Modification of the Forms of Self-Determined Regulation and Quality of Life after a Cardiac Rehabilitation Programme: Tennis-Based vs. Bicycle Ergometer-Based.

BACKGROUND: The objective is to analyse and compare the effects of an adapted tennis cardiac rehabilitation programme and a classical bicycle ergometer-based programme on the type of motivation towards sports practice and quality of life in patients classified as low risk after suffering acute coronary syndrome. METHODS: The Behavioural Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire (BREQ-2) and Velasco's Qualityof Life Test were applied. The sample comprised 110 individuals (age = 55.05 ± 9.27) divided into two experimental groups (tennis and bicycle ergometer) and a control group. RESULTS: The intra-group analysis showed a significant increase between pre- and post-test results in intrinsic regulation in the tennis group and in the control group. In identified regulation, the bicycle ergometer group presented significant differences from the control group. On the other hand, in the external regulation variable, only the tennis group showed significant differences, which decreased. Significant improvements in all quality-of-life factors when comparing the pre-test period with the post-test period were only found in the experimental groups. As per the inter-group analysis, significant differences were observed in favour of the tennis group with respect to the control group in the variables of health, social relations and leisure, and work time as well as in favour of the bicycle ergometer group compared with the control group in the variables of health, sleep and rest, future projects and mobility. No significant differences were found in any of the variables between the tennis group and the bicycle ergometer group. CONCLUSION: It is relevant to enhance the practice of physical exercise in infarcted patients classified as low risk as it improves the forms of more self-determined regulation towards sporting practice and their quality of life.

Fetal growth restriction: From Polyvagal theory to developmental impairments?

BACKGROUND: The Polyvagal theory argues that behavioral modulation is a fundamental neurodevelopmental process that depends on autonomic regulation. OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to assess sleep architecture in newborns with fetal growth restriction (FGR) using polysomnography as an indicator of Polyvagal theory. METHODS: We studied polysomnography recordings from 68 preterm infants, 34 with FGR and 34 born with appropriate growth for gestational age (AGA), who were matched according to the corrected age for prematurity (CA). Total sleep time, arousals, the percentage of quiet sleep, active sleep, indeterminate sleep, and heart rate were compared between the groups. Linear multiple regression analyses were used to evaluate polysomnography data for the FGR and AGA groups. RESULTS: Average heart rate was significantly lower in most FGR groups compared with AGA groups, and small to large effect sizes were observed in several sleep responses when comparing these groups. In the lineal regression model the CA explains significantly the differences in heart rate, controlled by FGR (p = .012). Additionally, there was evidence that sleeping states show similar trends, that is, increases in quiet and indeterminate sleep, as well as decreases in active sleep when CA was controlled by FGR. CONCLUSION: FGR probably intensifies the unfavorable effect of preterm birth in the responses evaluated by polysomnography. It seems that FGR is associated with alteration in sleep regulation and with differences in heart rate modulation, which may serve as a strategy to preserve energy and such differences likely underlie neurodevelopmental impairments in affected newborns.

La capacidad de los neonatos de regular sus estados de conciencia y la habituación ¿marcadores tempranos de dificultades en el desarrollo? / Neonatal capacity of regulation of behavioral states and habituation ¿Early markers of neurodevelopment impairment?

Desde la etapa neonatal, la detección temprana de marcadores conductuales de alteraciones sutiles en el neurodesarrollo, es un campo todavía en crecimiento. El objetivo de esta revisión es describir los mecanismos que subyacen a la conducta del neonato durante la aplicación de la subescala de habituación que forma parte de la Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS), con especial énfasis en la vía visual. Se destacan el papel de la habituación y la regulación de los estados de conciencia como los mecanismos fundamentales durante el primer estímulo y del segundo al décimo estímulo, en dicha escala. Estos procesos representan una capacidad fundamental para la adaptación del recién nacido y se discuten sus posibles implicaciones en el desempeño cognitivo posterior.

Since the neonatal stage, early detection of behavioral markers of subtle impairments in neurodevelopment is a field still under growth. The objective of this review is to describe the mechanisms underlying neonatal behavior during the habituation scale of NBAS, that emphasizes the visual pathway. The role of habituation and the regulation of behavioral states are highlighted during the first stimuli and the second to ten stimuli, during performance of NBAS. Those processes represent a fundamental capacity for newborns´ adaptation and are discussed in line to later cognitive performance.

Tennis training sessions as a rehabilitation instrument for patients after acute myocardial infarction.

The aims of this study were to measure the effects of a cardiac rehabilitation program based on a modification of a sport (tennis) on quality of life, on various laboratory test parameters and on an exercise stress test, and to determine if the results of this novel activity are equivalent to those of traditional programs (i.e., the use of the bicycle ergometer). The sample consisted of 79 patients with a low-risk acute coronary syndrome. They were divided into three groups: two experimental groups and one control group. One of the experimental groups used the bicycle ergometer as its main physical activity, whereas the other received training in a modified form of tennis lesson. By the end of the 3-month program, triglycerides, cholesterol LDL, cholesterol HDL, (-25 mg·dl(-1) and 32.3 mg·dl(-1) final, and 15.7 mg·dl(-1) and 23.3 mg·dl(-1) LDL final, respectively) and exercise capacity improved significantly (by 1.1 metabolic equivalents (METs) and 1.2 METs, respectively), in both experimental groups. We conclude that the application of a comprehensive cardiac rehabilitation program in patients with low-risk acute coronary syndrome based on a program of modified tennis improves exercise tolerance and metabolic parameters, as well as certain physical characteristics that reduce cardiovascular risk. Key PointsCardiac rehabilitation of low risk patients with acute coronary syndrome based on a program of modified tennis produces an improvement in quality of life, lipid profiles and in exercise toleranceA cardiac rehabilitation program based on a modification of tennis produces favourable changes in various anthropometric parameters related to the reduction of cardiovascular riskThe development of programs of cardiac rehabilitation based on modified versions of various sports would advantage the adherence to physical exercise.

Dorsolateral frontal cortex and peripheral muscarinic receptors participation in the discriminative stimulus properties of scopolamine in rats.

Organisms are capable of making decisions based on their ability to discriminate between different stimuli. This principle is fundamental for the adaptation of organisms to their environment, by emitting appropriate behaviors based on a previously acquired discriminative process. The present study analyzed the participation of the peripheral nervous system, the M1 muscarinic receptor subtype, as well as the contribution of the dorsolateral frontal cortex to discrimination process using scopolamine as discriminative stimulus. Male Wistar rats were trained to discriminate between scopolamine (1.0 mg/kg) and saline injections (i.p.) using a two-lever operant procedure. Once discrimination was acquired, generalization curves for scopolamine, methylscopolamine, pirenzepine, dorsolateral frontal cortex lesion and control conditions were obtained. Results showed that rats were able to discriminate and generalize its responses to different doses of scopolamine but not for methylscopolamine or pirenzepine, thus the data suggest that discriminative properties of scopolamine are processed in CNS and that the M1 receptor does not participate in this process. Dorsolateral frontal cortex lesion did not produce any statistically significant difference in the generalization curve, which suggests that a system different from the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex may be responsible for the control of stimulus produced by scopolamine.

Los mecanismos pre y postsinápticos que intervienen en la inducción y mantenimiento de la potenciación a largo plazo / Pre and post synaptic mechanisms involved in the inductment and maintainance of long-term potentiation

La modificación en la fortaleza de las conexiones sinápticas es una variable crítica que contribuye en varios aspectos al funcionamiento del sistema nervioso, incluyendo al aprendizaje, a la memoria (24,34,40), y en algunas neuropatologías. Cualquier modelo que presente una modificación sotenida en la respuesta sináptica representa posibilidad de analizar los mecanismos plásticos y adaptativos del sistema nervioso, así como el efecto de ciertas drogas de uso psiquiátrico sobre estos mecanismos o de sus características bajo condiciones patológicas. La Potenciación a Largo Plazo (LTP, del inglés Long-term potentiation), se ubica actualmente como uno de los modelos más útiles de plasticidad neuronal. En general, existe el acuerdo de que la LTP, definida como un incremento de larga duración en la eficacia sináptica, presenta dos fases: inducción y mantenimiento. Diversos estudios han sugerido que los principales mecanismos que intervienen en la inducción de la LTP incluyen la participación (principalmente en el giro dentado y en el área CA1 del hipocampo) de los receptores tipo NMDA(N-metil-D-aspartato) y no-NMDA, del calcio, etc. La dinámica de estos mecanismos explica algunas de las características principales de la LTP: la especificidad sináptica, la cooperatividad y la asociatividad. Con respecto a la fase de mantenimiento, hay controversia acerca de si los mecanismos responsables de la persistencia del fenómeno son exclusivamente presinápticos, postsinápticos o si comprenden a ambos sitios de la sinapsis(12), aunque, al parecer, esta última opción es la más viable. En múltiples investigaciones se ha referido que la inducción o el mantenimiento de la LTP pueden verse alterados bajo diversas situaciones: ya sea por la presencia de agonistas o antagonistas del glutamato, del GABA, de la estructura anatómica donde se estudia o por los parámetros de estimulación eléctrica utilizada para la inducción. En aspectos realcionados con la práctica clínica se ha señalado que la LTP puede modificarse por sustancias empleadas en la farmacoterapia psiquiátrica, en modelo experimentales de epilepsia, o que algunos de los mecanismo celulares importantes en la LTP se presentan alterados mientras que otros se preservan en el cerebro de pacientes con trastornos neurodegenerativos como la enfermedad de Alzheimer