize YFV transmission. We show that the age and sex distribution of human cases is characteristic of sylvatic transmission. Analysis of YFV cases combined with genomes generated locally reveals an early phase of sylvatic YFV transmission and spatial expansion toward previously YFV-free areas, followed by a rise in viral spillover to humans in late 2016. Our results establish a framework for monitoring YFV transmission in real time that will contribute to a global strategy to eliminate future YFV epidemics.
Subject(s)
Disease Outbreaks/prevention & control , Epidemiological Monitoring , Genomics/methods , Yellow Fever/prevention & control , Yellow Fever/transmission , Yellow fever virus/isolation & purification , Aedes/virology , Age Factors , Animals , Brazil/epidemiology , Disease Outbreaks/statistics & numerical data , Evolution, Molecular , Humans , Phylogeny , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Risk , Sex Factors , Spatio-Temporal Analysis , Yellow Fever/epidemiology , Yellow Fever/virology , Yellow fever virus/classification , Yellow fever virus/geneticsABSTRACT
The Tamoxifen Citrate is available in oral tablet and is highly used as an endocrines therapy for breast cancer. Products from assorted makers bioavailability problems has been associated to the incomplete dissolution of the tablets. We determined the dissolution in vitro of five pharmaceutical preparations of the Tamoxifen Citrate available in the Brazilian market, Novaldex, Tecnotax, Zita, Tamoxifen (TEVA) and Tamoxifeno (PHARMACIA) all containing 10 mg of active drug. The methodology was conducted according to the in vitro dissolution test from USP XXIII. Other test such as mass uniformity, content uniformity and hardness were accomplished seeking to relate physical characteristics with the in vitro dissolution of these preparations. All the formulations presented liberation more than 75% of the active drug in 30 minutes. Any relationship was not observed between the in vitro dissolution, the average weight, the mass uniformity and the hardness of the tablets whereas the liberation was proportional to the tamoxifen citrate content. Although one of the tested products did present a higher dissolution profiles in comparison to the other tested preparation.
Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal/chemistry , Tamoxifen/chemistry , Hardness Tests , Solubility , TabletsABSTRACT
The objective of this investigation was to study weight changes at the postnatal period of 61 very-low-birth-weight newborns who survived out of 114 alive newborns from October 93 to October 94. They were grouped according to their birth-weight (750-999 g, 1000-1249 g, 1250-1499 g), gestational age (<30 weeks, 30-31 weeks, 32-33 weeks, > or = 34 weeks) and adequacy of weight for gestational age (AGA, SGA). The weight variation was expressed in percentage according to the birth-weight and in g/kg/day. In all groups there was an initial loss of weight within the first five days of life. The groups which were smaller than 1250 g and younger than 30 weeks presented the greatest loss of weight and the longest period to recover it. The recovery of birth occurred similarly in all groups, with an average of 15 g/kg/day. The difference between the SGA and the AGA may be attributed to the groups' different gestational ages. Being aware of the way the newborns grow will permit early detection of deviations which may affect their quality of life.
ABSTRACT
The identification of a null allele in a human genetic system restricted to the placenta is a great challenge for two reasons: the impossibility of carrying out family studies and the unviability of sample recollections because the placenta itself is a disposable universe. Thus, in addition to reporting the finding of a null phenotype of placental alkaline phosphatase in a dark mulatto newborn from a black mixed population of Bahia, Brazil, here we present other evidence for the presence of the ALPP*Q0 allele with considerably high frequency in this population.
Subject(s)
Alleles , Gene Frequency , Isoenzymes/genetics , Polymorphism, Genetic/genetics , Alkaline Phosphatase , Brazil , Female , GPI-Linked Proteins , Genetics, Population , Heterozygote , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Isoenzymes/blood , Isoenzymes/chemistry , Models, Genetic , Phenotype , Placenta/chemistry , Pregnancy , Racial GroupsSubject(s)
Alkaline Phosphatase/blood , Placenta/enzymology , Birth Weight , Brazil , Female , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Pregnancy , SmokingABSTRACT
Frequencies of the CHE1*A allele were estimated in 84 Whites and 772 Negroids from a random sample of Salvador, Bahia. The overall frequency of this gene in Negroids was estimated as 0.842 +/- 0.233%. This indicates that this sample presents around 50 +/- 17% of White admixture and that the estimate of the risk of developing prolonged apnoea in individuals submitted to suxamethonium is around 0.035%, that is about 1 out of 2,900.
