Combined Reconstruction of the Medial Patellofemoral Ligament and Medial Quadriceps Tendon-Femoral Ligament.

Most patellar dislocations are associated with disruption of the proximal medial patellar restraints (PMPRs). The PMPRs comprise the medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) and medial quadriceps tendon-femoral ligament (MQTFL). Although isolated MPFL reconstruction is the most frequently performed procedure for the surgical management of recurrent dislocation, recent studies have shown that the MQTFL has a synergistic role with the MPFL in resisting lateral patellar displacement close to full extension. It has therefore been suggested that surgical techniques that gain the benefits of both proximal and distal PMPR biomechanical behavior may be best. This article describes an established technique for combined MPFL and MQTFL reconstruction using semitendinosus autograft.

Venous Thromboembolism Prevention Protocol: Experience of 2,000 Cases in Total Knee Arthroplasty.

Objective The objective of the present study is to evaluate the impact evaluate the impact of an institutional protocol on a tertiary hospital for the prevention of venous thromboembolism in 2005 patients submitted to primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Methods Data from medical records of patients submitted TKA before ( n = 1,115) and after ( n = 890) the implementation of the institutional protocol, totaling 2,005 patients, were retrospectively reported. Demographics, comorbidities, and outcomes were analyzed. Results There was no significant change in the cases of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) (1.6% versus 2.4%; p = 0.211). There was an increase in cases of pulmonary embolism (PE) (0.2% versus 0.8% p = 0.049). Conclusion Despite the implementation of the prevention protocol, no reduction in the studied events was observed. The small global incidence makes further studies with larger series necessary to confirm or rule out these findings.

Venous Thromboembolism Prevention Protocol Experience of 2000 Cases in Total Knee Arthroplasty* / Protocolo de prevenção do tromboembolismo venoso Experiência de 2000 casos em artroplastia total de joelho*

Abstract Objective The objective of the present study is to evaluate the impact evaluate the impact of an institutional protocol on a tertiary hospital for the prevention of venous thromboembolism in 2005 patients submitted to primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Methods Data from medical records of patients submitted TKA before (n= 1,115) and after (n= 890) the implementation of the institutional protocol, totaling 2,005 patients, were retrospectively reported. Demographics, comorbidities, and outcomes were analyzed. Results There was no significant change in the cases of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) (1.6% versus 2.4%; p= 0.211). There was an increase in cases of pulmonary embolism (PE) (0.2% versus 0.8% p= 0.049). Conclusion Despite the implementation of the prevention protocol, no reduction in the studied events was observed. The small global incidence makes further studies with larger series necessary to confirm or rule out these findings.

Resumo Objetivo O objetivo do presente estudo é avaliar o impacto de um protocolo institucional em um hospital terciário na prevenção do tromboembolismo venoso em 2.005 pacientes submetidos a artroplastia total primária de joelho. Métodos Os dados dos prontuários de pacientes submetidos a artroplastia total do joelho antes (n= 1.115) e após (n= 890) a implantação do protocolo institucional, totalizando 2.005 pacientes, foram relatados retrospectivamente. Dados demográficos, comorbidades e desfechos foram analisados. Resultados Não houve alteração significativa nos casos de trombose venosa profunda (TVP) (1,6% versus 2,4%; p= 0,211). Houve um aumento nos casos de embolia pulmonar (EP) (0,2% versus 0,8%; p= 0,049). Conclusão Apesar da implementação do protocolo de prevenção, não houve redução nos eventos estudados. A pequena incidência global faz com que novos estudos, com séries maiores, sejam necessários para confirmar ou descartar esses achados.

Hamstring Tendon Autograft Contamination in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: Comparison between two Harvesting Techniques.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the contamination rate of hamstring tendon autografts by comparing two different techniques, and to verify whether intraoperative contamination is associated with the development of clinical infection in patients submitted to reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). METHODS: A total of 110 hamstring tendon autograft ACL reconstructions were performed and divided into two groups: 1-hamstring tendon retraction technique; and 2 - technique maintaining the tibial insertion of the hamstring tendon. During the preparation, two graft fragments were sent for culturing; the harvesting time, the preparation time, and the total surgery time were measured. Twenty-four hours after the surgery, the C-reactive protein was assayed. The clinical outpatient follow-up was performed up to 180 days postoperatively. RESULTS: Although there were two postoperative infections, there was no graft contamination or difference between the groups in relation to the graft preparation time and to the 24-hour postoperative C-reactive protein assessment. The classic technique presented a longer graft harvesting time ( p = 0.038), and there was no statistical difference between the 2 groups regarding the degree of contamination and consequent clinical infection, although 2 patients in group 2 presented with infection, with negative perioperative cultures. CONCLUSION: Based on the results obtained, there was no association between graft contamination and the time or technique of its preparation. In addition, there was also no association between intraoperative contamination and the development of clinical infection, nor was there any sign of an association between the early alteration of C-reactive protein and the onset of infection.

Hamstring Tendon Autograft Contamination in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: Comparison between two Harvesting Techniques / Contaminação de enxertos de tendões flexores na reconstrução do ligamento cruzado anterior: comparação de duas técnicas de retirada

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the contamination rate of hamstring tendon autografts by comparing two different techniques, and to verify whether intraoperative contamination is associated with the development of clinical infection in patients submitted to reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). Methods: A total of 110 hamstring tendon autograft ACL reconstructions were performed and divided into two groups: 1-hamstring tendon retraction technique; and 2 - technique maintaining the tibial insertion of the hamstring tendon. During the preparation, two graft fragments were sent for culturing; the harvesting time, the preparation time, and the total surgery time were measured. Twenty-four hours after the surgery, the C-reactive protein was assayed. The clinical outpatient follow-up was performed up to 180 days postoperatively. Results: Although there were two postoperative infections, there was no graft contamination or difference between the groups in relation to the graft preparation time and to the 24-hour postoperative C-reactive protein assessment. The classic technique presented a longer graft harvesting time (p = 0.038), and there was no statistical difference between the 2 groups regarding the degree of contamination and consequent clinical infection, although 2 patients in group 2 presented with infection, with negative perioperative cultures. Conclusion: Based on the results obtained, there was no association between graft contamination and the time or technique of its preparation. In addition, there was also no association between intraoperative contamination and the development of clinical infection, nor was there any sign of an association between the early alteration of Creactive protein and the onset of infection.

Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar a taxa de contaminação de autoenxerto de tendões flexores comparando duas técnicas e verificar se a contaminação intraoperatória está associada ao desenvolvimento de infecção clínica em pacientes submetidos a reconstrução do ligamento cruzado anterior. Métodos: Foram feitas 110 reconstruções do ligamento cruzado anterior com tendão dos flexores e divididas em dois grupos: 1) técnica com retirada total dos tendões flexores e 2) técnica que manteve a inserção tibial desses tendões. Durante o preparo, dois fragmentos de cada um desses foram enviados para cultura, sendo mensurado o tempo de retirada dos tendões, do preparo dos tendões e total da cirurgia. Com 24 horas de pós-operatório, foi dosada a proteína C reativa. Seguimento clínico ambulatorial foi realizado de forma protocolada até 180 dias de pós-operatório. Resultados: Apesar de terem sido observadas duas infecções pós-operatórias, não houve contaminação dos enxertos nem diferença entre os grupos emrelação ao tempo de preparo dos enxertos e a proteína C reativa com 24 horas de pós-operatório. A técnica clássica apresentou maior tempo de retirada do enxerto (p = 0,038) e não houve diferença estatística entre os dois grupos no que tange ao grau de contaminação e consequente infecção clínica, embora dois pacientes do grupo 2 tenham tido infecção com culturas perioperatórias negativas. Conclusão: Com base nos resultados obtidos, não houve associação entre contaminação do enxerto com o tempo ou a técnica de sua preparação, tampouco entre a contaminação intraoperatória e o desenvolvimento de infecção clínica ou entre alteração precoce da proteína C reativa e o surgimento de infecção.

The femoral tunnel view test during ACL reconstruction can ensure tunnel integrity / O teste de visualização artroscópica do túnel femoral durante a reconstrução do LCA garante a integridade do túnel

ABSTRACT Objective: Violation of the posterior femoral cortex commonly referred to as posterior wall blowout, can be a devastating intraoperative complication in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) and can lead to loss of graft fixation or early graft failure. This study describes and analyzes whether the femoral tunnel view test can ensure the integrity of the femoral tunnel during ACLR. Methods: Intraoperative femoral tunnel integrity using the 360º arthroscopic view test was performed in 584 ACLR patients between 2014 and 2016. Posterior wall blowouts were described by their location along the femoral tunnel (i.e., near the aperture or more proximal) and by the depth of the tunnel blowout (<3 mm, 3-5 mm, >5 mm), corresponding to the length of the posterior cortical wall of the violated femoral tunnel. The time spent for the test was measured during ACLR. Complications related to the femoral tunnel view test were also evaluated. Results: The femoral tunnel view test was performed in all 584 patients. In 12 patients (1%), the femoral tunnel presented a posterior cortical blowout that did not extend beyond 3 mm. Only four patients (0.6%) presented posterior wall blowout that extended beyond 5 mm. The time for the test was 40 s (±20 s). No complications related to the test were reported. Conclusion: The femoral tunnel view test is effective for ensuring the integrity of the femoral tunnel during ACL reconstruction, without increasing the surgical time and without an increase in the complications rate. Clinical relevance: The femoral tunnel view test is a quick and straightforward test able to provide an adequate view of the patient's anatomy to ensure tunnel integrity during ACLR.

RESUMO Objetivos: A violação da cortical femoral posterior pode ser complicação intraoperatória devastadora na reconstrução do ligamento cruzado anterior (RLCA), pode levar à perda de fixação ou à falha precoce do enxerto. Este estudo descreve e analisa a capacidade do teste de visualização artroscópica do túnel femoral em evidenciar a integridade de suas paredes durante a RLCA. Métodos: Foram prospectivamente avaliados 584 pacientes elegíveis à RLCA entre 2014 e 2016 quanto à integridade do túnel femoral com o uso do teste de visualização artroscópica. A localização ao longo do túnel femoral e a profundidade da violação no túnel (< 3 mm, 3-5 mm, > 5 mm) foram avaliadas. O tempo para o teste foi medido e a ocorrência de complicações relacionadas ao mesmo também foi analisada. Resultados: Todos os 584 pacientes elegíveis foram submetidos ao teste de visualização do túnel femoral durante a cirurgia artroscópica para RLCA. Em 12 (1%) pacientes, o túnel femoral apresentou perda de integridade da cortical posterior, que não ultrapassou 3 mm. Apenas quatro (0,6%) pacientes apresentaram violação da cortical posterior, que se estendeu para além de 5 mm. O tempo médio dispendido no teste foi de 40 segundos (± 20). Nenhuma complicação realização foi relatada. Conclusão: O teste de visualização do túnel femoral é eficaz para avaliar a integridade desse túnel durante a RLCA, sem aumentar o tempo cirúrgico e sem provocar aumento na taxa de complicações relativas ao procedimento. Relevância Clínica: O teste de visualização artroscópica do túnel femoral é uma técnica simples e rápida, capaz de obter visão adequada da anatomia do paciente, garante a integridade do túnel durante a RLCA.

The femoral tunnel view test during ACL reconstruction can ensure tunnel integrity.

OBJECTIVE: Violation of the posterior femoral cortex commonly referred to as posterior wall blowout, can be a devastating intraoperative complication in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) and can lead to loss of graft fixation or early graft failure. This study describes and analyzes whether the femoral tunnel view test can ensure the integrity of the femoral tunnel during ACLR. METHODS: Intraoperative femoral tunnel integrity using the 360° arthroscopic view test was performed in 584 ACLR patients between 2014 and 2016. Posterior wall blowouts were described by their location along the femoral tunnel (i.e., near the aperture or more proximal) and by the depth of the tunnel blowout (<3 mm, 3-5 mm, >5 mm), corresponding to the length of the posterior cortical wall of the violated femoral tunnel. The time spent for the test was measured during ACLR. Complications related to the femoral tunnel view test were also evaluated. RESULTS: The femoral tunnel view test was performed in all 584 patients. In 12 patients (1%), the femoral tunnel presented a posterior cortical blowout that did not extend beyond 3 mm. Only four patients (0.6%) presented posterior wall blowout that extended beyond 5 mm. The time for the test was 40 s (±20 s). No complications related to the test were reported. CONCLUSION: The femoral tunnel view test is effective for ensuring the integrity of the femoral tunnel during ACL reconstruction, without increasing the surgical time and without an increase in the complications rate. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The femoral tunnel view test is a quick and straightforward test able to provide an adequate view of the patient's anatomy to ensure tunnel integrity during ACLR.

OBJETIVOS: A violação da cortical femoral posterior pode ser complicação intraoperatória devastadora na reconstrução do ligamento cruzado anterior (RLCA), pode levar à perda de fixação ou à falha precoce do enxerto. Este estudo descreve e analisa a capacidade do teste de visualização artroscópica do túnel femoral em evidenciar a integridade de suas paredes durante a RLCA. MÉTODOS: Foram prospectivamente avaliados 584 pacientes elegíveis à RLCA entre 2014 e 2016 quanto à integridade do túnel femoral com o uso do teste de visualização artroscópica. A localização ao longo do túnel femoral e a profundidade da violação no túnel (<3 mm, 3-5 mm, >5 mm) foram avaliadas. O tempo para o teste foi medido e a ocorrência de complicações relacionadas ao mesmo também foi analisada. RESULTADOS: Todos os 584 pacientes elegíveis foram submetidos ao teste de visualização do túnel femoral durante a cirurgia artroscópica para RLCA. Em 12 (1%) pacientes, o túnel femoral apresentou perda de integridade da cortical posterior, que não ultrapassou 3 mm. Apenas quatro (0,6%) pacientes apresentaram violação da cortical posterior, que se estendeu para além de 5 mm. O tempo médio dispendido no teste foi de 40 segundos (± 20). Nenhuma complicação realização foi relatada. CONCLUSÃO: O teste de visualização do túnel femoral é eficaz para avaliar a integridade desse túnel durante a RLCA, sem aumentar o tempo cirúrgico e sem provocar aumento na taxa de complicações relativas ao procedimento. RELEVÂNCIA CLÍNICA: O teste de visualização artroscópica do túnel femoral é uma técnica simples e rápida, capaz de obter visão adequada da anatomia do paciente, garante a integridade do túnel durante a RLCA.

Diffuse pigmented villonodular synovitis in knee joint: diagnosis and treatment.

Pigmented villonodular synovitis is a rare proliferative condition of the synovium. Although the condition can present in any joint, the knee is the most commonly affected site. Despite being a benign condition, pigmented villonodular synovitis is often aggressive, with marked extra-articular extension in some cases. Monoarticular involvement occurs in two forms: localized and diffuse. The latter is more common, with a high recurrence rate. There is no standard method of management of this lesion. Open surgery is a classical and effective method for treatment. Arthroscopic synovectomy, however, has gained popularity, and has several advantages over the open technique particularly in exclusively articular cases. The combined approach is suggested in cases with extra-articular involvement. Synovectomy through any approach may prevent secondary osteoarthritis and subsequent joint arthroplasty. Internal irradiation or external beam radiation as an adjuvant treatment to surgical synovectomy appears to decrease the rate of local recurrence in diffuse cases. The authors observed a great heterogeneity in reporting of functional results, and specific conclusions should not be drawn. Each patient should be managed in accordance with his/her particular condition.

A sinovite vilonodular pigmentada é uma rara condição proliferativa da membrana sinovial. Apesar de a doença poder estar presente em qualquer articulação, o joelho é o local mais frequentemente afetado. Ainda que doença benigna, geralmente tem comportamento agressivo, pode ter extensão extra-articular em alguns casos. O acometimento monoarticular ocorre em duas formas: localizada ou difusa. A forma difusa é mais comum e tem alta taxa de recorrência. Não há método padronizado para o manejo dessa lesão. O tratamento cirúrgico aberto é o método clássico e efetivo. A sinovectomia artroscópica, entretanto, tem ganhado popularidade e tem diversas vantagens sobre a técnica aberta, principalmente em casos exclusivamente articulares. A abordagem combinada é sugerida em casos com envolvimento extra-articular. A sinovectomia pode prevenir a osteoartrose secundária e o subsequente tratamento reconstrutivo. A radioterapia usada como tratamento adjuvante à sinovectomia parece diminuir a taxa de recorrência local na forma difusa da doença. Os autores encontraram grande heterogeneidade na forma como os resultados funcionais foram reportados e não se deve chegar a conclusões específicas. Cada paciente deve ser manejado de acordo com suas particularidades.

Diffuse pigmented villonodular synovitis in knee joint: diagnosis and treatment / Sinovite vilonodular pigmentada difusa no joelho: diagnóstico e tratamento

ABSTRACT Pigmented villonodular synovitis is a rare proliferative condition of the synovium. Although the condition can present in any joint, the knee is the most commonly affected site. Despite being a benign condition, pigmented villonodular synovitis is often aggressive, with marked extra-articular extension in some cases. Monoarticular involvement occurs in two forms: localized and diffuse. The latter is more common, with a high recurrence rate. There is no standard method of management of this lesion. Open surgery is a classical and effective method for treatment. Arthroscopic synovectomy, however, has gained popularity, and has several advantages over the open technique particularly in exclusively articular cases. The combined approach is suggested in cases with extra-articular involvement. Synovectomy through any approach may prevent secondary osteoarthritis and subsequent joint arthroplasty. Internal irradiation or external beam radiation as an adjuvant treatment to surgical synovectomy appears to decrease the rate of local recurrence in diffuse cases. The authors observed a great heterogeneity in reporting of functional results, and specific conclusions should not be drawn. Each patient should be managed in accordance with his/her particular condition.

RESUMO A sinovite vilonodular pigmentada é uma rara condição proliferativa da membrana sinovial. Apesar de a doença poder estar presente em qualquer articulação, o joelho é o local mais frequentemente afetado. Ainda que doença benigna, geralmente tem comportamento agressivo, pode ter extensão extra-articular em alguns casos. O acometimento monoarticular ocorre em duas formas: localizada ou difusa. A forma difusa é mais comum e tem alta taxa de recorrência. Não há método padronizado para o manejo dessa lesão. O tratamento cirúrgico aberto é o método clássico e efetivo. A sinovectomia artroscópica, entretanto, tem ganhado popularidade e tem diversas vantagens sobre a técnica aberta, principalmente em casos exclusivamente articulares. A abordagem combinada é sugerida em casos com envolvimento extra-articular. A sinovectomia pode prevenir a osteoartrose secundária e o subsequente tratamento reconstrutivo. A radioterapia usada como tratamento adjuvante à sinovectomia parece diminuir a taxa de recorrência local na forma difusa da doença. Os autores encontraram grande heterogeneidade na forma como os resultados funcionais foram reportados e não se deve chegar a conclusões específicas. Cada paciente deve ser manejado de acordo com suas particularidades.

Range of motion predictability after total knee arthroplasty with medial pivot prosthesis.

OBJECTIVE: To assess whether there the final range of motion (ROM) results achieved by patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty (TKA) with prosthesis using Medial Pivot design are predictable. METHODS: Between January and August of 2014, 155 patients with primary osteoarthritis of knee who underwent TKA using the prosthesis ADVANCE® Medial Pivot were prospectively assessed. All ROM measures were made and recorded before, during, and after surgery. All patients were clinically assessed preoperatively and postoperatively (15, 45 days, three months, six months, one year, and annually thereafter after surgery); their functional status was assessed using the WOMAC questionnaire. RESULTS: Significant differences (p < 0.001) were observed between the means and medians of ROM in the preoperative when compared with those during the perioperative; the perioperative values, when compared with those after six months postoperative, were also different (p < 0.001). No significant differences were found between the means and medians ROM between the intraoperative period and at the 45-day assessment (ns) and between the means and medians ROM between the preoperative period and at the six-month evaluation (ns). CONCLUSION: The final ROM achieved by patients that underwent TKA with medial pivot prosthesis can be predicted. The perioperative ROM correlates with that at 45 days after surgery. The final ROM is correlated with that of the pre-operative period.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar se há previsibilidade da amplitude de movimentos alcançada por pacientes submetidos a artroplastia total do joelho com prótese que usa desenho medial pivot. MÉTODOS: Entre janeiro e agosto de 2014 foi feita avaliação prospectiva de 155 pacientes com osteoartrose primária do joelho submetidos a artroplastia total do joelho com o uso da prótese Advance® Medial Pivot. Todas as medidas da amplitude de movimentos foram feitas antes, durante e após a cirurgia. Todos os pacientes foram avaliados clinicamente no pré- e pós-operatório (15, 45 dias, três meses, seis meses, um ano e depois anualmente após a cirurgia) para a análise de seu estado funcional. O questionário Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (Womac) foi usado. RESULTADOS: Diferenças significativas (p < 0,001) foram relatadas entre as médias e medianas da amplitude de movimentos no pré-operatório em comparação com as medidas obtidas no período intraoperatório. As medidas do pré-operatório também se mostraram diferentes quando comparadas com aquelas após seis meses de pós-operatório (p < 0,001). Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre as médias e medianas da amplitude de movimento na comparação do intraoperatório e as medidas feitas aos 45 dias (ns) e entre as médias e medianas das medidas pré-operatórias e aquelas observadas aos seis meses (ns). CONCLUSÃO: Há previsibilidade da amplitude de movimentos obtida por pacientes submetidos a artroplastia total do joelho com prótese medial pivot. A amplitude aos 45 dias é semelhante àquela observada nas medidas intraoperatórias. A amplitude final está relacionada à amplitude pré-operatória.

Incidence and MRI characterization of the spectrum of posterolateral corner injuries occurring in association with ACL rupture.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence and MRI characteristics of the spectrum of posterolateral corner (PLC) injuries occurring in association with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We carried out a level IV, retrospective case series study. All patients clinically diagnosed with an ACL rupture between July 2015 and June 2016 who underwent MRI of the knee were included in the study. In addition to standard MRI knee reporting, emphasis was placed on identifying injury to the PLC and a description of involvement of these structures by two musculoskeletal radiologists. Association with PLC involvement was sought with concomitant injuries using correlation analysis and logistic regression. RESULTS: One hundred sixty-two patients with MRI following ACL rupture were evaluated. Thirty-two patients (19.7%) had an injury to at least one structure of the PLC, including the inferior popliteomeniscal fascicle (n = 28), arcuate ligament (n = 20), popliteus tendon (n = 20), superior popliteomeniscal fascicle (n = 18), lateral collateral ligament (n = 8), popliteofibular ligament (n = 7), biceps tendon (n = 4), iliotibial band (n = 3), and fabellofibular ligament (n = 1). Seventy-five percent of all patients with combined ACL and PLC injuries had bone contusions involving the lateral compartment of the knee. The presence of these contusions strongly correlated with superior popliteomeniscal fascicle lesions (p < 0.05). There was no correlation between injuries to other structures of the PLC and other intra-articular lesions. CONCLUSION: Missed injuries of the PLC lead to considerable morbidity. The relevance of this study is to highlight that these injuries occur more frequently than previously described and that an appropriate index of suspicion, clinical examination, and MRI are all required to reduce the risk of missed diagnoses. The results of this study support previous suggestions that the rate of concomitant PLC injury in the ACL-deficient knee is under-reported. The rate of combined injuries in this series was 19.7%. The key message of this paper is that PLC injury is common in the presence of ACL injury and should be sought both clinically and radiologically.

Range of motion predictability after total knee arthroplasty with medial pivot prosthesis / Previsibilidade da amplitude de movimento após artroplastia total do joelho com prótese medial pivot

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To assess whether there the final range of motion (ROM) results achieved by patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty (TKA) with prosthesis using Medial Pivot design are predictable. METHODS: Between January and August of 2014, 155 patients with primary osteoarthritis of knee who underwent TKA using the prosthesis ADVANCE(r) Medial Pivot were prospectively assessed. All ROM measures were made and recorded before, during, and after surgery. All patients were clinically assessed preoperatively and postoperatively (15, 45 days, three months, six months, one year, and annually thereafter after surgery); their functional status was assessed using the WOMAC questionnaire. RESULTS: Significant differences (p < 0.001) were observed between the means and medians of ROM in the preoperative when compared with those during the perioperative; the perioperative values, when compared with those after six months postoperative, were also different (p < 0.001). No significant differences were found between the means and medians ROM between the intraoperative period and at the 45-day assessment (ns) and between the means and medians ROM between the preoperative period and at the six-month evaluation (ns) . CONCLUSION: The final ROM achieved by patients that underwent TKA with medial pivot prosthesis can be predicted. The perioperative ROM correlates with that at 45 days after surgery. The final ROM is correlated with that of the pre-operative period.

RESUMO OBJETIVO: Avaliar se há previsibilidade da amplitude de movimentos alcançada por pacientes submetidos a artroplastia total do joelho com prótese que usa desenho medial pivot. MÉTODOS: Entre janeiro e agosto de 2014 foi feita avaliação prospectiva de 155 pacientes com osteoartrose primária do joelho submetidos a artroplastia total do joelho com o uso da prótese Advance(r) Medial Pivot. Todas as medidas da amplitude de movimentos foram feitas antes, durante e após a cirurgia. Todos os pacientes foram avaliados clinicamente no pré- e pós-operatório (15, 45 dias, três meses, seis meses, um ano e depois anualmente após a cirurgia) para a análise de seu estado funcional. O questionário Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (Womac) foi usado. RESULTADOS: Diferenças significativas (p < 0,001) foram relatadas entre as médias e medianas da amplitude de movimentos no pré-operatório em comparação com as medidas obtidas no período intraoperatório. As medidas do pré-operatório também se mostraram diferentes quando comparadas com aquelas após seis meses de pós-operatório (p < 0,001). Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre as médias e medianas da amplitude de movimento na comparação do intraoperatório e as medidas feitas aos 45 dias (ns) e entre as médias e medianas das medidas pré-operatórias e aquelas observadas aos seis meses (ns). CONCLUSÃO: Há previsibilidade da amplitude de movimentos obtida por pacientes submetidos a artroplastia total do joelho com prótese medial pivot. A amplitude aos 45 dias é semelhante àquela observada nas medidas intraoperatórias. A amplitude final está relacionada à amplitude pré-operatória.

A Femoral Tunnel View Test During ACL Reconstruction.

Despite technologic advances in the surgical techniques for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction, some patients continue to have violation of the femoral cortex, commonly referred to as wall blowout. These posterior or lateral cortical breaches lead to loss of graft containment and subsequent difficulty with graft fixation. If this intraoperative error is not promptly recognized and treated, the graft is at an increased risk of premature failure. Thus, in these situations, recognizing the complication and knowing strategies for alternative or salvage fixation are of importance. This article details a simple tunnel view test realized during ACL reconstruction that would enable determining the integrity and depth of the femoral tunnel. The femoral tunnel view test is a technically straightforward and quick test able to obtain a superior view of patient anatomy to facilitate accurate tunnel integrity evaluation during ACL reconstruction.

Reconstruction of chronic patellar tendon rupture with contralateral bone-tendon-bone autograft.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the clinical and functional outcome following the reconstruction of chronic patellar tendon ruptures using the contralateral bone-tendon-bone (BTB) autograft. METHODS: The records of seven patients who underwent reconstruction of chronic patellar tendon rupture with contralateral patellar BTB were retrospectively reviewed. Chronic tears were defined as a minimum of 3 months from injury to initial clinical evaluation. Clinical assessments included range of motion of the knee, Tegner, Lysholm and International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) score and a radiographic analysis of patellar height (Caton-Deschamps index). Postoperative complications and quadriceps strength at last follow-up were reported. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients undergoing surgery was 33 (±10.5) years with a mean follow-up of 41.3 (±29.7) months. Reconstruction surgery was performed at an average of 16 months (3-60 months) after the injury. 86 % of the patients had a normal patella height with mean of patellar height of 1.5 (±0.2) in preoperative radiographs and of 1.2 (±0.07) on postoperative evaluation (p = 0.0136). The mean IKDC was 45.5 (±10.8) before surgery and 64.5 (±12.4) at the last follow-up (p = 0.0001), and Lysholm score was 45.4 (±11.3) and 79 (±11.8), respectively (p = 0.0001). The median Tegner activity scale preinjury was 6 (range 5-7), preoperatively was 1 (range 1-2) and 4 (range 2-5) postoperatively (p = 0.0001). All patients had quadriceps wasting with a difference in thigh girth between the injured side and healthy side of 3.6 ± 0.7 cm (ns). No surgical complications were encountered. CONCLUSIONS: In this limited cohort, surgical reconstruction of chronic patellar tendon ruptures using contralateral bone-tendon-bone graft was a safe and viable option that improves clinical and functional outcomes compared to presurgical function. However, despite the restoration of a normal patellar height, function did not return to preinjury level.

Reconstruction of chronic patellar tendon rupture using graft from contralateral patella graft together with reinforcement from flexor tendons. Case report / Reconstrução de ruptura crônica do tendão patelar com enxerto patelar contralateral associado a reforço com tendões flexores. Relato de caso

Chronic patellar tendon rupture is a rare disabling injury that is technically difficult to repair. The true prevalence of this injury is unknown. Delayed reconstruction of chronic patellar tendon rupture has yielded suboptimal clinical and functional results. Many different surgical methods for reconstruction of chronic patellar tendon injury have been reported. In this report, we present a case with chronic patellar tendon injury that was addressed using a technique that had not previously been described in the literature, through combining procedures that had been described separately. The reconstruction method presented in this article has the advantages of being easy and reproducible, without a requirement of allografts.

A ruptura crônica do tendão patelar é lesão rara e incapacitante e ainda tecnicamente difícil de abordar. A verdadeira prevalência dessa lesão é desconhecida. A reconstrução tardia das rupturas crônicas do tendão patelar apresenta resultados clínicos e funcionais abaixo do ideal. Muitos métodos cirúrgicos diferentes foram relatados para a reconstrução do tendão patelar em lesões crônicas. Neste relato apresentamos um caso com lesão crônica do tendão patelar abordado com técnica até então não descrita na literatura, que combina, todavia, técnicas previamente relatadas. O método de reconstrução presente neste artigo tem a vantagem de ser fácil e reprodutível, sem a necessidade de aloenxertos.

Synovial Chondromatosis of the Knee in a 2-Year-Old Child: A Case Report and Review of the Literature.

CASE: We describe a rare case of synovial chondromatosis of the knee of a 2-year-old child. The diagnosis was based on the history, physical examination, and complementary examinations (radiography and magnetic resonance imaging). Anterior and posterior approaches were used for total synovectomy and resection of loose bodies. CONCLUSION: Physicians should keep this condition in mind, even in young children, because early identification prevents future secondary degenerative changes in the knee joint. As far as we know, this is the youngest child with synovial chondromatosis of the knee reported in the English-language literature.

Atypical femoral fracture due to chronic use of bisphosphonates: case report.

The causal relationship between chronic use of bisphosphonates and occurrences of atypical femoral fractures has not yet been established. Nonetheless, it is known that their chronic use is more related to fractures with a pattern differing from that of classical osteoporotic fractures. Atypical fractures are still rare events and the benefit from using bisphosphonates remains greater for prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. There are few studies guiding the diagnosis and management of these fractures, thus making it difficult to achieve better results. In this report, we present the case of an elderly patient with an atypical femoral fracture that was managed in accordance with guidance from the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.

A relação causal entre o uso crônico dos bifosfonatos e a ocorrência de fraturas femorais atípicas não tem sido ainda estabelecida. Todavia, sabe-se que o uso crônico dos bifosfonatos tem tido maior relação com fraturas com padrão diferente das clássicas fraturas osteoporóticas. Fraturas atípicas são ainda eventos raros e o benefício do uso dos bifosfonatos ainda é maior na prevenção e no tratamento da osteoporose. Pouco são os estudos que orientam o diagnóstico e a condução dessas fraturas, o que dificulta melhores resultados. Neste relato apresentamos caso de paciente da terceira idade com fratura femoral atípica conduzida segundo orientação da Sociedade Americana para Pesquisa Óssea e Mineral.

Partial tearing of the anterior cruciate ligament: diagnosis and treatment.

Partial tears of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) are common and represent 10-27% of the total. The main reasons for attending to cases of non-torn bundles are biomechanical, vascular and proprioceptive. Continued presence of the bundle also serves as protection during the healing process. There is controversy regarding the definition of these injuries, which is based on anatomy, clinical examination, translation measurements, imaging examinations and arthroscopy. The way in which it is treated will depend on the existing laxity and instability. Conservative treatment is optional for cases without instability, with a focus on motor rehabilitation. Surgical treatment is a challenge, since it requires correct positioning of the bone tunnels and conservation of the remnants of the torn bundle. The pivot shift test under anesthesia, the magnetic resonance findings, the previous level and type of sports activity and the arthroscopic appearance and mechanical properties of the remnants will aid the orthopedist in the decision-making process between conservative treatment, surgical treatment with strengthening of the native ACL (selective reconstruction) and classical (anatomical) reconstruction.

Lesões parciais do ligamento cruzado anterior (LCA) são comuns e representam 10­27% das totais. As principais razões para atenção ao feixe não rompido são biomecânicas, vasculares e proprioceptivas. A permanência do feixe serve ainda de proteção durante o processo cicatricial. A definição dessa lesão é controversa, baseada na anatomia, no exame clínico, na medida da translação, nos exames de imagem e na artroscopia. Seu tratamento vai depender da frouxidão e da instabilidade existentes. O tratamento conservador é opcional para casos sem instabilidade, com enfoque na reabilitação motora. O tratamento cirúrgico é desafiador, pois exige correto posicionamento dos túneis ósseos e conservação dos remanescentes do feixe rompido. O teste do pivot-shift sob anestesia, os achados à ressonância magnética, o nível e o tipo de atividade esportiva prévia e o aspecto artroscópico dos remanescentes e suas propriedades mecânicas auxiliarão o ortopedista no processo decisório entre o tratamento conservador, o tratamento cirúrgico com reforço do LCA nativo (reconstrução seletiva) ou a reconstrução clássica (anatômica).

Fratura femoral atípica devida a uso crônico de bifosfonato. Relato de caso / Atypical femoral fracture due to chronic use of bisphosphonates. Case report

A relação causal entre o uso crônico dos bifosfonatos e a ocorrência de fraturas femorais atípicas não tem sido ainda estabelecida. Todavia, sabe-se que o uso crônico dos bifosfonatos tem tido maior relação com fraturas com padrão diferente das clássicas fraturas osteoporóticas. Fraturas atípicas são ainda eventos raros e o benefício do uso dos bifosfonatos ainda é maior na prevenção e no tratamento da osteoporose. Pouco são os estudos que orientam o diagnóstico e a condução dessas fraturas, o que dificulta melhores resultados. Neste relato apresentamos caso de paciente da terceira idade com fratura femoral atípica conduzida segundo orientação da Sociedade Americana para Pesquisa Óssea e Mineral.

The causal relationship between chronic use of bisphosphonates and occurrences of atypical femoral fractures has not yet been established. Nonetheless, it is known that their chronic use is more related to fractures with a pattern differing from that of classical osteoporotic fractures. Atypical fractures are still rare events and the benefit from using bisphosphonates remains greater for prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. There are few studies guiding the diagnosis and management of these fractures, thus making it difficult to achieve better results. In this report, we present the case of an elderly patient with an atypical femoral fracture that was managed in accordance with guidance from the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.

Reducing the length of hospital stay after total knee arthroplasty: influence of femoral and sciatic nerve block.

OBJECTIVE: the aim of this study is to evaluate the change in length of hospital stay postoperatively for Total Knee Arthroplasty after using femoral and sciatic nerve block. MATERIALS AND METHODS: the medical records of 287 patients were evaluated, taking into account the number of hours of admission, the percentage and the reason for re-hospitalization within 30 days, as well as associated complications. All patients were divided into two groups according or not to whether they were admitted to ICU or not. During the years 2009 and 2010, isolated spinal anesthesia was the method used in the procedure. From 2011 on, femoral and sciatic nerve blocking was introduced. RESULTS: between the years 2009 and 2012, the average length of stay ranged from 74 hours in 2009 to 75.2 hours in 2010. The average length of stay in 2011 was 56.52 hours and 53.72 hours in 2012, all in the group of patients who did not remain in the ICU postoperatively. In the same period, among those in the group that needed ICU admission, the average length of stay was 138.7 hours in 2009, 90.25 hours in 2010, 79.8 hours in 2011, and 52.91 hours in 2012. During 2009 and 2010, the rate of re-hospitalization was 0%, while in 2011 and 2012, were 3.44% and 1%, respectively. CONCLUSION: according to this study, the use of femoral and sciatic nerve blocking after total knee arthroplasty allowed significant reduction in hospital stay.