ABSTRACT
In the period 1997-1999, 120 incident and histologically verified cases of stomach cancer were frequency matched on age, sex, residence and urban/rural status with 360 controls in order to study the role of diet in gastric cancer in Uruguay. Our attention was focused on the role of carotenoids in gastric carcinogenesis, after controlling for major confounders. According to the results, vitamin A, alpha-carotene and lycopene were associated with strong inverse relationships with stomach cancer (OR of stomach cancer for high alpha-carotene intake 0.34, 95% CI 0.17-0.65). Joint exposure to high intakes of alpha-carotene and vitamin C intakes were associated with a strong reduction in risk (OR 0.11, 95% CI 0.03-0.36). It was also suggested that high lycopene intake explained most of the reduction in risk of gastric cancer associated with vegetable intake, whereas no such effect was observed for fruit intake.
Subject(s)
Anticarcinogenic Agents , Carotenoids , Stomach Neoplasms/prevention & control , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Case-Control Studies , Diet , Female , Humans , Lycopene , Male , Middle Aged , Residence Characteristics , Risk Factors , Stomach Neoplasms/epidemiology , Stomach Neoplasms/etiology , Uruguay/epidemiology , Vitamin A , beta CaroteneABSTRACT
In 1997-1999, 120 incident and histologically verified cases of stomach cancer were frequency matched on age, gender, residence, and urban/rural status with 360 controls to study the role of diet in gastric cancer in Uruguay. We focused on the role of plant sterols (beta-sitosterol, campesterol, stigmasterol, and total plant sterols) after controlling for major confounders. Total phytosterols were associated with a strong inverse relationship with stomach cancer (odds ratio of stomach cancer for total phytosterol intake in the highest tertile = 0.33, 95% confidence interval = 0.17-0.65). Joint exposure to high intake of total phytosterol and alpha-carotene was also inversely associated with gastric cancer risk (odds ratio = 0.09, 95% confidence interval = 0.02-0.32). High intake of total plant sterols explained most of the attenuation in risk of gastric cancer associated with vegetable and fruit intakes.
Subject(s)
Diet , Phytosterols/administration & dosage , Stomach Neoplasms/epidemiology , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Anticarcinogenic Agents/administration & dosage , Case-Control Studies , Female , Fruit , Humans , Interviews as Topic , Male , Middle Aged , Odds Ratio , Risk Factors , Stomach Neoplasms/prevention & control , Surveys and Questionnaires , Uruguay/epidemiology , VegetablesABSTRACT
To examine the protective role of dietary antioxidants (carotenoids, vitamin C, vitamin E, glutathione, and flavonoids) in lung cancer risk, a case-control study involving 541 cases of lung cancer and 540 hospitalized controls was carried out in Uruguay. The relevant variables were energy adjusted using the residuals method and then categorized in quartiles. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for antioxidants were calculated through unconditional logistic regression. With the exception of lycopene and vitamin C, the remaining antioxidants were associated with significant reductions in risk of lung cancer. Of particular interest was the inverse association between dietary glutathione and lung cancer [OR of quartile with highest intake compared with lowest quartile = 0.42, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.27-0.63]. Also, carotenoids and vitamin E were associated with significant reductions in risk of lung cancer (OR = 0.43, 95% CI = 0.29-0.64 for total carotenoids and OR = 0.50, 95% CI = 0.39-0.85 for vitamin E). A joint effect for high vs. low intakes of beta-carotene and glutathione was associated with a significant reduction in risk (OR = 0.32, 95% CI = 0.22-0.46). It could be concluded that dietary antioxidants are associated with a significant protective effect in lung carcinogenesis and that the inverse association for glutathione persisted after controlling for total vegetables and fruits.
Subject(s)
Antioxidants/administration & dosage , Carcinoma/epidemiology , Diet , Lung Neoplasms/epidemiology , Adenocarcinoma/epidemiology , Adenocarcinoma/prevention & control , Adult , Age Distribution , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Carcinoma/prevention & control , Carcinoma, Large Cell/epidemiology , Carcinoma, Large Cell/prevention & control , Carcinoma, Small Cell/epidemiology , Carcinoma, Small Cell/prevention & control , Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/epidemiology , Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/prevention & control , Case-Control Studies , Glutathione/administration & dosage , Humans , Logistic Models , Lung Neoplasms/prevention & control , Male , Middle Aged , Odds Ratio , Risk Factors , Surveys and Questionnaires , Uruguay/epidemiology , beta Carotene/administration & dosageSubject(s)
Dietary Carbohydrates/adverse effects , Stomach Neoplasms/etiology , Case-Control Studies , Diet Surveys , Dietary Carbohydrates/administration & dosage , Dietary Sucrose/administration & dosage , Dietary Sucrose/adverse effects , Female , Humans , Male , Odds Ratio , Stomach Neoplasms/epidemiology , Uruguay/epidemiologyABSTRACT
To examine whether dietary sugar modifies lung cancer risk, a case-control study involving 463 cases with lung cancer and 465 hospitalized controls was conducted in Uruguay in the period 1993-1996. Dietary patterns were assessed in detail using a 64-item food-frequency questionnaire, which allowed the calculation of total energy intake. After adjustment for potential confounders through a model that included tobacco smoking and total energy, total fat, vitamin C, and alpha-carotene intakes, an increased risk for sugar-rich foods, total sucrose intake, sucrose to dietary fiber ratio, and glycemic index for lung cancer was observed (odds ratio for highest category of total sucrose intake = 1.55, 95% confidence interval = 0.99-2.44). When lung cancer was analyzed separately by cell type, odds ratios for small cell and large cell undifferentiated carcinoma were higher than those observed for squamous cell and adenocarcinoma of the lung. The joint effect of pack-years, total fat intake, and sucrose intake was associated with an increased risk of 28.3 (95% confidence interval = 13.4-59.7) for high values of the three variables. The study suggests that high sucrose intake could be an important risk factor in lung carcinogenesis. Further studies, both epidemiological and experimental, are needed to replicate the present findings and to clarify the mechanism(s) of sucrose intake in lung carcinogenesis.
Subject(s)
Dietary Sucrose/adverse effects , Lung Neoplasms/chemically induced , Adult , Age Distribution , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Case-Control Studies , Female , Humans , Lung Neoplasms/etiology , Male , Middle Aged , Odds Ratio , Risk Factors , Smoking/adverse effects , Surveys and Questionnaires , UruguayABSTRACT
This study investigated the effect of drinking tea or coffee on the lung cancer risk of male cigarette smokers in a case-control in Uruguay. Four hundred and twenty-seven lung cancer cases were frequency matched on age and residence with 428 hospitalized controls suffering from conditions unrelated to tobacco smoking and diet. Whereas coffee drinking had no effect on the lung cancer risk of the cigarette-smoking men in this study, black tea consumption decreased this risk. Heavy drinkers of tea (two or more cups of tea per day) were associated with a reduced risk of 0.34 (95% CI 0.14-0.84). This protective effect was more evident among Kreyberg I tumors (squamous cell and small cell) and among light smokers. Possible sources of bias and mechanisms of action are discussed.
Subject(s)
Coffee , Lung Neoplasms/epidemiology , Smoking , Tea , Adult , Age Factors , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Anticarcinogenic Agents , Case-Control Studies , Humans , Lung Neoplasms/prevention & control , Male , Middle Aged , Risk Factors , Rural Population , Socioeconomic Factors , Urban Population , Uruguay/epidemiologyABSTRACT
To examine whether dietary fat and cholesterol modifies lung cancer risk, a case-control study was conducted in Uruguay of 426 men diagnosed from 1993 to 1996 with lung cancer, and 419 hospitalized frequency-matched controls. Dietary patterns were assessed using a 64-item food frequency questionnaire, which allowed the calculation of total energy intake. After adjustment for potential confounders through a model which included tobacco smoking, total energy, a term for all vegetables and fruits, and alpha-carotene intake, an increase in risk for total fat intake for all cell types of lung cancer was observed. Adenocarcinoma of the lung was associated strongly with saturated fat intake (odds ratio [OR] = 2.3, 95 percent confidence interval [CI] = 1.2-4.4), whereas small-cell lung cancer was associated with dietary cholesterol (OR = 2.8, CI = 1.1-7.5). These results suggest that the association of saturated fat and cholesterol could be type-specific, but the high correlation existing between dietary lipids precludes any strong statement about this point.
Subject(s)
Dietary Fats/adverse effects , Lung Neoplasms/epidemiology , Adult , Age Distribution , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Case-Control Studies , Confidence Intervals , Diet/adverse effects , Humans , Incidence , Male , Middle Aged , Odds Ratio , Risk Factors , Uruguay/epidemiologyABSTRACT
Evidence from animal studies indicates that various N-nitroso compounds are carcinogenic. We investigated whether consumption of nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) and foods and beverages containing NDMA are carcinogenic for the lung. In a hospital-based case-control study in Uruguay, dietary intake of NDMA and its food sources was measured in 320 cases of lung cancer and 320 controls afflicted with diseases not related with tobacco use and diet. After adjusting for tobacco smoking and total energy intake, NDMA displayed a significant dose-response pattern, with a 3-fold increase in risk for the higher category of intake. The risks were slightly more elevated for adenocarcinoma of the lung. Also, salted meat consumption and beer intake were associated with an increased risk of lung cancer.
Subject(s)
Carcinogens/adverse effects , Diet/adverse effects , Dimethylnitrosamine/adverse effects , Lung Neoplasms/etiology , Adenocarcinoma/etiology , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Beer/adverse effects , Beverages , Carcinogens/administration & dosage , Carcinoma, Small Cell/etiology , Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/etiology , Case-Control Studies , Dimethylnitrosamine/administration & dosage , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Energy Intake , Female , Food , Food Preservation , Humans , Male , Meat/adverse effects , Middle Aged , Risk Factors , Smoking/adverse effects , Sodium Chloride , UruguayABSTRACT
A case-control study was conducted at the Instituto Nacional de Oncologia, Uruguay, in order to investigate the relationship between meat consumption and lung cancer risk. The study included 256 cases of lung cancer and 284 controls, frequency matched with the cases on age, residence and urban/rural condition. A significant increase in risk of lung cancer associated with red meat, beef and fried meat was observed. The increase in risk was more evident in squamous cell lung cancer. This association remained after controlling for total energy and saturated fat intake, suggesting a possible role of heterocyclic amines in lung carcinogenesis.
Subject(s)
Lung Neoplasms/epidemiology , Meat , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Case-Control Studies , Cholesterol, Dietary/adverse effects , Diet , Dietary Fats/adverse effects , Humans , Lung Neoplasms/etiology , Lung Neoplasms/pathology , Male , Middle Aged , Uruguay/epidemiologyABSTRACT
The authors present the case of an 18 years old male patient with a tumor localized in the skin of the nose, which had a fast evolution provoking in a month regional metastases. Histologically it proved to be an alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma. The clinical and histopathological characters are described, and considerations about the origin of this tumor are made.
