ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: China's HIV epidemic commenced in its agrarian provinces through contaminated commercial plasma donation centers and is now becoming a public health concern nationwide. Little is known of the psychiatric and substance use disorder characteristics of this population, or their impact on everyday function, employment, and life quality. METHODS: HIV-infected (HIV+) former plasma donors (N=203) and HIV-negative (HIV-) donor controls (N=198) completed the World Mental Health Survey Composite International Diagnostic Interview to determine lifetime major depressive disorder (MDD), substance use disorders, and suicidality. Current mood and suicidality were assessed with the Beck Depression Inventory-II. Everyday function was measured by an Activity of Daily Living questionnaire; life quality was evaluated by the Medical Outcomes Study-HIV. RESULTS: HIV+ participants had known their infected status for 2 years on average. Most were taking antiretroviral treatment and had frank AIDS. Rates of current MDD were similar across groups (1-2%), but HIV+ had a higher frequency of lifetime MDD (14% vs. 5%, p<.05). Its onset preceded date of known infection in one-third of cases. Alcoholism was the only substance use disorder detected; HIV+ had a higher proportion of lifetime substance use diagnoses (14% vs. 6%, p<.05). Depression and AIDS independently predicted worse daily functioning and life quality, and unemployment. LIMITATIONS: The epicenter of China HIV has moved into urban injection drug users, limiting the representativeness of this sample. CONCLUSIONS: High rates of MDD and its impact suggest that in China, as elsewhere, comprehensive care requires detection and treatment of mood disorder.
Subject(s)
Blood Donors/psychology , Depressive Disorder, Major/psychology , HIV Infections/psychology , Substance-Related Disorders/psychology , Suicide/psychology , Adolescent , Adult , Case-Control Studies , China/epidemiology , Depressive Disorder, Major/epidemiology , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Psychiatric Status Rating Scales , Risk Factors , Rural Population/statistics & numerical data , Substance-Related Disorders/epidemiology , Suicide/statistics & numerical data , Surveys and Questionnaires , Young AdultABSTRACT
Acute/early HIV infection is a period of high risk for HIV transmission. Better understanding of behavioral aspects during this period could improve interventions to limit further transmission. Thirty-four participants with acute/early HIV infection from six US cities were assessed with the Mini International Diagnostic Interview, Beck Depression Inventory II, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Brief COPE, and an in-depth interview. Most had a pre-HIV history of alcohol or substance use disorder (85%); a majority (53%) had a history of major depressive or bipolar disorder. However, post-diagnosis coping was predominantly adaptive, with only mild to moderate elevations of anxious or depressive mood. Respondents described challenges managing HIV in tandem with pre-existing substance abuse problems, depression, and anxiety. Integration into medical and community services was associated with adaptive coping. The psychiatric context of acute/early HIV infection may be a precursor to infection, but not necessarily a barrier to intervention to reduce forward transmission of HIV among persons newly infected.
Subject(s)
Anxiety/psychology , Depression/psychology , HIV Infections/psychology , Mental Disorders/psychology , Substance-Related Disorders/psychology , Adaptation, Psychological , Adult , Anxiety/diagnosis , Depression/diagnosis , Female , HIV Infections/diagnosis , HIV Infections/transmission , HIV-1/isolation & purification , Humans , Male , Mental Disorders/diagnosis , Middle Aged , Psychiatric Status Rating Scales , Sexual Behavior/psychology , Stress, Psychological/diagnosis , Stress, Psychological/psychology , Substance-Related Disorders/diagnosis , Surveys and Questionnaires , United States/epidemiologyABSTRACT
Acute/early HIV infection is a period of high HIV transmission. Consequently, early detection of HIV infection and targeted HIV prevention could prevent a significant proportion of new transmissions. As part of an NIMH-funded multisite study, we used in-depth interviews to explore understandings of acute HIV infection (AHI) among 34 individuals diagnosed with acute/early HIV infection in six US cities. We found a marked lack of awareness of AHI-related acute retroviral symptoms and a lack of clarity about AHI testing methods. Most participants knew little about the meaning and/or consequences of AHI, particularly that it is a period of elevated infectiousness. Over time and after the acute stage of infection, many participants acquired understanding of AHI from varied sources, including the Internet, HIV-infected friends, and health clinic employees. There is a need to promote targeted education about AHI to reduce the rapid spread of HIV associated with acute/early infection within communities at risk for HIV.
