ABSTRACT
OBJETIVOS: Evaluar, en presos con hepatitis C crónica (HCc) pendientes de tratamiento, el coste-efectividad de tratarlos con antivirales de acción directa (AAD) frente a no tratarlos, y analizar el impacto clínico y económico del tratamiento sobre las complicaciones hepáticas y la mortalidad. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: Se desarrolló un modelo de Markov para simular el tratamiento y proyectar la progresión de la enfermedad de una cohorte estimada de 4.408 reclusos con HCc tratados con AAD en dos años (el 50% cada año) frente a ningún tratamiento. En los tratados, se asoció una respuesta viral sostenida del 95%. Las características de los pacientes, las probabilidades de transición, las utilidades y los costes (farmacológicos y estados de salud) se obtuvieron de publicaciones científicas. El modelo estimó costes y resultados en salud, la relación coste-utilidad incremental (RCUI), a partir de los costes totales y años de vida ajustados por calidad (AVAC) y los eventos clínicos evitados. La perspectiva fue la del Sistema Nacional de Salud (SNS) y se aplicó una tasa de descuento anual (el 3%) para costes y resultados en salud. La robustez de los resultados se evaluó mediante un análisis de sensibilidad. RESULTADOS: En la población tratada, el modelo estimó una reducción del 92% de los casos de cirrosis descompensada y del 83% de carcinoma hepatocelular, se evitaron 132 trasplantes hepáticos y disminuyó el 88% la mortalidad hepática. El tratamiento consiguió 5,0/AVAC adicionales (21,2 frente al 16,2), con un coste incremental de 3.473 euros (24.088 frente a 20.615 ) por paciente y una RCUI de 690 /AVAC ganado. DISCUSIÓN: Considerando el umbral de disponibilidad a pagar utilizado en España (22.000-30.000 /AVAC), el tratamiento con AAD en los presos con HCc es una estrategia altamente coste-efectiva, reduce la transmisión, aumenta la supervivencia y reduce las complicaciones hepáticas, así como los costes asociado a su manejo
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of direct-acting antiviral (DAAs) treatment versus non-treatment in prisoners awaiting treatment for chronic hepatitis C (CHC) and to analyse the clinical and economic impact of the treatment on liver complications and mortality. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A lifetime Markov model was developed to simulate treatment and disease progression from an estimated cohort of 4,408 CHC prisoners treated with DAAs over 2 years (50% of patient each year) versus no treatment. In the treated cohort, a sustained viral response of 95% was associated. Patient characteristics, transition probabilities, utilities and costs (pharmacological and healthcare states) were obtained from published literature. The model estimated healthcare costs and benefits, incremental cost-utility ratio (ICUR) based on total costs and the quality-adjusted life year (QALY) and avoided clinical events. A National Healthcare System perspective was adopted with a 3% annual discount rate for both costs and health outcomes. Sensitivity analyses were performed to assess uncertainty. RESULTS: In the DDA treated cohort, the model estimated a decrease of 92% of decompensated cirrhosis and 83% of hepatocellular carcinoma, 88% liver-related mortality cases were reduced, 132 liver transplants were avoided. The treatment achieved an additional 5.0/QALYs (21.2 vs. 16.2) with an incremental cost of 3,473 (24,088 vs. 20,615) per patient with an ICUR of 690 per QALY gained. DISCUSSION: Considering the willingness-to-pay threshold used in Spain (22,000-30,000/QALY), DAAs treatment for prisoners with CHC is a highly cost-effective strategy, reduces infection transmission, increases survival and reduces complications due to liver disease, as well as the cost associated with its management
Subject(s)
Humans , Hepatitis C, Chronic/economics , Hepatitis C, Chronic/therapy , Cost-Benefit Analysis/economics , Prisoners/statistics & numerical data , Spain , Hepatitis C, Chronic/epidemiology , Hepatitis C, Chronic/mortalityABSTRACT
INTRODUCCIÓN: La introducción de las terapias biológicas ha mejorado la calidad de vida de los pacientes con psoriasis y artritis psoriásica, aunque podría haber incrementado su carga económica. OBJETIVO: Revisar los estudios de costes del manejo de la psoriasis y artritis psoriásica en cinco países de Europa (Alemania, España, Francia, Italia y Reino Unido). MÉTODOS: Revisión sistemática de la literatura en Medline y Embase hasta mayo 2015. La calidad metodológica de las publicaciones se evaluó mediante las recomendaciones de la Consolidated Health Economics Reporting Standard (CHEERS). Se consideraron costes directos (sanitarios y no sanitarios) e indirectos, actualizados por la inflación de cada país y ajustados a dólares internacionales 2015 mediante la Paridad de Capacidad Adquisitiva (USD-PPP). RESULTADOS: Se identificaron 775 publicaciones, 68,3% de psoriasis y 31,7% de artritis psoriásica. El coste total anual por paciente osciló entre 2.077-13.132 USD-PPP y 10.924-17.050 USD-PPP en psoriasis y artritis psoriásica, respectivamente. En ambas patologías, la partida con mayor contribución al coste total fue la relacionada con costes directos. Estadios más graves de la enfermedad se asociaron con un aumento de costes. La introducción de terapias biológicas conllevó un incremento de 3 a 5 veces de los costes directos, que repercutió en los costes totales. CONCLUSIONES: Esta revisión pone de manifiesto el impacto económico que supone el tratamiento y manejo de la psoriasis y artritis psoriásica, el cual aumenta en función de la gravedad del paciente y de la inclusión de terapias biológicas
INTRODUCTION: While the introduction of biologics has improved the quality of life of patients with psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis, it may have increased the economic burden of these diseases. OBJECTIVE: To perform a systematic review of studies on the costs associated with managing and treating psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis in 5 European countries: Germany, Spain, France, Italy, and the United Kingdom. METHODS: We undertook a systematic review of the literature (up to May 2015) using the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases. The methodological quality of the studies identified was evaluated using the Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards checklist. We considered both direct costs (medical and nonmedical) and indirect costs, adjusted for country-specific inflation and converted to international dollars using purchasing power parity exchange rates for 2015 ($US PPP). RESULTS: The search retrieved 775 studies; 68.3% analyzed psoriasis and 31.7% analyzed psoriatic arthritis. The total annual cost per patient ranged from US $2,077 to US $13,132 PPP for psoriasis and from US $10,924 to US $17,050 PPP for psoriatic arthritis. Direct costs were the largest component of total expenditure in both diseases. The severity of these diseases was associated with higher costs. The introduction of biologics led to a 3-fold to 5-fold increase in direct costs, and consequently to an increase in total costs. CONCLUSIONS: We have analyzed the economic burden of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis and shown that costs increase with the treatment and management of more severe disease and the use of biologics
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Psoriasis/economics , Psoriasis/epidemiology , Arthritis, Psoriatic/economics , Arthritis, Psoriatic/epidemiology , Cost of Illness , Quality of Life , Biological Therapy/economics , Germany/epidemiology , Spain/epidemiology , France/epidemiology , Italy/epidemiology , United Kingdom/epidemiology , Biological Therapy/methodsABSTRACT
CASO CLÍNICO: Mujer de 41 años de edad con disminución de la agudeza visual bilateral y antecedentes de enfermedad glomerular primaria por depósito de IgA. A la exploración oftalmológica presentaba desprendimientos de neuroepitelio bilaterales que se resolvieron por completo tras 4 meses de diálisis peritoneal. DISCUSIÓN: Los desprendimientos de retina serosos bilaterales son una manifestación rara de la nefropatía IgA, cuya etiología es probablemente multifactorial y cuyo tratamiento es el de la enfermedad de base
CASE REPORT: A 41-year-old woman with a bilateral loss of visual acuity and a history of IgA nephropathy. The ophthalmic examination revealed bilateral neurosensory detachments that resolved completely after four months of peritoneal dialysis. DISCUSSION: Bilateral serous retinal detachments are a rare manifestation of IgA nephropathy, in which the etiology is probably multifactorial and their resolution depends on the underlying disease
Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Retinal Detachment/metabolism , Retinal Detachment/pathology , Glomerulonephritis, IGA/diagnosis , Glomerulonephritis, IGA/metabolism , Peritoneal Dialysis/methods , Nephrotic Syndrome/metabolism , Therapeutics/methods , Retinal Detachment/rehabilitation , Retinal Detachment/surgery , Glomerulonephritis, IGA/complications , Glomerulonephritis, IGA/pathology , Peritoneal Dialysis , Nephrotic Syndrome/complications , Therapeutics/standardsABSTRACT
Objetivo: Estimar el coste de tratamiento de blefarospasmo, distonía cervical (DC), espasticidad del brazo del adulto (EBA) y espasticidad del niño con parálisis cerebral infantil (EPCI) con las presentaciones de neurotoxina botulínica tipo A (NTB-A) en España. Método: Se calculó el coste anual de tratamiento con NTB-A(Euros, 2013; PVL oficial publicado aplicando deducciones del RDL8/2010 y RDL 9/2011), en función de la dosis inicial (di), dosis media (dm) y dosis máxima (dmax) en base a los viales por sesión según fichas técnicas de Botox(R) (100U y 50U), Dysport(R)(500U) y Xeomin® (100U), considerando los músculos comunes en cada indicación. Adicionalmente, se calculó el coste considerando la población total de pacientes según prevalencia y la reutilización de viales en más de un paciente. Resultados: El coste anual/paciente con NTB-A supondría entre 265Euros y 2.120Euros con un ahorro entre el 10% y 55% según la NTB-A seleccionada. DC y EBA presentarían el mayor coste/paciente. Botox(R) generaría un menor coste en EBA (di/dm) y DC(di) y en blefarospasmo y EPCI (di/dm/dmax). Dysport(R) tiene el menor coste en DC (dmax) y EBA (dmax) y Xeomin® en DC(dm). El coste anual por población según prevalencia supone entre 368.392 Euros y 13.958.836 Euros según indicación, dosis y NTB-A seleccionada. Conclusiones: Una selección adecuada de las presentaciones de NTB-A para cada indicación permitiría generar importantes ahorros para el Sistema Nacional de Salud. Botox(R) conseguiría menores costes anuales/paciente frente al resto de NTB-A en 9 de los 12 escenarios considerados
Objective: To estimate treatment costs of blepharospasm, cervical dystonia (CD), upper limb spasticity (ULS) and spasticity in children with cerebral palsy (SCCP) with botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT-A) in Spain. Method: Annual BoNT-A treatment costs were calculated (2013 ex-factory price (Euros) applying RDL 8/2010 and RDL 9/2011 deductions), based on initial dose (id), average dose (ad) and maximum dose (md) according to Summary of Product Characteristics of Botox® (100U/50U), Dysport® (500U) and Xeomin® (100U) and considering the use of complete vials. In addition, annual treatment costs were calculated considering the use of vials in more than one patient and also patient population annual treatment costs based on diseases prevalence. Results: Annual BoNT-A treatment costs per patient were estimated at between Euros265 and Euros2,120 with savings from 10% to 55% according to the selected BoNT-A. CD and ULS treatment provided the greatest cost per patient. Botox® provided greater savings in ULS (id/ad), CD(id), and in blepharospasm and SCCP (id/ad/md). Dysport® treatment was less costly in CD (md) and ULS (md), while Xeomin® was in CD(ad). Based on the estimated treated population in Spain, the annual treatment costs ranged from Euros368,392 to Euros13,958,836 depending on indication, dose and BoNT-A considered. Conclusions: The appropriate BoNT-A choice would lead to considerable savings for the National Health System. Botox® would generate lower costs per patient than other BoNT-A products in 9 out of 12 scenarios considered (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Botulinum Toxins/therapeutic use , Dystonic Disorders/drug therapy , Blepharospasm/drug therapy , Muscle Spasticity/drug therapy , Drug Costs/statistics & numerical data , Drug Utilization/economicsABSTRACT
Antecedentes: La gravedad de la psoriasis parece estar relacionada con una pobre autoevaluación de la salud mental. Objetivos: Evaluar el impacto que tiene la gravedad de la psoriasis sobre los trastornos de ansiedad y del estado de ánimo. Metodología: Estudio prospectivo, observacional y multicéntrico realizado por 123 dermatólogos en España. Los pacientes con psoriasis moderada a grave (n = 164; edad media [DE] 45,11 [13,92] años; 60,8% hombres) fueron valorados al inicio del estudio y 4 meses más tarde. Para medir la gravedad de la psoriasis se usó el Índice de Severidad y Área de Psoriasis (PASI) con un rango de puntuación entre 0 (leve) y 72 (grave); el área de superficie corporal afectada (BSA) y las puntuaciones de la evaluación global del médico (PGA) entre 1 (leve) y 7 (grave). La salud mental se evaluó utilizando la escala hospitalaria de ansiedad y depresión (HADS), con una puntuación total entre 0 y 42 (los valores más altos representan peor salud mental). Se compararon la media de las puntuaciones obtenidas en la primera y segunda visita. Resultados: La media (DE) de las puntuaciones mejoraron entre la primera y la segunda visita de la siguiente manera: de 13,24 (9,50) a 5,07 (6,03) para el PASI; de 12,52 (7,92) a 10,78 (7,32) para el HADS global, de 7,83 (4,55) a 6,85 (4,21) para el HADS subescala de ansiedad y de 4,72 (4,12) a 3,95 (3,76) para el HADS subescala de depresión (P < 0,001 en todos los casos). El análisis multivariante mostró que los principales factores relacionados con la ansiedad fueron la gravedad de la psoriasis, el género y la finalización de los estudios de licenciatura. Las variables independientes incluidas en el modelo de estudio para la depresión fueron la gravedad de la psoriasis, el género y la psoriasis localizada en la cabeza. Conclusiones: La reducción en la gravedad de la enfermedad mejora la autoevaluación de los trastornos del estado de ánimo y de la ansiedad en pacientes con psoriasis de moderada a grave (AU)
Background: Poor self-assessed mental health appears to be related to the severity of psoriasis. Objective: To evaluate the impact of psoriasis severity on mood and anxiety disorders. Methods: A prospective, observational, multicenter study was conducted by 123 dermatologists in Spain. Patients (n = 164; mean [SD] age, 45.11 [13.92] years; 60.8% males) with moderate to severe psoriasis were evaluated at baseline and 4 months later. Psoriasis severity was measured using the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI), with a score range of 0 (mild) to 72 (severe); body surface area involvement (BSA); and physician global assessment (PGA) scores, with a range of 1 (mild) to 7 (severe). Mental health was assessed using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), with a total possible score of 042 (higher scores representing worse mental health). Mean first and second visit scores were compared. Results: Mean (SD) scores improved between the first and second visit as follows: 13.24 (9.50) to 5.07 (6.03) for PASI, 12.52 (7.92) to 10.78 (7.32) for overall HADS, 7.83 (4.55) to 6.85 (4.21) for the HADS anxiety subscale, and 4.72 (4.12) to 3.95 (3.76) for the HADS depression subscale (P < 0.001 in all cases). Multivariate analyses showed that the main factors related to anxiety were psoriasis severity, sex, and completion of graduate studies. The independent variables included in the model for depression were psoriasis severity, sex, and psoriasis located on the head. Conclusions: Reductions in disease severity improve self-assessed mood and anxiety disorders in patients with moderate to severe psoriasis (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Anxiety/epidemiology , Mood Disorders/epidemiology , Psoriasis/psychology , Depression/epidemiology , Diagnostic Self Evaluation , Prospective Studies , Sickness Impact Profile , Severity of Illness IndexABSTRACT
Antecedentes: La psoriasis se asocia a un deterioro de la Calidad de Vida Relacionada con la Salud (CVRS) de los pacientes. El objetivo de este estudio fue valorar la CVRS en pacientes con psoriasis moderada a grave. Métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio prospectivo observacional (Estudio VACAP) sobre 1217 pacientes distribuidos en 123 centros de España. Los pacientes fueron evaluados al inicio del estudio (visita 1 [V1]) y de nuevo 4 meses más tarde (visita 2 [V2]). Para determinar la gravedad de la psoriasis se emplearon los siguientes índices: a) el índice de gravedad y de área de la psoriasis (Psoriasis Area and Severity Index [PASI]) (valores entre 0-72, las puntuaciones más altas indican una mayor gravedad de la enfermedad); b) el índice de superficie corporal afectada (Body Surface Area [BSA]), y c) la evaluación general efectuada por el médico (Physicians Global Assessment [PGA]) (intervalo entre 17: los valores más altos son indicativos de una enfermedad más grave). Para evaluar la CVRS se utilizaron 4 tipos de cuestionarios: a) el Cuestionario de Calidad de Vida SF-36 (SF-36) (escala entre 0100, los valores más altos indican una mejor CVRS); b) el EuroQol (EQ-5D) (intervalo comprendido entre 13, cuanto más bajos sean los resultados obtenidos mejor es la CVRS); c) el Índice de Calidad de Vida en Dermatología (Dermatology Life Quality Index [DLQI]) (intervalo entre 030; de mejor a peor CVRS); y d) el Índice de Discapacidad de la Psoriasis (Psoriasis Disability Index [PDI]) (escala de puntuación entre 045, los datos más altos muestran una mejor CVRS). Resultados: La edad media de los pacientes (desviación estándar [DS]) en la V1 fue de 45,11 (13,92) años. La edad media de inicio de la psoriasis fue de 26,08 (14,19) años. La mayoría de los pacientes eran mujeres (61%) y trabajadoras (68%). El valor medio del PASI fue de 13,24 (9,59) en la V1 y de 5,07 (6,03) en la V2 (p < 0,001). Las puntuaciones de los cuestionarios de CVRS genéricos (EQ-5D, SF-36) mejoraron significativamente en todas las dimensiones evaluadas entre las 2 visitas (p < 0,001). Los cuestionarios específicos de enfermedad también revelaron la mejoría general de la calidad de vida a lo largo del tiempo: la puntuación media total del DLQI fue de 8,97 (7,28) en la V1 y de 4,76 (5,72) en la V2 (p < 0,001), y los valores medios totales del PDI fueron de 9,24 (8,76) en la V1 y 4,88 (6,65) en la V2 (p < 0,001). El análisis multivariado, siendo el PDI la variable dependiente, mostró que los principales factores relacionados con la CVRS eran la gravedad de la psoriasis, medida por PASI, (p < 0,001) y el sexo (p = 0,048). Conclusiones: El principal factor relacionado con la CVRS en pacientes con psoriasis es la gravedad de la enfermedad (AU)
Background: Psoriasis is associated with a deterioration in the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of affected patients. The aim of this study was to assess the HRQoL of patients with moderate-to-severe psoriasis. Methods: A prospective observational study (the VACAP Study) was carried out in 123 centers in Spain with 1217 patients. Patients were evaluated at baseline (visit 1 [V1]) and again four months later (visit 2 [V2]). The severity of psoriasis was determined using the following indices: (I) Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) (score range 072, higher score indicates more severe disease), (II) the body surface area (BSA) affected, and (III) the Physicians Global Assessment (PGA) (range 17, higher score indicates more severe disease). Four questionnaires were used for the assessment of the HRQoL: (I) the Short-Form 36 quality-of-life questionnaire (SF-36) (score range 0100, higher score indicates better HRQoL); (II) Euroqol (EQ-5D) (range from 1 to 3, lower score indicates better HRQoL); (III) Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) (ranges 030; from best to worst HRQoL); and (IV) Psoriasis Disability Index (PDI) (ranges 045; higher score indicates better HRQoL). Results: The mean (SD) age of the patients was 45.11 ( 13.92) years at V1. The mean age at the onset of psoriasis was 26.08 (14.19) years. The majority of patients were female (61%) and were employed (68%). The mean PASI score was 13.24 (9.50) at V1 and 5.07 (6.03) at V2 (P < 0.001). Scores from the generic HRQoL questionnaires (EQ-5D, SF-36) showed significant improvement between visits in all dimensions measured (P < 0.001). The disease-specific questionnaires also revealed overall improvements in quality of life over time: the DLQI mean total score was 8.97 (7.28) at V1 and 4.76 (5.72) at V2 (P < 0.001), and the PDI mean total score was 9.24 (8.76) V1 and 4.88 (6.65) at V2 (P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis using PDI as the dependent variable showed that the principal factors related to HRQoL were severity of psoriasis as measured by PASI (P < .001), and gender (P = 0.048). Conclusions: The principal factor related to HRQoL in patients with psoriasis is the severity of the disease (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Young Adult , Adult , Middle Aged , Psoriasis , Quality of Life , Surveys and Questionnaires , Demography , Prospective Studies , Spain , Severity of Illness IndexABSTRACT
Introducción: Los pacientes con ictus asociado a fibrilación auricular no valvular (FANV) constituyen un grupo específico con gran repercusión social y económica. El objetivo principal del estudio CONOCES, cuyo protocolo se presenta en ese trabajo, es comparar los costes del infarto cerebral en los pacientes con FANV frente a los pacientes sin FANV en el ámbito sanitario español ingresados en unidades de ictus, utilizando la perspectiva de la sociedad. Materiales y métodos: CONOCES es un estudio epidemiológico, observacional, naturalístico, prospectivo y multicéntrico de los costes de la enfermedad, en una muestra de pacientes que ha sufrido un ictus establecido e ingresado en una unidad de ictus, en el ámbito sanitario español. El periodo de seguimiento será de 12 meses. Se recogerán variables sociodemográficas, clínicas, la escala de ictus del NIH, el nivel de discapacidad, el grado de dependencia funcional mediante la escala de Rankin modificada y el consumo de recursos sanitarios (hospitalización en el primer episodio, reingresos, rehabilitación ambulatoria, material ortoprotésico, medicación para la prevención secundaria, consultas médicas, atención de enfermería, servicios sociales de atención formal). También se registrará la renta mensual estimada, la pérdida de productividad laboral y la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud con el cuestionario genérico EQ-5D. Por último se entrevistará directamente al cuidador para conocer la pérdida de productividad, los cuidados informales prestados y la sobrecarga del cuidador. Resultados y conclusiones: La aportación del estudio CONOCES permitirá profundizar en las diferencias del impacto tanto económico como clínico del ictus en función de su asociación con la FANV (AU)
Introduction: Patients with stroke associated with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) are a specific group, and their disease has a considerable social and economic impact. The primary objective of the CONOCES study, the protocol of which is presented here, is to compare the costs of stroke in NVAF patients to those of patients without NVAF in Spanish stroke units from a societal perspective. Materials and methods: CONOCES is an epidemiological, observational, naturalistic, prospective, multicentre study of the cost of the illness in a sample of patients who have suffered a stroke and were admitted to a Spanish stroke unit. During a 12-month follow-up period, we record sociodemographic and clinical variables, score on the NIH stroke scale, level of disability, degree of functional dependency according to the modified Rankin scale, and use of healthcare resources (hospitalisation at the time of the first episode, readmissions, outpatient rehabilitation, orthotic and/or prosthetic material, medication for secondary prevention, medical check-ups, nursing care and formal social care services). Estimated monthly income, lost work productivity and health-related quality of life measured with the generic EQ-5D questionnaire are also recorded. We also administer a direct interview to the caregiver to determine loss of productivity, informal care, and caregiver burden. Results and conclusions: The CONOCES study will provide more in-depth information about the economic and clinical impact of stroke according to whether or not it is associated with NVAF (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Stroke/epidemiology , Atrial Fibrillation/epidemiology , /statistics & numerical data , Statistics on Sequelae and Disability , Quality of LifeABSTRACT
OBJETIVO: Proporcionar estimadores de la eficiencia de esquemas oncológicos empleados en España. MÉTODOS: Se seleccionaron las publicaciones de ensayos clínicos en fase III usados para indicación de las terapias oncológicas de alto impacto empleadas para tratamiento de tumores sólidos en estadíos III-IV. Para cada esquema se calculó la relación coste-eficacia incremental (RCEI) respecto al comparador del ensayo, con la perspectiva del Sistema Nacional de Salud. El coste (€, 2012) farmacológico, en PVL, de cada esquema y comparador se estimó con las unidades de medicamento requeridas en cada administración (aprovechamiento máximo de viales) considerando la posología y el número de ciclos especificado en el ensayo para cada una de las ramas. La efectividad se expresó en meses de supervivencia global (SG) y/o supervivencia libre de progresión (SLP). RESULTADOS: Se analizaron 40 esquemas oncológicos para trece tumores metastásicos. La SG osciló entre 5,3 y 33,3 meses para las 34 terapias que incluían esa información, con valores de hazard ratio (HR) respecto a sus comparadores de 0,49 a 1,15. La SLP osciló entre 1,5 y 12,4 meses para las 39 terapias con este dato, con HR de 0,33 a 1,52. Los valores de RCEI oscilaron entre 2.142,57 €-60.996,37 €/mes de SG adicional y entre 2.102,54 €-661.845,27 €/mes de SLP adicional. CONCLUSIÓN: La dispersión y heterogeneidad de la supervivencia y RCEI estimadas, sugieren disparidad de criterios en la decisión de precio y financiación de las terapias, en España. Los continuos avances en terapias oncológicas parecen requerir reevaluaciones económicas de los medicamentos (AU)
OBJECTIVE: To provide estimates of the efficiency for chemotherapy strategies used in Spain. METHODS: Published reports of the phase-Ill clinical trials for chemotherapies used for the most prevalent solid tumours in Spain were retrieved. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was calculated for each strategy compared to the control group in the clinical trial, with the National Health System perspective. The total cost (€, 2012) including only drug cost (ex-factory price) was estimated based on the total units of each drug required for administration (no vial wastage), with the dosification and number of cycles specified in the publication for each treatment arm. Effectiveness was measured as month of overall survival (OS) and/or month of progression free survival (PFS). RESULTS: A total of 40 chemotherapies for 13 different advanced or metastatic tumours were assessed. OS ranged from 5.3 to 33.3 months for the 34 therapies that included the information with hazard ratios (HR) values from 0.49 to 1.15 when compared with its control group. PFS ranged, from 39 therapies with these data, between 1.5 to 12.4 months, with HR from 0.33 to 1.52. ICERs were between €2,142.57 and €60,996.37 per each OS month gained, and from €2,102.54 to €661,845.27 per PFS month gained. CONCLUSION: The variety and heterogenicity of survival and ICERs results, suggest disparity of criteria in the price and reimbursement process of drugs in Spain. The continuous advances in oncology seem to require economic revaluations of drugs (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Neoplasms/drug therapy , Pharmaceutical Services , Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use , 50303 , Disease-Free Survival , Drug Costs/statistics & numerical dataABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Takayasu's arteritis (TA) is a chronic inflammatory disease affecting the large arteries and their branches; its etiology is still unknown. In individuals suffering from TA, arterial inflammation progresses to stenosis and/or occlusion, leading to organ damage and affecting survival. Relation of TA with Mycobacterium tuberculosis has been known, but there have been only a few systematic studies focusing on this association. The IS6110 sequence identifies the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and the HupB establishes the differences between M. tuberculosis and M. bovis. Our objective was to search the presence of IS6110 and HupB genes in aorta of patients with TA. METHODS: We analyzed aorta tissues embedded in paraffin from 5760 autopsies obtained from our institution, we divided the selected samples as cases and controls; CASES: aortic tissues of individuals with Takayasu's arteritis. Control positive: aortic tissues (with tuberculosis disease confirmed) and control negative with other disease aortic (atherosclerosis). RESULTS: Of 181 selected aorta tissues, 119 fulfilled the corresponding criteria for TA, TB or atherosclerosis. Thus 33 corresponded to TA, 33 to tuberculosis (TB) and 53 to atherosclerosis. The mean age was 22 ± 13, 41 ± 19, and 57 ± 10, respectively. IS6110 and HupB sequences were detected in 70% of TA tissues, 82% in tuberculosis, and in 32% with atherosclerosis. Important statistical differences between groups with TA, tuberculosis versus atherosclerosis (p = 0.004 and 0.0001, respectively) were found. CONCLUSION: We identified a higher frequency of IS6110 and HupB genes in aortic tissues of TA patients. This data suggests that arterial damage could occur due to previous infection with M. tuberculosis.
Subject(s)
Aorta/metabolism , Aorta/microbiology , Bacterial Proteins/metabolism , Histones/metabolism , Mycobacterium bovis/metabolism , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/metabolism , Takayasu Arteritis/metabolism , Takayasu Arteritis/microbiology , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Child , Female , Humans , In Vitro Techniques , Male , Middle Aged , Young AdultABSTRACT
Treatment of anaemia is a very important aspect in the management of cancer patients. In order to carry out a consensus process about the use of erythropoietic stimulating agents (ESAs) in cancer patients, the Spanish Society of Medical Oncology (SEOM) elaborated a working group which coordinated a panel of medical oncology specialists. This working group has reviewed the main issues about the use of ESAs. In addition a consensus meeting was held in Madrid on 25 April 2007. The following conclusions were made: Since ESA treatment increases the haemoglobin (Hb) level and decreases the red blood cell (RBC) transfusion requirements, ESAs should be used within the approved indications in patients undergoing chemotherapy treatment, beginning at a Hb level below 11 g/dl and maintaining it around 12 g/dl, with iron supplements if necessary. Neither increasing the ESA dose in nonresponders nor the use of ESAs in the treatment of chronic cancer-related anaemia is recommended.
Subject(s)
Anemia/complications , Anemia/drug therapy , Hematinics/therapeutic use , Medical Oncology/methods , Neoplasms/complications , Antineoplastic Agents/adverse effects , Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use , Blood Transfusion , Chronic Disease/therapy , Clinical Trials as Topic , Erythrocytes/metabolism , Hemoglobins/metabolism , Humans , Iron/metabolism , Practice Guidelines as Topic , SpainABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Chronic renal damage is associated with inflammatory infiltration, fibrosis and vascular lesion, coupled with increased expression of cyclo-oxygenase 2 (COX-2) and transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1). However, the role of inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS-2) is still controversial. Thus, we studied the contribution of NOS-2 to the expression levels of COX-2 and TGF-beta1, as well as the structural renal injury in rats with subtotal renal ablation (5/6 Nx). METHODS: Four groups of rats were studied: sham, 5/6 Nx, 5/6 Nx+aminoguanidine (AG) and 5/6 NX+L-NIL (L-N6-iminoethyl-lysine). Systolic blood pressure (SBP), proteinuria and creatinine (Cr) clearance were measured. NOS-2, COX-2 and TGF-beta1 gene expression was determined by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase-chain reaction. Protein expression was evaluated by western blot and ELISA (TGF-beta1). Immunohistochemistry and morphometry were performed for NOS-2, microvascular thickening and fibrosis. RESULTS: Systemic hypertension and marked proteinuria, increased expression of NOS-2, COX-2 and TGF-beta1, thickening of arteriolar wall and tubulointerstitial fibrosis were produced in 5/6 Nx rats. Chronic inhibition of NOS-2 did not prevent arterial hypertension or the fall in Cr clearance, but partially reduced proteinuria. Nevertheless, AG and L-NIL preserved arteriolar morphology and the administration of both selective inhibitors of inducible NOS (AG and L-NIL) prevented NOS-2 overexpression. CONCLUSION: This study shows that NOS-2 was markedly enhanced in renal tissue of 5/6 Nx rats. Moreover, treatment with AG and L-NIL prevented the morpho-functional changes induced by subtotal renal ablation, despite persistence of systemic hypertension, suggesting that high concentrations of nitric oxide produced by NOS-2 could act as a positive modulator of the proinflammatory and profibrotic pathways involved in the progression of renal disease.
Subject(s)
Cyclooxygenase 2/biosynthesis , Cyclooxygenase 2/genetics , Kidney Cortex/enzymology , Kidney Cortex/pathology , Nephrectomy , Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II/antagonists & inhibitors , Transforming Growth Factor beta1/biosynthesis , Transforming Growth Factor beta1/genetics , Animals , Kidney Cortex/blood supply , Kidney Cortex/metabolism , Ligation , Male , Nitric Oxide/physiology , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Renal Artery/surgeryABSTRACT
Nursing was qualified to carry out an in depth study on the effects diabetes has on feet by means of an educational intervention complemented by a pre- and post-intervention transversal study 268 primary care center nurses who deal with diabetics in 34 basic health areas participated in this study This project was sponsored by SALUD, the Aragon Health service, in 2000 and it lasted two years. This study was presented at the XI FEAED (Spanish Federation of Associations of Educators in Diabetes) Congress which took place in Valencia in 2004.
Subject(s)
Diabetic Foot/physiopathology , Diabetic Foot/epidemiology , Diabetic Foot/therapy , Foot/blood supply , Foot/diagnostic imaging , Health Promotion , Humans , Patient Education as Topic , Ultrasonography, Doppler, DuplexSubject(s)
ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters , Animals, Genetically Modified , Drosophila Proteins/genetics , Drosophila melanogaster/genetics , Nuclear Proteins/genetics , Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/genetics , Transcription Factors/genetics , Animals , DNA-Binding Proteins , Drosophila Proteins/metabolism , Enhancer Elements, Genetic , Eye/growth & development , Eye Proteins/genetics , Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental , Nuclear Proteins/metabolism , Wings, Animal/growth & developmentABSTRACT
Regiospecific hydrosilylation of 1-bromo-4-(prop-2-enyl)benzene offers an efficient route to molecular building block precursors that can accommodate sequential divergent and convergent steps for dendritic extension, establishing a modular methodology for assembly and organization of connectivity used for synthesis of modified carbosilane dendrimers including 14.