Digital planning and bone regenerative technologies: A narrative review.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this narrative review was to explore the application of digital technologies (DT) for the simplification and improvement of bone augmentation procedures in advanced implant dentistry. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A search on electronic databases was performed to identify systematic reviews, meta-analyses, randomized and non-randomized controlled trials, prospective/retrospective case series, and case reports related to the application of DT in advanced implant dentistry. RESULTS: Seventy-nine articles were included. Potential fields of application of DT are the following: 1) the use of intra-oral scanners for the definition of soft tissue profile and the residual dentition; 2) the use of dental lab CAD (computer-aided design) software to create a digital wax-up replicating the ideal ridge and tooth morphology; 3) the matching of STL (Standard Triangulation Language) files with DICOM (DIgital COmmunication in Medicine) files from CBCTs with a dedicated software; 4) the production of stereolithographic 3D models reproducing the jaws and the bone defects; 5) the creation of surgical templates to guide implant placement and augmentation procedures; 6) the production of customized meshes for bone regeneration; and 7) the use of static or dynamic computer-aided implant placement. CONCLUSIONS: Results from this narrative review seem to demonstrate that the use of a partially or fully digital workflow can be successfully used also in advanced implant dentistry. However, the number of studies (in particular RCTs) focused on the use of a fully digital workflow in advanced implant dentistry is still limited and more studies are needed to properly evaluate the potentials of DT.

Group 5 ITI Consensus Report: Implant placement and loading protocols.

OBJECTIVES: Working Group 5 was convened to discuss and find consensus on the topics of implant placement and loading protocols associated with single missing teeth in the anterior maxilla (aesthetic zone). Consensus statements, clinical recommendations, patient perspectives and future research suggestions were developed and presented to the plenary for discussion and approval. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two systematic reviews were developed and submitted prior to the conference. The group considered in detail the systematic reviews and developed statements, clinical recommendations, patient perspectives and future research suggestions based on the findings of the reviews and experience of group members. Definitive versions were developed after presentation to and discussion by the plenary. RESULTS: Five consensus statements were developed and approved from each systematic review. Twelve clinical recommendations were developed by the group based on both reviews and experience. Three patient perspectives were developed, and five suggestions made for future research. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the findings of the systematic reviews and experience of group members, the Type 1A protocol (immediate placement and immediate loading), when utilized in the anterior maxilla under favorable conditions, is considered predictable and is associated with high survival rates. The procedure is considered clinically viable and is associated with aesthetic outcomes, although surgical, technical, and biological complications can occur.

A Clinical Classification System for the Treatment of Postextraction Sites.

A postextraction socket is always open to different treatment possibilities. A straightforward clinical classification may help evaluate which surgical approach is best suited for the case being treated. Four different classes are defined on the basis of the local anatomy of the site, available bone volume, and soft tissue level. For every clinical situation, either immediate placement, early placement, alveolar ridge preservation, or staged approach can be selected as a treatment modality according to the classifications listed.

Customized CAD/CAM titanium meshes for the guided bone regeneration of severe alveolar ridge defects: Preliminary results of a retrospective clinical study in humans.

OBJECTIVES: To present the results of guided bone regeneration (GBR) of atrophic edentulous ridges with customized CAD/CAM titanium meshes. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Forty-one patients, presenting with 53 atrophic sites, were enrolled between 2018 and 2019. GBR was obtained with titanium meshes filled with autogenous bone chips and bovine bone mineral (BBM). After a mean of 7 months (range: 5-12 months), meshes were removed and 106 implants placed. After a mean of 3.5 months (range: 2-5 months), implants were uncovered and prosthetic restorations started. The outcomes were vertical and horizontal bone augmentation changes, biological complications and implant survival. RESULTS: Out of 53 sites, 11 underwent mesh exposure: eight of them were followed by uneventful integration of the graft, while three by partial bone loss. The mean vertical and horizontal bone gain after reconstruction was 4.78 ± 1.88 mm (range 1.00-8.90 mm) and 6.35 ± 2.10 mm (range 2.14-11.48 mm), respectively. At the time of implant placement, mean changes of initial bone gain were -0.39 ± 0.64 mm (range -3.1 to + 0.80 mm) and -0.49 ± 0.83 mm (range -3.7 to +0.4 mm), in the vertical and horizontal dimensions, respectively. Reduction of bone volume was significantly higher (p < .001 for both dimensions) in the exposed sites. The mean follow-up of implants after loading was 10.6 ± 6.5 months (range: 2-26 months). The survival rate of implants was 100%. CONCLUSION: Customized titanium meshes can represent a reliable tool for GBR of severely atrophic sites, with simplification of the surgical phases.

Horizontal bone-augmentation procedures in implant dentistry: prosthetically guided regeneration.

The rehabilitation of partially or totally edentulous patients with implant-supported prostheses has become routine, with excellent long-term outcome. A proper implant position is mandatory to achieve good functional and esthetic outcome and may require an adequate amount of alveolar bone and surrounding soft tissue. When this is lacking because of atrophy, sequelae of periodontal disease, traumas or congenital malformations, increased bone volume and/or keratinized mucosa can be obtained by guided bone regeneration, bone-grafting techniques and alveolar bone expansion. This article presents an evidence-based, prosthetically driven approach for the treatment of edentulous ridges with horizontal defects. The classification of bony defects, the main augmentation techniques, the selection criteria among different surgical procedures for different types of bony defects, and the advantages, disadvantages and limitations of each technique, are described in detail.

Implants in reconstructed bone: a comparative study on the outcome of Straumann® tissue level and bone level implants placed in vertically deficient alveolar ridges treated by means of autogenous onlay bone grafts.

PURPOSE: To evaluate: (1) the survival rate of Straumann® Tissue Level and Bone Level implants placed in atrophic edentulous jaws previously reconstructed by means of autogenous onlay bone grafts; (2) to compare peri-implant bone resorption values over time. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From 2005 to 2010, 50 patients presenting with vertical or tridimensional defects of the edentulous ridges were treated with autogenous bone grafts. Three to 7 months afterward, 192 implants were placed (Group A: 97 Tissue Level implants; Group B: 95 Bone Level implants) in the reconstructed areas. After a further waiting period of 2 to 3 months, patients were rehabilitated with implant-supported fixed prostheses. The follow-up ranged from 12 to 68 months after the start of prosthetic loading (mean: 33 months). RESULTS: No implants were removed (survival rate: 100%), but in Group B 13 implants (8 placed in iliac grafts, 2 placed in ramus grafts, and 3 placed in calvarial grafts) presented peri-implant bone resorption values higher than those proposed by Albrektsson and colleagues. for successful implants: the overall implant success rate was then 100% for Group A and 86.8% for Group B. No prosthetic failures were recorded, thus leading to a 100% prostheses success rate. CONCLUSION: No significant differences were found between the two types of implants as far as implant survival rate is concerned, but results from this study seem to demonstrate that Tissue Level implants may present better long-term results in terms of peri-implant bone maintenance, as compared with Bone Level implants, when placed in reconstructed areas.

Prognosis of zirconia ceramic fixed partial dentures: a 7-year prospective study.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the time-dependent clinical efficacy of anterior and posterior zirconia fixed partial dentures (FPDs). A convenience sample of 28 patients, each wearing 1 FPD, was recalled annually throughout a 6-year follow-up period (mean: 6.5 years). Four patients did not participate in the study (dropouts), and 24 FPDs were in use during the observation period. The cumulative survival and success rates were 88.9% and 81.8%, respectively. Fixed prostheses with zirconia frameworks may be regarded as acceptable alternatives to metal-ceramic anterior and posterior FPDs.

Evaluation of peri-implant bone resorption around Straumann Bone Level implants placed in areas reconstructed with autogenous vertical onlay bone grafts.

AIM OF THE STUDY: To evaluate the survival and success rate of Straumann Bone Level implants placed in vertically atrophied edentulous jaws previously reconstructed with autogenous onlay bone grafts taken from the calvarium or the mandibular ramus. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From 2007 to 2009, 18 patients presenting with vertical deficits of the edentulous ridges were treated with autogenous cortical bone grafts harvested from the mandibular ramus or the calvarium. Four to seven months afterward, 60 Straumann Bone Level implants were placed in the reconstructed areas. After a further waiting period of 2-3 months, patients were rehabilitated with implant-supported fixed prostheses. Follow-up ranged from 12 to 36 months (mean: 19 months) after the start of prosthetic loading. Graft resorption before implant placement, as well as survival and success rates of implants, were recorded. RESULTS: The mean bone resorption prior to implant placement was 0.18 mm for calvarial grafts and 0.42 mm for ramus grafts. Survival rate was 100% either for implants placed in calvarial grafts or implants placed in ramus grafts, while success rate was 90.3% for implants placed in calvarial grafts, and 93.1% for implants placed in ramus grafts. CONCLUSION: Results from this study seem to demonstrate that implants with a platform-switching design may predictably integrate in edentulous areas reconstructed with autogenous bone grafts, with survival rates consistent with those reported in recent literature reviews on the same topic, and also with implants placed in native bone. Conversely, this study was not able to demonstrate that implants with platform-switching design may reduce bone resorption around implants placed in reconstructed areas.

Bone augmentation procedures in implant dentistry.

PURPOSE: This review evaluated (1) the success of different surgical techniques for the reconstruction of edentulous deficient alveolar ridges and (2) the survival/success rates of implants placed in the augmented areas. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Clinical investigations published in English involving more than 10 consecutively treated patients and mean follow-up of at least 12 months after commencement of prosthetic loading were included. The following procedures were considered: onlay bone grafts, sinus floor elevation via a lateral approach, Le Fort I osteotomy with interpositional grafts, split ridge/ridge expansion techniques, and alveolar distraction osteogenesis. Full-text articles were identified using computerized and hand searches by key words. Success and related morbidity of augmentation procedures and survival/success rates of implants placed in the augmented sites were analyzed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: A wide range of surgical procedures were identified. However, it was difficult to demonstrate that one surgical procedure offered better outcomes than another. Moreover, it is not yet known if some surgical procedures, eg, reconstruction of atrophic edentulous mandibles with onlay autogenous bone grafts or maxillary sinus grafting procedures in case of limited/moderate sinus pneumatization, improve long-term implant survival. Every surgical procedure presents advantages and disadvantages. Priority should be given to those procedures which are simpler and less invasive, involve less risk of complications, and reach their goals within the shortest time frame. The main limit encountered in this literature review was the overall poor methodological quality of the published articles. Larger well-designed long-term trials are needed.

Implant-supported fixed cantilever prosthesis in partially edentulous jaws: a cohort prospective study.

BACKGROUND: Reconstructive procedures present a higher rate of biological costs due to the necessity of bone harvest and grafts, use of semipermeable barriers etc. On the hand, implant supported cantilever prostheses could allow a simpler rehabilitation procedure. AIMS: The aim of the present study was to assess the clinical outcome of patients treated with implant-supported fixed partial dentures (FPD) with cantilever after a mean follow-up time of 8 years. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included 45 consecutive partially edentulous patients treated between January 1994 and August 2006 with 59 partial cantilever fixed prostheses supported by 116 ITI implants. The primary outcome variable considered was the presence of complications at the subject and bridge level; the secondary outcome variable was marginal bone loss (MBL). The frequency of complications was analyzed according to cantilever location and opposite dentition and tested by Fisher's exact test. A multilevel regression model was constructed to analyze the factors influencing MBL with three levels: subject as the highest, and then implant and site. During the follow-up period, 11 implants showed a bone loss exceeding the limit for success, out of which two implants showed an infection of the peri-implant tissue. RESULTS: After an average observation of 8.2 years of cantilever prostheses loading, the implant success and survival rates were 90.5% and 100%, respectively. Besides, the prosthetic success and survival rate were 57.7% and 100%, respectively. DISCUSSION: None of the predictors included in the multilevel model presented a significant impact on the bone loss between baseline and the follow-up examination. CONCLUSIONS: The authors concluded that the prognosis of implant-supported FPDs and marginal bone loss at implants were not influenced by the position or the length of the cantilever, the location of the bridge and type of opposite dentition. Implant-supported fixed cantilever prosthesis can be considered a suitable treatment choice.

Dental implants placed in expanded narrow edentulous ridges with the Extension Crest device. A 1-3-year multicenter follow-up study.

OBJECTIVE: This study has been designed to evaluate the capability of a new surgical device (Extension Crest) to widen narrow edentulous alveolar ridges and to allow a correct placement of endosseous implants in horizontally atrophied sites. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Forty-five patients, 20 males and 25 females, aged 20-66 years, affected by edentulism associated to horizontal resorption of the ridges, were treated by means of a sagittal osteotomy and expansion of the ridge with a new surgical device (Extension Crest) to obtain a wider bony base for ideal implant placement. In the same procedure in 33 patients, and 1 week afterwards in 12 patients, 110 endosseous titanium implants (ITI TE) were placed. Three to four months later, the patients were rehabilitated with implant-supported prostheses. RESULTS: The success rate of the expansion technique was 97.8%. A total of 110 implants were inserted in the expanded ridges. The mean follow-up after the start of prosthetic loading was 20.4 months. Three implants were removed before the start of prosthetic loading, because of non-integration, while no other implants failed after the completion of the prosthetic rehabilitation. Three implants, although integrated and in function, did not fulfill success criteria: cumulative success and survival rates at the end of the observation period were 95.4% and 97.3%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Within the limits of this study, this technique appeared to be reliable and simple, with reduction of morbidity and times of dental rehabilitation as compared with other techniques such as autogenous bone grafts and guided bone regeneration. Survival and success rates of implants placed in the treated areas are consistent with those placed in native bone.

Alveolar distraction osteogenesis vs. vertical guided bone regeneration for the correction of vertically deficient edentulous ridges: a 1-3-year prospective study on humans.

The purpose of this prospective study was to compare vertical guided bone regeneration (GBR) and vertical distraction osteogenesis (DO) for their ability in correcting vertically deficient alveolar ridges and their ability in maintaining over time the vertical bone gain obtained before and after implant placement. Eleven patients (group 1) were treated by means of vertical GBR with autogenous bone and e-PTFE membranes, while 10 patients (group 2) were treated by means of DO. In group 1, six patients received implants at the time of GBR (subgroup 1A), while five patients had implants placed at the time of membrane removal (subgroup 1B). In group 2, implants were placed at the time of distraction device removal. A total of 25 implants were placed in group 1 and 34 implants were placed in group 2 patients. Three to 5 months after implant placement, patients were rehabilitated with implant-borne dental prostheses. The following parameters were evaluated: (a) bone resorption of the regenerated ridges before and after implant placement; (b) peri-implant clinical parameters 1, 2, and 3 years after prosthetic loading of implants; (c) survival and success rates of implants. Bone resorption values before and after implant placement were significantly higher in group 1. The results suggested that both techniques may improve the deficit of vertically resorbed edentulous ridges, although distraction osteogenesis seems to be more predictable as far as the long-term prognosis of vertical bone gain is concerned. Implant survival rates as well as peri-implant clinical parameters do not differ significantly between the two groups, whereas the success rate of implants placed in group 2 patients was higher than that obtained in group 1 patients.

Implant-retained mandibular overdentures with ITI implants.

This prospective study has been designed to compare the results of immediate and delayed loading of implant-retained mandibular overdentures after a 2-year follow-up. Twenty patients have been randomly divided into two groups. Group 1 patients (test group) received four ITI implants in the intraforaminal area of the mandible. Octa abutments were immediately screwed on implants; 2 days after surgery, the implants were rigidly connected with a U-shaped Dolder gold bar and loaded with an overdenture. Group 2 patients (control group) received, in the same area, the same type and number of implants, which were left to heal according to the standard protocol. At 3-4 months, Octa abutments were screwed on the implants and the same prosthetic procedure of the test group was applied. The minimum follow-up period lasted 2 years, with recall appointments at 2 weeks, 1, 3, 6 months, 1 year and every following year postoperatively, evaluating: MPI, MBI, PD, Periotest and radiographic peri-implant bone resorption. Success criteria according to Albrektsson et al. were used. Only one implant out of the 40 of group 2 failed, whereas none failed in group 1. No statistical difference of the clinical parameters evaluated was noticed in the two groups. Therefore, immediate loading of implants, if connected with a U-shaped bar, can provide the same results of the 'traditional' technique as far as osseointegration and short-term survival rates of implants are concerned. Moreover, this method significantly shortens the treatment period, thus increasing patient satisfaction.