Transoesophageal echocardiography current practice in France: A multicentre study.

BACKGROUND: Few data are available on the application of transoesophageal echocardiography (TOE) recommendations in daily practice. AIMS: To evaluate TOE practice based on echocardiography societies' guidelines, and to determine complication rates and factors associated with patient feelings. METHODS: Between April and June 2017, we prospectively included all consecutive patients referred to 14 French hospitals for a transoesophageal echocardiogram (TOE). A survey was taken just after the examination, which included questions about pre-procedural anxiety, and any pain, unpleasant feeling or breathing difficulties experienced during the examination. RESULTS: Overall, 1718 TOEs were performed, mainly for stroke evaluation. A standardized operating procedure checklist was completed in half of the patients before the examination. TOE was unpleasant for 62.4% of patients, but was stopped for agitation or intolerance in 3.5 and 1.4% of cases, respectively. We observed one severe complication (pulmonary oedema). The mean TOE duration was short (9.2±4.6minutes), but was longer with residents than with more experienced physicians (11±4.7 vs. 8.8±4.7minutes for junior physicians [P=0.0027]; vs. 8.9±4.8minutes for senior physicians [P=0.0013]; and vs. 7.5±4.1minutes for associate professors/professors [P<0.0001]). The visual analogue scale (VAS) score after TOE was good (8.3±1.7 out of 10), and was better in patients with general anaesthesia (GA) than in those without GA (9.3±0.9 vs. 8.1±1.7; P<0.0001). In patients without GA, the VAS score was similar with and without local anaesthesia (8.1±1.7 vs. 8.2±1.6; P=0.19). After multivariable adjustment, absence of anxiety before TOE and greater operator experience were consistently associated with a higher VAS score. CONCLUSIONS: TOE is safe, with a low rate of complications and few stops for intolerance. A shorter TOE duration and better patient feelings were observed for experienced operators, highlighting the importance of the learning curve, and paving the way for teaching on a TOE simulator.

CT-ADP Point-of-Care Assay Predicts 30-Day Paravalvular Aortic Regurgitation and Bleeding Events following Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement.

BACKGROUND: Paravalvular aortic regurgitation (PVAR) remains a frequent postprocedural concern following transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). Persistence of flow turbulence results in the cleavage of high-molecular-weight von Willebrand multimers, primary haemostasis dysfunction and may favour bleedings. Recent data have emphasized the value of a point-of-care measure of von Willebrand factor-dependent platelet function (closure time [CT] adenosine diphosphate [ADP]) in the monitoring of immediate PVAR. This study examined whether CT-ADP could detect PVAR at 30 days and bleeding complications following TAVR. METHODS: CT-ADP was assessed at baseline and the day after the procedure. At 30 days, significant PVAR was defined as a circumferential extent of regurgitation more than 10% by transthoracic echocardiography. Events at follow-up were assessed according to the Valve Academic Research Consortium-2 consensus classification. RESULTS: Significant PVAR was diagnosed in 44 out of 219 patients (20.1%). Important reduction of CT-ADP could be found in patients without PVAR, contrasting with the lack of CT-ADP improvement in significant PVAR patients. By multivariate analysis, CT-ADP > 180 seconds (hazard ratio [HR]: 5.1, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.5-10.6; p < 0.001) and a self-expandable valve were the sole independent predictors of 30-day PVAR. At follow-up, postprocedural CT-ADP >180 seconds was identified as an independent predictor of major/life-threatening bleeding (HR: 1.7, 95% CI [1.0-3.1]; p = 0.049). Major/life-threatening bleedings were at their highest levels in patients with postprocedural CT-ADP > 180 seconds (35.2 vs. 18.8%; p = 0.013). CONCLUSION: Postprocedural CT-ADP > 180 seconds is an independent predictor of significant PVAR 30 days after TAVR and may independently contribute to major/life-threatening bleedings.

Late Detection of Left Ventricular Dysfunction Using Two-Dimensional and Three-Dimensional Speckle-Tracking Echocardiography in Patients with History of Nonsevere Acute Myocarditis.

BACKGROUND: Acute myocarditis (AM) often involves the left ventricular (LV) subepicardium that might be displayed by cardiac magnetic resonance even late after the acute phase. In the absence of global or regional LV dysfunction, conventional transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) does not accurately identify tissue sequelae of AM. We sought to evaluate the diagnostic value of two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) speckle-tracking echocardiography to identify patients with a history of AM with preserved LV ejection fraction (LVEF). METHODS: Fifty patients (group 1: age, 31.4 ± 10.5 years; 76% males) with a history of cardiac magnetic resonance-confirmed diagnosis of AM (according to the Lake Louise criteria) were retrospectively identified and then (21.7 ± 23.4 months later) evaluated by complete echocardiography including 2D and 3D speckle-tracking analysis, as well as 50 age- and gender-matched healthy controls (group 2: age, 31.2 ± 9.5 years: 76% males). Patients with a history of severe clinical presentation of AM (sudden death, ventricular arrhythmia, heart failure, alteration of LVEF) were excluded. RESULTS: At diagnosis, peak troponin and C-reactive protein were 11.97 (interquartile range, 4.52-25.92) µg/L and 32.3 (interquartile range, 14.85-70.45) mg/L, respectively. Mean delay between acute phase and follow-up study TTE was 21.7 ± 23.4 months. LVEF was not statistically different between groups (62.1% vs 63.5%, P = .099). Two-dimensional global longitudinal strain (GLS) was lower in magnitude in group 1 (-17.8% vs -22.1%, P < .0001) as were 2D layer-specific subepicardial GLS (-15.4% vs -19.7%, P < .0001) and subendocardial GLS (-20.71% vs -25.08%, P < .0001). Three-dimensional global longitudinal, circumferential, area, and radial strains were lower in magnitude in group 1 (-11.80% vs -14.98%, P < .0001; -12.57% vs -15.12%, P < .0001; -22.28% vs -25.87%, P < .0001; 31.47% vs 38.06%, P < .0001, respectively). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that subepicardial GLS displayed a better diagnostic performance to detect sequelae of AM as compared with GLS (area under the curve = 0.97 vs 0.93, P = .045). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with a history of AM, a subtle LV dysfunction can be detected by 2D and 3D speckle-tracking echocardiography, even though LVEF is conserved, adding incremental information over conventional TTE.

Longitudinal 2D strain can help diagnose coronary artery disease in patients with suspected non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome but apparent normal global and segmental systolic function.

BACKGROUND: The clinical work-up of patients presenting with chest pain is a diagnostic challenge. We investigated the diagnostic performance of global (GLS) and territorial (TLS) longitudinal strain to predict coronary artery disease (CAD) in patients presenting with suspected non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS) but apparent normal global and regional systolic function. METHODS: 150 consecutive suspected NSTE-ACS patients were initially screened for inclusion ; 58 patients with normal LVEF (≥55%) and WMSI (=1) were prospectively enrolled. Speckle-tracking echocardiography was performed on admission and all the patients underwent coronary angiography. CAD was defined as the presence of stenosis of >50%. RESULTS: CAD was present in 33 patients (57%). LVEF was 60.7±4.6% in group 1 (CAD) and 61.1±5.0% in group 2 (no CAD). Global longitudinal strain (GLS) was altered in group 1 (-16.7±3.4%) as compared to group 2 (-22.4±2.9%, p<0.001). ROC curve analysis showed a high diagnostic value of GLS for the prediction of CAD (AUC=0.92 [0.84-1.00], p=0.0001). TLS was able to discriminate between coronary stenosis in the LAD, LCX or RCA. CONCLUSIONS: Longitudinal 2D strain has a good diagnostic value and can efficiently localize the culprit lesion in patients presenting with NSTE-ACS but apparent normal global and regional systolic function.

Magnetic resonance evaluation of cardiac thrombi and masses by T1 and T2 mapping: an observational study.

The purpose of this work was to evaluate CMR T1 and T2 mapping sequences in patients with intracardiac thrombi and masses in order to assess T1 and T2 relaxometry usefulness and to allow better etiological diagnosis. This observational study of patients scheduled for routine CMR was performed from September 2014 to August 2015. All patients referred to our department for a 1.5 T CMR were screened to participate. T1 mapping were acquired before and after Gadolinium injection; T2 mapping images were obtained before injection. 41 patients were included. 22 presented with cardiac thrombi and 19 with cardiac masses. The native T1 of thrombi was 1037 ± 152 ms (vs 1032 ± 39 ms for myocardium, p = 0.88; vs 1565 ± 88 ms for blood pool, p < 0.0001). T2 were 74 ± 13 ms (vs 51 ± 3 ms for myocardium, p < 0.0001; vs 170 ± 32 ms for blood pool, p < 0.0001). Recent thrombi had a native T1 shorter than old thrombi (911 ± 177 vs 1169 ± 107 ms, p = 0.01). The masses having a shorter T1 than the myocardium were lipomas (278 ± 29 ms), calcifications (621 ± 218 ms), and melanoma (736 ms). All other masses showed T1 values higher than myocardial T1, with T2 consistently >70 ms. T1 and T2 mapping CMR sequences can be useful and represent a new approach for the evaluation of cardiac thrombi and masses.

Left Ventricular Function Evaluation on a 3T MR Scanner with Parallel RF Transmission Technique: Prospective Comparison of Cine Sequences Acquired before and after Gadolinium Injection.

OBJECTIVES: To compare cine MR b-TFE sequences acquired before and after gadolinium injection, on a 3T scanner with a parallel RF transmission technique in order to potentially improve scanning time efficiency when evaluating LV function. METHODS: 25 consecutive patients scheduled for a cardiac MRI were prospectively included and had their b-TFE cine sequences acquired before and right after gadobutrol injection. Images were assessed qualitatively (overall image quality, LV edge sharpness, artifacts and LV wall motion) and quantitatively with measurement of LVEF, LV mass, and telediastolic volume and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) between the myocardium and the cardiac chamber. Statistical analysis was conducted using a Bayesian paradigm. RESULTS: No difference was found before or after injection for the LVEF, LV mass and telediastolic volume evaluations. Overall image quality and CNR were significantly lower after injection (estimated coefficient cine after > cine before gadolinium: -1.75 CI = [-3.78;-0.0305], prob(coef>0) = 0% and -0.23 CI = [-0.49;0.04], prob(coef>0) = 4%) respectively), but this decrease did not affect the visual assessment of LV wall motion (cine after > cine before gadolinium: -1.46 CI = [-4.72;1.13], prob(coef>0) = 15%). CONCLUSIONS: In 3T cardiac MRI acquired with parallel RF transmission technique, qualitative and quantitative assessment of LV function can reliably be performed with cine sequences acquired after gadolinium injection, despite a significant decrease in the CNR and the overall image quality.

Von Willebrand Factor Multimers during Transcatheter Aortic-Valve Replacement.

BACKGROUND: Postprocedural aortic regurgitation occurs in 10 to 20% of patients undergoing transcatheter aortic-valve replacement (TAVR) for aortic stenosis. We hypothesized that assessment of defects in high-molecular-weight (HMW) multimers of von Willebrand factor or point-of-care assessment of hemostasis could be used to monitor aortic regurgitation during TAVR. METHODS: We enrolled 183 patients undergoing TAVR. Patients with aortic regurgitation after the initial implantation, as identified by means of transesophageal echocardiography, underwent additional balloon dilation to correct aortic regurgitation. HMW multimers and the closure time with adenosine diphosphate (CT-ADP), a point-of-care measure of hemostasis, were assessed at baseline and 5 minutes after each step of the procedure. Mortality was evaluated at 1 year. A second cohort (201 patients) was studied to validate the use of CT-ADP in order to identify patients with aortic regurgitation. RESULTS: After the initial implantation, HMW multimers normalized in patients without aortic regurgitation (137 patients). Among the 46 patients with aortic regurgitation, normalization occurred in 20 patients in whom additional balloon dilation was successful but did not occur in the 26 patients with persistent aortic regurgitation. A similar sequence of changes was observed with CT-ADP. A CT-ADP value of more than 180 seconds had sensitivity, specificity, and negative predictive value of 92.3%, 92.4%, and 98.6%, respectively, for aortic regurgitation, with similar results in the validation cohort. Multivariable analyses showed that the values for HMW multimers and CT-ADP at the end of TAVR were each associated with mortality at 1 year. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of HMW-multimer defects and a high value for a point-of-care hemostatic test, the CT-ADP, were each predictive of the presence of aortic regurgitation after TAVR and were associated with higher mortality 1 year after the procedure. (Funded by Lille 2 University and others; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02628509.).

Late gadolinium enhancement cardiac imaging on a 3T scanner with parallel RF transmission technique: prospective comparison of 3D-PSIR and 3D-IR.

OBJECTIVE: To qualitatively and quantitatively compare different late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) sequences acquired at 3T with a parallel RF transmission technique. METHODS: One hundred and sixty participants prospectively enrolled underwent a 3T cardiac MRI with 3 different LGE sequences: 3D Phase-Sensitive Inversion-Recovery (3D-PSIR) acquired 5 minutes after injection, 3D Inversion-Recovery (3D-IR) at 9 minutes and 3D-PSIR at 13 minutes. All LGE-positive patients were qualitatively evaluated both independently and blindly by two radiologists using a 4-level scale, and quantitatively assessed with measurement of contrast-to-noise ratio and LGE maximal surface. Statistical analyses were calculated under a Bayesian paradigm using MCMC methods. RESULTS: Fifty patients (70 % men, 56yo ± 19) exhibited LGE (62 % were post-ischemic, 30 % related to cardiomyopathy and 8 % post-myocarditis). Early and late 3D-PSIR were superior to 3D-IR sequences (global quality, estimated coefficient IR > early-PSIR : -2.37 CI = [-3.46 ; -1.38], prob(coef > 0) = 0 % and late-PSIR > IR : 3.12 CI = [0.62 ; 4.41], prob(coef > 0) = 100 %), LGE surface estimated coefficient IR > early-PSIR: -0.09 CI = [-1.11; -0.74], prob(coef > 0) = 0 % and late-PSIR > IR : 0.96 CI = [0.77; 1.15], prob(coef > 0) = 100 %). Probabilities for late PSIR being superior to early PSIR concerning global quality and CNR were over 90 %, regardless of the aetiological subgroup. CONCLUSIONS: In 3T cardiac MRI acquired with parallel RF transmission technique, 3D-PSIR is qualitatively and quantitatively superior to 3D-IR. KEY POINTS: • Late gadolinium enhancement is an essential part of a cardiac MRI examination • PSIR and IR sequences are the two possible options for LGE imaging • At 3T with parallel RF transmission, PSIR sequences are significantly better • One LGE sequence is sufficient, allowing an optimization of the acquisition time.

Vascular access complications in endovascular procedures with large sheaths.

Endovascular procedures, such as transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI), thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR), and endovascular abdominal aortic repair (EVAR) have been established as promising less invasive therapeutic options. However, despite continuous advances and device improvements, the use of large-sheaths still remains an important challenge, since significant coexisting arterial disease may be encountered in patients undergoing such procedures. Identification of coexisting arterial diseases by optimal preoperative imaging assessment is essential to anticipate these difficulties and avoid the complications by using adequate access options. Should a vascular complication such as iliac rupture occur, vascular interventionists must be aware of salvage procedures to control and treat major complications, such as maintaining wire access across the rupture for occlusion balloon placement and vessel control, while disruption is addressed either through an endovascular or an open approach. The aims of this review are to describe how to prevent vascular complications by optimal preoperative imaging assessment, to detail intraoperative options available for addressing difficult access issues and to discuss how to manage intraoperative major vascular complications.

Effects of transcutaneous aortic valve implantation on aortic valve disease-related hemostatic disorders involving von Willebrand factor.

BACKGROUND: Aortic valve stenosis (AVS) can be complicated by bleeding associated with acquired type 2A von Willebrand syndrome. The association of AVS and gastrointestinal bleeding from angiodysplasia is defined as Heyde syndrome. We sought to evaluate the effect of transcutaneous aortic valve implantation (TAVI) on hemostasis disorders and to assess its effectiveness to treat Heyde syndrome. METHODS: We prospectively enrolled 49 consecutive patients with severe AVS addressed for TAVI at our institution. Biological hemostasis parameters involving von Willebrand factor (vWF) were assessed at baseline and 1 week after the procedure. RESULTS: At baseline, a significant link between vWF abnormalities and the severity of AVS was evidenced: mean aortic transvalvular gradient was negatively correlated with the levels of vWF antigen (vWF:Ag) (r = -0.29; P < 0.05), vWF ristocetin cofactor activity (r = -0.402; P = 0.006), and vWF collagen-binding activity (vWF:CB; r = -0.441; P = 0.005). One week after the procedure, a significant increase of vWF:Ag, vWF ristocetin cofactor activity, and vWF:CB was evidenced in the whole cohort (respectively, 3.32 vs. 2.29 IU/mL, P < 0.001; 2.98 vs. 1.86 IU/mL, P < 0.001; and 3.16 vs. 2.16 IU/mL, P < 0.001). Patients with pre-TAVI vWF abnormalities consistent with a type 2A vWF syndrome (ratio vWF:CB/vWF:Ag < 0.7) preferentially improved their vWF function with respect to patients with a normal ratio (relative increase of vWF:CB of 63.8% vs. 3.5%). CONCLUSIONS: Hemostasis parameters involving vWF are improved after TAVI, especially in patients with pre-existing abnormalities consistent with acquired type 2A von Willebrand syndrome.

Left ventricular rupture after embolic myocardial infarction due to mitral valve endocarditis.

We report a very rare case of a 43-year-old patient with fatal left ventricular subepicardial aneurysm rupture complicating embolic myocardial infarction due to mitral valve infective endocarditis.