Effects of resilience, social support, and academic self-efficacy, on mental health among Peruvian university students during the pandemic: the mediating role of digital inclusion.

Background: Mental health of university students has been impacted during the pandemic, highlighting the importance of understanding its psychosocial determinants. Nevertheless, there has been limited exploration into whether the digital inclusion conditions for remote education could mediate the effects that variables such as resilience, social support, and academic self-efficacy may have on mental health. Considering the above, there is evidence that shows a consistent relationship between resilience, social support and academic self-efficacy on mental health, to the extent that these are psychological variables. On the other hand, digital inclusion, which comprehends a contextual variable, not a psychological one, related to ICT access opportunities and mainly focused on the quality of Internet access, should be analyzed in a differential manner. Objectives: This study seeks to analyze the effect of resilience, social support and academic self-efficacy, on the mental health of a group of Peruvian university students; in addition, it seeks to analyze the mediating role of digital inclusion. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 3,147 undergraduate students from a private university in Lima, Perú. From August to October 2020, data were collected online through questionnaire, this include The Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale 21 (DASS-21), The 10-item version of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC10), The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (EMASP), The Perceived Self-Efficacy Specific for Academic Situations Scale (EAPESA) and to measure digital inclusion, the Perceived Quality of Internet Access reported by the students. The levels of participants' anxiety, depression and stress were described using frequency and percentage. Pearson Correlation test was used to measure the correlation between the variables and a Path analysis was conducted. Finally, The PROCESS macro for SPSS (Model 4) was applied to examine the mediating effect of the model controlling gender variable. Results: The results revealed significant levels of extremely severe symptoms of anxiety (36.8%), depression (33.4%) and stress (18.1%) among the participants. A path analysis, which indicated that resilience (ß = -0.346), social support (ß = -0.189), academic self-efficacy (ß = -0.060) and digital inclusion (ß = -0.089) had significant impact on students' General Distress. In addition, digital inclusion plays a partial mediation role with low but significant effect size in the relationship between resilience, social support and self-efficacy with mental health. Conclusion: Mental health of university students during the pandemic shows alarming levels of general or emotional distress. The findings indicate that resilience, social support and self-efficacy protect college students' mental health by reducing general distress. However, the study shows that when there is a digital divide around internet quality the impact of these factors is affected.

Estilos de humor, afrontamiento y soporte social en padres de niños con cáncer

Objetivo: Analizar el rol predictivo de las estrategias de afrontamiento y el soporte social percibido, sobre los estilos de humor en padres migrantes de niños con cáncer. Método: Se empleó un diseño cuantitativo transaccional-correlacional y un muestreo no probabilístico por conveniencia. Participaron 62 progenitores (11 hombres y 51 mujeres) entre los 20 y 61 años, quienes respondieron la Escala del Sentido del Humor (HSQ), el Cuestionario de Estimación del Afrontamiento (COPE) y el Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Survey (MOS-SSS). Resultados: Se establecieron modelos de regresión para el humor afiliativo (R²=0,19, p<0,001) y agresivo (R²=0,25, p<0,001), ambos considerados estilos de humor orientados a los demás. Respecto a los estilos orientados a uno mismo, para el humor de mejoramiento personal se desarrollaron dos modelos, el primero considera el soporte social global (R²=0,25, p< 0,001) y el segundo el soporte afectivo (R²=0,27, p< 0,001); y de la misma forma para el humor de descalificación personal, un modelo incluye el soporte social global (R²=0,28, p< 0,001) y el segundo el soporte instrumental (R²=0,27, p< 0,001). Conclusión: Las estrategias de afrontamiento y el soporte social en relación con los estilos de humor en contexto de enfermedad y migración demuestra la efectividad de ciertas estrategias y estilos considerados desadaptativos ante una situación altamente estresante.

Objective: To analyze the predictive role of coping strategies and social support over humor styles in parents who migrate along with children with cancer. Method: A transactional-correlational quantitative design and non-probabilistic convenience sampling were used. It involved 62 parents (11 men and 51 women) between 20 and 61 years. They answered the Humor Styles Questionnaire (HSQ), COPE Inventory (COPE) and the Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Survey (MOS-SSS). Results: Regression models were developed for affiliative (R²=0,19, p<0,001) and aggressive humor (R²=0,25, p<0,001), both considered humor styles towards others. For self-oriented humor styles, two models were built to predict self-enhancing humor. The first model considers global social support (R²=0,25, p<0,001), while the second model, affective support (R²=0,27, p<0,001). Likewise, the first model explaining self-defeating humor considers global social support (R²=0,28, p<0,001) and the second, instrumental support (R²=0,27, p<0,001). Discussion: Coping strategies and social support in relation to humor styles in the context of illness and migration demonstrate the effectiveness of certain strategies and styles considered maladaptive in face of a highly stressful situation.

Validation of the Spanish version of the student adaptation to college questionnaire (SACQ-50) with Peruvian students.

Objective: To evaluate the psychometric properties of the short version of the Spanish Student Adaptation to College Questionnaire (SACQ-50, Spanish version). Participants: 1513 students from 14 universities in Peru, mainly females (61.5%), aged between 18 and 30 years. Method: Cross-sectional study with the questionnaire administered in person. Confirmatory factorial analysis was conducted to confirm the scale validity. Results: adequate fits were obtained for the multidimensional structure and for the second order factor of the test. Alpha and omega coefficients indicated adequate test reliability. Conclusions: The Spanish version of the SACQ-50 is a multidimensional scale displaying adequate reliability and validity. The scale may be useful for researchers and other professionals working in the university context.

Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Adaptation and psychometric properties in Peruvian population / Escala de miedo a la COVID-19: Adaptación y propiedades psicométricas en población peruana

Contexto y objetivo: El contexto actual causado por la COVID-19 ha cambiado la vida social y cotidiana en todo el mundo. La salud mental no es la excepción. El objetivo de este estudio fue adaptar y analizar las propiedades psicométricas de la versión peruana de la Escala de Miedo al COVID-19 (FCV-19S) en una muestra de profesionales peruanos. Material y métodos: La muestra estuvo compuesta por 169 participantes de un estudio longitudinal sobre el síndrome de agotamiento durante la pandemia en Perú. Se realizó el método de traducción inversa (del inglés al español). Se realizó un análisis factorial confirmatorio (AFC). Además, se llevaron a cabo análisis de confiabilidad (Alfa de Cronbach, Omega de McDonald y test-retest) y correlaciones con otras variables. Resultados: Los resultados confirman la naturaleza unidimensional del instrumento (AFC) con excelentes indicadores de bondad de ajuste (CFI = .996; TLI = .99; RMSEA = .06; SRMR = .04) y presentan buenos niveles de confiabilidad (a = .79; ? = .81; ICC = .75). Además, se encontró evidencia de validez externa con la Escala de Estrés Traumático Secundario y la Escala de Estrés Percibido. El puntaje del FCV-19S presenta correlaciones previamente desconocidas con el miedo al contagio de familiares, el miedo de contagio en lugares públicos y la percepción de salud autoreportada. Se hallaron diferencias por género, aunque deben ser corroboradas en muestras más amplias. Principales conclusiones. La versión peruana del FCV-19S muestra sólidas propiedades psicométricas. Su uso es atractivo para el estudio de la salud mental durante la pandemia y, el diseño y focalización de iniciativas en grupos y espacios vulnerables.(AU)

Context and objective: Current context caused by COVID-19 has changed social and day-to-day life worldwide. Mental health is no exception. The objective of this study was to adapt and analyze the psychometric properties of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) in a sample of Peruvian professionals. Material and methods. The sample was composed of 169 participants of a longitudinal study about burnout during the pandemic in Peru. Translation-back translation method was performed (from English to Spanish). Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted. Additionally, reliability analyses (Cronbach's Alpha, McDonald's Omega and Test-retest) and correlations with other variables were carried out. Results: Results confirm the one-dimensional nature of the instrument (CFA) with excellent indicators of goodness of fit (CFI = .996; TLI = .99; RMSEA = .06; SRMR = .04) and present good levels of reliability (a = .79; ? = .81; ICC = .75). Furthermore, evidence for external validity was found with the Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale and Perceived Stress Scale. The FCV-19S score presents previously unknown correlations with fear of infection of relatives, fear of infection in public places and self-reported perceived health. The score differs by gender, but further examination with larger samples are needed. Main conclusions: The Peruvian version of the FCV-19S shows solid psychometric properties. Its use is attractive for the study of mental health during the pandemic, and the design and focalization of initiatives in vulnerable groups and spaces.(AU)

Estrés, afrontamiento y calidad de vida relacionada a la salud en mujeres con cáncer de mama

Este estudio examina la contribución que tienen el estrés traumático, el estrés percibido y el afrontamiento sobre los componentes físico y mental de la CVRS de 53 mujeres diagnosticadas con cáncer de mama. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron el cuestionario de salud SF-36, el inventario de estimación del afrontamiento COPE, la escala de estrés percibido EEP y la adaptación peruana de la escala de estrés traumático. Se encontraron niveles promedio y altos de CVRS. La condición de migración, el tipo de tratamiento y el estrés traumático explican el 30% de la variabilidad del componente físico; mientras que, el estrés traumático, el estrés percibido y el estilo orientado a la emoción, explican el 43% de la variabilidad del componente mental.

This study analyzes the contribution that traumatic stress, perceived stress, and coping have on the variability of physical and metal components of the HRQoL of 53 women with breast cancer. The instruments used include the SF36 health survey, the COPE Inventory, the Perceived Stress Scale PSS and the Peruvian adaptation of the traumatic stress scale. The analysis found medium and high levels of global HRQoL. The migration status, type of treatment and traumatic stress account for 30 % of the variability of the physical component of HRQoL, whereas traumatic stress, perceived stress and emotional oriented style account the 43% of the variability of the mental component.