Identification of breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) and South American crops introduced during early settlement of Rapa Nui (Easter Island), as revealed through starch analysis.

Starch residue analysis was carried out on stone tools recovered from the bottom layer of the Anakena site on Rapa Nui (Easter Island). These deposits have been dated to AD 1000-1300 AD and so far, represent the earliest evidence of human settlement on this island. Twenty obsidian tools were analyzed. Analysis of 46 starch grains recovered from 20 obsidian tools from the earliest dated level of the Anakena site on Rapa Nui provides direct evidence for translocation of traditional crop plants at initial stages of the colonization of this island. The analysis of starch grains was based mainly on statistical methods for species identification but was complemented by visual inspection in some cases. Our results identify taxons previously unknown to have been cultivated on the island, such as breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis), Zingiber officinale (ginger), and starch grains of the Spondias dulcis and Inocarpus fagifer tropical trees. Additionally, starch grains of Colocasia esculenta (taro) and Dioscorea sp. (yam), both common species in Pacific agriculture, were identified. Furthermore, the presence of four American taxa Ipomoea batatas (sweet potato), Canna sp. (achira), Manihot esculenta (manioc), and Xanthosoma sp., was detected. The occurrence of Canna sp., M. esculenta, and Xanthosoma sp. starch grains suggests the translocation of previously not described South American cultivars into the Pacific. The detection of I. batatas from this site in Rapa Nui constitutes the earliest record of this cultigen in the Pacific. Our study provides direct evidence for translocation of a set of traditional Polynesian and South American crop plants at the initial stages of colonization in Rapa Nui.

Promotores' perspectives on the virtual adaptation of a hereditary breast cancer education program.

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women in the United States (U.S.) and the leading cause of cancer related death among U.S. Hispanics/Latinas (H/Ls). H/Ls have lower rates of screening and longer time to follow up after an abnormal mammogram. We developed a comprehensive community health educator (promotores)-led education and risk identification program for Spanish-speaking H/Ls in California to increase mammography screening, genetic testing, and the understanding of the impact of family history on cancer risk. Due to COVID-19, we adapted the program to a virtual platform. The experience of transforming the program to a virtual platform provided unique opportunities for collaboration between researchers, community partners, and participants. Promotores are major partners in community based participatory research and in the provision of health care services, but their voices are often excluded from scientific reports. This commentary is an effort to provide a platform for promotores to share their experiences and for the readers to understand their approach in bridging the gap between health care services and communities.

Chronic Granulomatous Reaction to Semi-permanent Eyebrow Tint.

Eyebrow micropigmentation, also known as eyebrow microblading or embroidery, is a new technique in the field of semi-permanent cosmetics that are used for therapeutic and aesthetic purposes to recreate eyebrow structure and definition. It uses synthetic pigment that is deposited through fine needles into the papillary dermis and remains till the body metabolizes the pigment and clinically fades away by 12-18 months. Similar to other tattooing procedures, microblading involves risks including local inflammation, infection, allergic contact dermatitis, and granulomatous reactions that can occur from months to years after the procedure. We describe herein a case of a 49-year-old female who has persistent erythematous and indurated plaques on both eyebrows after a microblading procedure performed over a year and a half prior to her initial visit.

Enhanced degradation of ciprofloxacin in water using ternary photocatalysts TiO2/SnO2/g-C3N4 under UV, visible, and solar light.

In this study, we report on the synthesis of ternary photocatalysts comprising TiO2/SnO2/g-C3N4 for the degradation of ciprofloxacin (CIP) in water. SnO2 nanoparticles were synthesized via the sol-gel method, while g-C3N4 was obtained through melamine calcination. Commercial TiO2 and SnO2 nanopowders were also used. The heterojunctions were synthesized via the wet impregnation method. The photocatalysts were characterized via various techniques, including XRD, TEM, STEM, FTIR, N2 adsorption, UV-Vis DR, and hole tests. Photocatalytic degradation tests of CIP were carried out under UV, visible, and solar radiation. The P25/npA/g-C3N4 (90/10) material exhibited the best performance, achieving CIP degradation of over 97%. The synthesized materials demonstrated excellent initial adsorption of CIP, around 30%, which facilitated subsequent degradation. Notably, the CIP photocatalytic degradation tests performed under solar radiation showed a synergistic effect between the base materials and carbon nitride in highly energetic environments. These results highlight the effectiveness of ternary photocatalysts TiO2/SnO2/g-C3N4 for CIP degradation, particularly under solar radiation.

Conocimientos de los estudiantes peruanos de enfermería sobre el virus del papiloma humano / Knowledge of Peruvian nursing students about the Human Papilloma Virus

Objetivo: Determinar el nivel de conocimiento de las estudiantes de enfermería sobre el Virus del Papiloma Humano en una universidad privada en el norte del Perú. Método: Cuantitativa, descriptivo, transversal; la muestra fue censal constituida por 90 estudiantes de enfermería del final de la carrera universitaria, se aplicó un instrumento ya validado internacionalmente con un Alpha de Cronbach de 0,76 de 15 preguntas aplicadas vía cuestionario Google por la emergencia sanitaria; se tuvo en consideración los criterios de inclusión y exclusión establecidos. Resultados: El nivel de conocimiento general de los estudiantes universitarios de enfermería fue muy bueno (43.3%). el 92.2% del total fueron mujeres y el 7.8% fueron varones; el 71.4% de varones y 41.0% de mujeres han tenido más de una pareja sexual. El 75% de estudiantes de enfermería que fueron de la selva reportan más de una pareja sexual, contrario al 33.8% de estudiantes de enfermería de la costa reportan más de una pareja sexual. Conclusión: El conocimiento que predominó entre las estudiantes universitarias de enfermería fue bueno y muy bueno; sin embargo, llama la atención que la mayoría tuvo más de una pareja sexual situación que conlleva a desarrollar programas para fomentar la concientización de la salud sexual responsable y libre de riesgos entre las futuras enfermeras. (AU)

Objective: To determine the level of knowledge of nursing students about the Human Papilloma Virus in a Private University in northern Peru. Method: Quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional; the sample was census constituted by 90 nursing students at the end of the university career, an instrument already validated internationally was applied with a Cronbach's Alpha of 0.76 of 15 questions applied via Google questionnaire for the health emergency; the established inclusion and exclusion criteria were taken into consideration. Results: The level of general knowledge of the university nursing students was very good (43.3%). 92.2% of the total were women and 7.8% were men; 71.4% of men and 41.0% of women have had more than one sexual partner. 75% of nursing students who went from the jungle report more than one sexual partner, contrary to 33.8% of nursing students from the coast report more than one sexual partner. Conclusion: The knowledge that prevailed among the university nursing students was good and very good; however, it is noteworthy that the majority had more than one sexual partner, a situation that leads to the development of programs to promote awareness of responsible and risk-free sexual health among future nurses. (AU)

Anaerobic digestion of bean straw applying a fungal pre-treatment and using cow manure as co-substrate.

The significant amounts of agriculture residues such as bean straw (BS) in rural areas, advises its valorisation for energy recovery. The feasibility of using BS for biogas production through anaerobic digestion was assessed. Prior to this, a fungal pre-treatment to hydrolyse BS with Pleutorus ostreatus was studied at 30°C and 100 rpm in orbital incubators with 1, 10 and 30 mg fungus/g straw for 14, 21 and 28 days. Then, anaerobic digestion experiments were performed in batch with cow manure (CM) as co-substrate and pre-treated BS at ratios (g/g total solids) of 1/2, 1/3, 1/5 and 0/1. Maximum lignin (18%) and hemicellulose (44%) degradation occurred at 30 mg fungus/g straw and 28 days, along with the highest total methane yield (38 mL CH4/g VS loaded). The total amount of methane decreased when increasing CM in the experiments (701.4-191.5 mL CH4), suggesting inhibition owed to a component of CM. Self-sustained biogas production of BS occurred due to the presence of bacteria (i.e. Bacilli and Bacteroidia) and archea (i.e. Methanobacteria and Methanomicrobia). However, the usage of a full-active inoculum should be studied for higher biogas production rates.

Micronutrient content and antioxidant enzyme activities in human breast milk.

Breast milk contains micronutrients that function as cofactors of antioxidant enzymes. High concentrations of iron (Fe) and copper (Cu) can increase the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This study aimed to assess the relationship between the activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione S-transferase (GST)) and the concentration of the micronutrients Fe, Cu and zinc (Zn) in breast milk. Breast milk samples were collected from 108 mothers (7-10 days postpartum, transitional milk). The samples were grouped into three groups according to the number of pregnancies (one, two and three or more pregnancies), also grouped according to the body mass index (BMI) suggested by the World Health Organization (WHO) in underweight, normal weight, overweight and obese. Breast milk Fe, Cu and Zn concentrations were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry and the activity of the antioxidant enzymes was determined by spectrophotometry. An increase in GPx, SOD and GST activities in relation to the number of pregnancies was found (p = 0.05, p = 0.04 and p < 0.01, respectively). An inverse relationship between GST activity and BMI was found (p = 0.05). A positive correlation was observed between Cu and Zn concentrations (r = 0.52, p < 0.05). A negative correlation was found between Cu concentration and catalase activity (r = -0.22, p < 0.05); Fe content was negatively correlated with GPx and GST activities (r = -0.32, r = -0.22, respectively, p < 0.05). The activities of antioxidant enzymes (GPx, SOD and GST) may be affected by the number of pregnancies and contribute to prevent oxidation of nutritional molecules in breast milk.

Oxidative damage to proteins related to metals and antioxidant defenses in breastmilk.

INTRODUCTION: Breast milk contains molecules needed for the development of children; the integrity and function of these molecules is affected by the presence of pro-oxidants. Protein carbonyls are mainly produced as a result of the interaction of metals with reactive oxygen species (ROS), which may initiate a chain reaction that promotes molecular oxidation. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine the association between the concentration of protein carbonyls with the concentration of trace elements (lead [Pb], cadmium [Cd] and selenium [Se]), superoxide radical (O2•-) production, and glutathione (GSH) content, as well with the activity of the main antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase [SOD], catalase [CAT], glutathione peroxidase [GPx], glutathione reductase [GR] and glutathione S-transferase [GST]) in breast milk. METHODS: In this study 108 transitional milk samples (7-10 days) were analyzed. Antioxidant enzyme activities, O2•-production, protein carbonyl and GSH concentrations were analyzed by spectrophotometry. Trace element concentration was quantified by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Generalized linear modelling was used to assess the relationship between protein carbonyls concentration with oxidative stress indicators and trace elements concentration. RESULTS: Cd and Pb were detected in 21.3 and 55.6% of breast milk samples, respectively. The median concentration of Cd was 0.01 µg L-1 (0.01-3.52 µg L-1) and Pb concentration was 2.61 µg L-1 (0.08-195.20 µg L-1). According to the best-fit model, the main factors contributing to protein carbonyl concentrations were the activity of GPx, GR, and concentration of GSH, Se, Pb and Cd. CONCLUSIONS: According to the generalized linear model, the activity of GPx and GR, could help explain protein oxidation induced by Pb and Cd in breast milk.

Oxidative damage to proteins related to metals and antioxidant defenses in breastmilk / Daño oxidativo a las proteínas relacionado con metales y defensas antioxidantes en la leche materna

Introduction: Breast milk contains molecules needed for the development of children; the integrity and function of these molecules is affected by the presence of pro-oxidants. Protein carbonyls are mainly produced as a result of the interaction of metals with reactive oxygen species (ROS), which may initiate a chain reaction that promotes molecular oxidation. Objective: This study aimed to determine the association between the concentration of protein carbonyls with the concentration of trace elements (lead [Pb], cadmium [Cd] and selenium [Se]), superoxide radical (O2 •-) production, and glutathione (GSH) content, as well with the activity of the main antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase [SOD], catalase [CAT], glutathione peroxidase [GPx], glutathione reductase [GR] and glutathione S-transferase [GST]) in breast milk. Methods: In this study 108 transitional milk samples (7-10 days) were analyzed. Antioxidant enzyme activities, O2 •- production, protein carbonyl and GSH concentrations were analyzed by spectrophotometry. Trace element concentration was quantified by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Generalized linear modelling was used to assess the relationship between protein carbonyls concentration with oxidative stress indicators and trace elements concentration. Results: Cd and Pb were detected in 21.3 and 55.6% of breast milk samples, respectively. The median concentration of Cd was 0.01 μg L-1 (0.01-3.52 μg L-1) and Pb concentration was 2.61 μg L-1 (0.08-195.20 μg L-1). According to the best-fi t model, the main factors contributing to protein carbonyl concentrations were the activity of GPx, GR, and concentration of GSH, Se, Pb and Cd. Conclusions: According to the generalized linear model, the activity of GPx and GR, could help explain protein oxidation induced by Pb and Cd in breast milk (AU)

Introducción: la leche materna contiene las moléculas necesarias para el desarrollo de los niños; la integridad y función de estas moléculas se afecta por la presencia de prooxidantes. Los carbonilos proteicos se producen principalmente como resultado de la interacción de metales con especies reactivas de oxígeno (ERO), los cuales pueden iniciar una reacción en cadena que promueve la oxidación molecular. Objetivo: este estudio tiene como objetivo determinar la asociación entre la concentración de carbonilos proteicos con la concentración de elementos traza (plomo [Pb], cadmio [Cd] y selenio [Se]), producción de radical superóxido (O2 •-), y contenido de glutatión (GSH), así como con la actividad de las principales enzimas (superóxido dismutasa [SOD], catalasa [CAT], glutatión peroxidasa [GPx], glutatión reductasa [GR] y glutatión S-transferasa [GST]) en leche materna. Métodos: en este estudio se analizaron 108 muestras de leche de transición (7-10 días). La actividad de las enzimas antioxidantes, producción de O2 •-, concentración de carbonilos proteicos y GSH se analizaron por espectrofotometría. La concentración de elementos traza se cuantificó por espectrometría de absorción atómica. Se utilizó un modelo lineal generalizado para evaluar la relación entre la concentración de carbonilos proteicos con los indicadores de estrés oxidativo y las concentraciones de elementos traza. Resultados: Cd y Pb fueron detectados en 21,3 y 55,6% de las muestras de leche materna, respectivamente. La mediana de la concentración de Cd fue 0,01 μg l-1 (0,01-3,52 μg l-1) y para la concentración de Pb fue 2,61 μg l-1 (0,08-195,20 μg l-1). De acuerdo con el modelo de mejor ajuste, los principales factores de afectan la concentración de carbonilos proteicos, son la actividad de GPx y GR, y las concentraciones de GSH, Se, Pb y Cd. Conclusiones: de acuerdo con el modelo lineal generalizado, la actividad de GPx y GR podría ayudar a explicar la oxidación proteica, inducida por Pb y Cd en leche materna (AU)

[Not Available]. / Antioxidantes, especies reactivas de oxígeno y daño oxidativo asociado a la presencia de plaguicidas organoclorados en la leche materna.

Introducción: los plaguicidas organoclorados (POC) pueden incrementar la producción de especies reactivas de oxígeno (ERO). Tales efectos pueden ser contrarrestados por el sistema antioxidante, el cual se encuentra también en la leche materna. Objetivo: evaluar los indicadores de estrés oxidativo en leche materna asociados a la presencia de POC y su relación con la ingesta de alimentos marinos. Métodos: la leche materna fue colectada de 108 mujeres lactantes. Los indicadores de estrés oxidativo (actividad enzimática antioxidante, concentración de glutatión, producción de radical superóxido [O 2•- ], concentración de peroxidación de lípidos y carbonilos proteicos) se analizaron por espectrofotometría. Las concentraciones de POC se midieron por cromatografía de gases. Resultados y discusión: la producción de O 2•- no presentó relación significativa con las concentraciones de POC. Se encontraron correlaciones significativas entre las concentraciones de POC y la actividad de las enzimas antioxidantes (actividad de glutatión reductasa [GR] y concentración de aldrín [r = - 0,5], actividad de superóxido dismutasa [SOD] y concentración de α-HCH [r = 0,45]). El daño oxidativo mostró baja correlación con el contenido de POC (r < 0,30, p < 0,05). Es posible que los niveles de POC no sean suficientes para incrementar la producción de O 2•- , ya sea que el incremento en la producción de ERO se deba a especies reactivas diferentes a O 2•- o debido a que la capacidad antioxidante es suficiente para evitar el daño oxidativo en leche materna. Conclusión: los resultados de este estudio sugieren que la dieta marina no es un factor determinante en el nivel de contaminación por POC, ni en el daño oxidativo presente en leche materna.

Antioxidants, reactive oxygen species and oxidative damage associated to the presence of organochlorine pesticides in breast milk / Antioxidantes, especies reactivas de oxígeno y daño oxidativo asociado a la presencia de plaguicidas organoclorados en la leche materna

Introduction: Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) can increase the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), the effects of which can be countered by the antioxidant system, also present in breast milk. Objective: To evaluate the indicators of oxidative stress in breast milk associated to the presence of OCPs, and their relationship with seafood intake. Methods: Breast milk was collected from 108 lactating women. Indicators of oxidative stress (antioxidant enzyme activity, glutathione concentration, superoxide radical [O2 •-] production, lipid peroxidation and carbonylated protein concentration) were analyzed by spectrophotometry. OCPs concentrations were measured by gas chromatography. Results and discussion: O2 •- production had no significant relationship with OCPs concentrations. Significant correlations between OCPs concentrations and antioxidant enzyme activities (glutathione reductase [GR] activity and aldrin concentration [r = - 0.5], superoxide dismutase [SOD] activity and α-HCH concentration [r = 0.45]) were found. Oxidative damage had a low correlation with OCPs content (r < 0.30, p < 0.05). It is possible that OCP’s levels are not sufficient to increase O2 •- production, that production of ROS other than O2 •- is increased, or that the antioxidant capacity is sufficient to avoid oxidative damage in breast milk. Conclusion: Results from this study suggest that marine diet is not a determinant factor in the level of contamination by OCP’s or in the oxidative damage in breast milk (AU)

Introducción: los plaguicidas organoclorados (POC) pueden incrementar la producción de especies reactivas de oxígeno (ERO). Tales efectos pueden ser contrarrestados por el sistema antioxidante, el cual se encuentra también en la leche materna. Objetivo: evaluar los indicadores de estrés oxidativo en leche materna asociados a la presencia de POC y su relación con la ingesta de alimentos marinos. Métodos: la leche materna fue colectada de 108 mujeres lactantes. Los indicadores de estrés oxidativo (actividad enzimática antioxidante, concentración de glutatión, producción de radical superóxido [O2 •-], concentración de peroxidación de lípidos y carbonilos proteicos) se analizaron por espectrofotometría. Las concentraciones de POC se midieron por cromatografía de gases. Resultados y discusión: la producción de O2 •- no presentó relación significativa con las concentraciones de POC. Se encontraron correlaciones significativas entre las concentraciones de POC y la actividad de las enzimas antioxidantes (actividad de glutatión reductasa [GR] y concentración de aldrín [r = - 0,5], actividad de superóxido dismutasa [SOD] y concentración de α-HCH [r = 0,45]). El daño oxidativo mostró baja correlación con el contenido de POC (r < 0,30, p < 0,05). Es posible que los niveles de POC no sean suficientes para incrementar la producción de O2 •-, ya sea que el incremento en la producción de ERO se deba a especies reactivas diferentes a O2 •- o debido a que la capacidad antioxidante es suficiente para evitar el daño oxidativo en leche materna. Conclusión: los resultados de este estudio sugieren que la dieta marina no es un factor determinante en el nivel de contaminación por POC, ni en el daño oxidativo presente en leche materna (AU)

Association of N-cadherin levels and downstream effectors of Rho GTPases with dendritic spine loss induced by chronic stress in rat hippocampal neurons.

Chronic stress promotes cognitive impairment and dendritic spine loss in hippocampal neurons. In this animal model of depression, spine loss probably involves a weakening of the interaction between pre- and postsynaptic cell adhesion molecules, such as N-cadherin, followed by disruption of the cytoskeleton. N-cadherin, in concert with catenin, stabilizes the cytoskeleton through Rho-family GTPases. Via their effector LIM kinase (LIMK), RhoA and ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (RAC) GTPases phosphorylate and inhibit cofilin, an actin-depolymerizing molecule, favoring spine growth. Additionally, RhoA, through Rho kinase (ROCK), inactivates myosin phosphatase through phosphorylation of the myosin-binding subunit (MYPT1), producing actomyosin contraction and probable spine loss. Some micro-RNAs negatively control the translation of specific mRNAs involved in Rho GTPase signaling. For example, miR-138 indirectly activates RhoA, and miR-134 reduces LIMK1 levels, resulting in spine shrinkage; in contrast, miR-132 activates RAC1, promoting spine formation. We evaluated whether N-cadherin/ß-catenin and Rho signaling is sensitive to chronic restraint stress. Stressed rats exhibit anhedonia, impaired associative learning, and immobility in the forced swim test and reduction in N-cadherin levels but not ß-catenin in the hippocampus. We observed a reduction in spine number in the apical dendrites of CA1 pyramidal neurons, with no effect on the levels of miR-132 or miR-134. Although the stress did not modify the RAC-LIMK-cofilin signaling pathway, we observed increased phospho-MYPT1 levels, probably mediated by RhoA-ROCK activation. Furthermore, chronic stress raises the levels of miR-138 in accordance with the observed activation of the RhoA-ROCK pathway. Our findings suggest that a dysregulation of RhoA-ROCK activity by chronic stress could potentially underlie spine loss in hippocampal neurons.

[Antioxidant defences in breast milk in relation to number of pregnancies and age of mothers]. / Defensas antioxidantes en leche materna en relación al número de gestas y a la edad de las madres.

INTRODUCTION: Breast milk is a specific combination of nutrients and immunologic factors; however, milk components may be exposed to oxidation processes, which can in turn be counteracted by antioxidant molecules such as vitamins and antioxidant enzymes, amongst others. Both antioxidant defences and oxidative damage can be affected by age, number of pregnancies and other factors. OBJECTIVE: To compare antioxidant defences and oxidative damage indicators in breast milk, according to age of women and number of pregnancies. METHOD: Activity of the main antioxidant enzymes, glutathione concentration, oxidative damage to lipids (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, TBARS) and oxidative damage to proteins (protein carbonyls) was measured in breast milk using spectrophotometric techniques. Data were grouped according to number of pregnancies (1, 2 and 3 or more) and were related to the age of mothers. RESULTS: Significant differences among groups according to number of pregnancies were found in TBARS levels (p = 0.04) and GST activity (p < 0.01). Also linear correlations between age, lipid peroxidation and GST activity were found. CONCLUSION: The age and number of pregnancies apparently increase lipid oxidation in milk due to increased metabolism and production of reactive oxygen species. However, TBARS levels remain relatively low probably because of the mother's antioxidant defenses, particularly GST.

Introducción: La leche materna es una combinación específica de nutrientes y factores inmunológicos; sin embargo, sus componentes pueden estar expuestos a procesos de oxidación, mismos que pueden ser contrarrestados por moléculas antioxidantes como vitaminas y enzimas, entre otros. Tanto las defensas antioxidantes como el daño oxidativo pueden ser afectados por la edad, número de gestas y otros factores. Objetivo: Comparar el contenido de antioxidantes e indicadores de daño oxidativo en leche materna de acuerdo a la edad de las mujeres y el número de gestas. Metodología: Se midió la actividad de las principales enzimas antioxidantes, la concentración de glutatión, el daño oxidativo a lípidos (sustancias reactivas al ácido tiobarbitúrico, TBARS) y daño a proteínas (carbonilos proteicos) en leche materna utilizando técnicas espectrofotométricas. Se agruparon los datos de acuerdo al número de gestas (1, 2 y 3 o más) y se correlacionó con la edad de las madres. Resultados: Se encontraron diferencias significativas en los niveles de TBARS (p = 0.04) y la actividad de glutatión S-transferasa (GST, p < 0.01) entre los grupos de acuerdo al número de gestas. Así mismo, se encontraron correlaciones lineales entre la edad, el daño oxidativo a lípidos y la actividad de GST. Conclusión: La edad y el número de gestas al parecer incrementan la oxidación de los lípidos presentes en leche materna debido al aumento en el metabolismo y la producción de especies reactivas de oxígeno. Sin embargo, los niveles de TBARS se mantienen relativamente bajos posiblemente debido a las defensas antioxidantes, particularmente GST, de la madre.

Defensas antioxidantes en leche materna en relación al número de gestas y a la edad de las madres / Antioxidant defences in breast milk in relation to number of pregnancies and age of mothers

Introducción: La leche materna es una combinación específica de nutrientes y factores inmunológicos; sin embargo, sus componentes pueden estar expuestos a procesos de oxidación, mismos que pueden ser contrarrestados por moléculas antioxidantes como vitaminas y enzimas, entre otros. Tanto las defensas antioxidantes como el daño oxidativo pueden ser afectados por la edad, número de gestas y otros factores. Objetivo: Comparar el contenido de antioxidantes e indicadores de daño oxidativo en leche materna de acuerdo a la edad de las mujeres y el número de gestas. Metodología: Se midió la actividad de las principales enzimas antioxidantes, la concentración de glutatión, el daño oxidativo a lípidos (sustancias reactivas al ácido tiobarbitúrico, TBARS) y daño a proteínas (carbonilos proteicos) en leche materna utilizando técnicas espectrofotométricas. Se agruparon los datos de acuerdo al número de gestas (1, 2 y 3 o más) y se correlacionó con la edad de las madres. Resultados: Se encontraron diferencias significativas en los niveles de TBARS (p = 0.04) y la actividad de glutatión S-transferasa (GST, p < 0.01) entre los grupos de acuerdo al número de gestas. Así mismo, se encontraron correlaciones lineales entre la edad, el daño oxidativo a lípidos y la actividad de GST. Conclusión: La edad y el número de gestas al parecer incrementan la oxidación de los lípidos presentes en leche materna debido al aumento en el metabolismo y la producción de especies reactivas de oxígeno. Sin embargo, los niveles de TBARS se mantienen relativamente bajos posiblemente debido a las defensas antioxidantes, particularmente GST, de la madre (AU)

Introduction: Breast milk is a specific combination of nutrients and immunologic factors; however, milk components may be exposed to oxidation processes, which can in turn be counteracted by antioxidant molecules such as vitamins and antioxidant enzymes, amongst others. Both antioxidant defences and oxidative damage can be affected by age, number of pregnancies and other factors. Objective: To compare antioxidant defences and oxidative damage indicators in breast milk, according to age of women and number of pregnancies. Method: Activity of the main antioxidant enzymes, glutathione concentration, oxidative damage to lipids (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, TBARS) and oxidative damage to proteins (protein carbonyls) was measured in breast milk using spectrophotometric techniques. Data were grouped according to number of pregnancies (1, 2 and 3 or more) and were related to the age of mothers. Results: Significant differences among groups according to number of pregnancies were found in TBARS levels (p = 0.04) and GST activity (p < 0.01). Also linear correlations between age, lipid peroxidation and GST activity were found. Conclusion: The age and number of pregnancies apparently increase lipid oxidation in milk due to increased metabolism and production of reactive oxygen species. However, TBARS levels remain relatively low probably because of the mother’s antioxidant defenses, particularly GST (AU)

Anti-Helicobacter pylori, gastroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic activities of methanolic extracts of five different populations of Hippocratea celastroides collected in Mexico.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: The root barks of Hippocratea celastroides have been used for decades in Mexican traditional medicine to treat gastritis and ulcers. To investigate the anti-Helicobacter pylori, gastroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic activities of methanolic extracts obtained from the leaves, stems, and root bark of Hippocratea celastroides collected in five different localities in Mexico, during the winter of 2009, in order to establish differences in biological activities in terms of plant organs, as well as places of collection. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Whole individuals were collected in five separate localities in Mexico: La Mancha, Veracruz (VL), Yautepec, Morelos (MY), Jojutla, Morelos (MJ), Temalac, Guerrero (GT), and Landa de Matamoros, Querétaro (QL). Methanolic crude extracts from wild plant specimens were tested using in vivo ethanol-induced mice gastric ulcer model, and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) induced ear edema in mice assay, and in vitro anti-Helicobacter pylori model, and carcinoma cell line cytotoxic assays. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The leaves, stems, and root bark from MY specimens, as well as the leaves and root bark of materials from VL, presented the highest activity against Helicobacter pylori (MIC values ranging from 7.81 to 31.25 µg/ml). Most gastroprotective effects were displayed by the leaves of plants collected in MY, with 89.85±1.91% of protection (300 mg/kg) and an ED50=27 mg/kg, which was corroborated by histological analysis. The root bark extracts from MY achieved the highest edema inhibition values (ED50=0.18 mg/ear), which were comparable to indomethacin (ED50=0.16 mg/ear). Finally, all extracts from MY (three plant parts) were cytotoxic against nasopharyngeal (KB), breast (MCF-7), and colon (HCT-116) carcinoma cell lines with IC50 values between 1.18 and 9.77 µg/ml, except that no activity was detected for root bark extracts against HCT-116 normal fibroblasts. The activities of methanolic extracts from leaves, stems and root bark of plants collected in five different locations varied considerably, representing a notable problem facing the quality control of the plant material from Hippocratea celastroides used for medicinal purposes. The ethnomedical information of this plant in regards to treating gastritis and ulcers was strongly evidenced by the findings of the experimental models employed in this study.

Colección cornell intraestromal y queratitis po fusarium spp: presentación de dos casos y revisión de la literatura / Collection ntrasstromal corneal and keratits by fusarium spp: report of twwo cases and review of the literature / Recolha cornano intra-estromal e ceratite pr fusarium spp: relato de dois casos e revisão da literatura

Las infecciones oculares por hongos filamentosos han aumentado su incidencia con el pasar de los años. Los traumas corneales, la terapia inmunosupresora y el uso de lentes de contacto han hecho que éstas aumenten su incidencia, pero existe un pequeño porcentaje de paciente que sin ningún factor de riesgo presentan infecciones por estos mohos. En este artículo reportamos dos casos de infección ocular por Fusarium spp. en dos pacientes de 21 y 30 años de edad respectivamente, inmunocompetentes, pertenecientes a las Fuerzas Militares y sin factores de riesgo asociados.

The filamentous fungal eye infections have been increasing in incidence in the last years. Corneal trauma, immunosuppressive therapy and use of contact lenses have increased their incidence, nonetheless a small percentage of patients with no risk factors still present with these mold infections. In this article we report a case of ocular infection by Fusarium spp. in two patients, a 21-year-old and a 30-year-old males. They work with the Military Forces, and were immunocompetent with no risk factors associated to the problem.

As infecções oculares por fungos filamentosos têm aumentado a sua incidência com o passar dos anos. Os traumas da córnea, a terapia imunossupressora e o uso de lentes de contato têm feito que estas aumentem a sua incidência, mas existe uma pequena percentagem de pacientes que semnenhumfator de riscoapresentam infecções por estes bolores. Em este artigo reportamos dois casos de infecção ocular por Fusarium spp. em dois pacientes de 21 e 30 anos de idade respectivamente, imunocompetentes, pertencentes às Forças Militares e semfatores de risco associados.

La bitácora como instrumento para seguimento y evaluación: formación de residentes en el programa de oftalmología / The logbook as a monitoring and evaluation instrument: formation of residents in the ophthalmology program

Introducción: se presenta un estudio cualitativo sobre el uso y la aplicación de las bitácoras, como proceso de evaluación en los espacios curriculares del programa de especialización de oftalmología, en la Universidad Militar Nueva Granada y el Hospital Militar Central.Métodos: se aplican encuestas y formatos de evaluación para la recolección de apreciaciones y verificación de los procesos para su posterior análisis.Resultados: se evidencia la resistencia al cambio y comodidad con los métodostradicionales de evaluación.Conclusión: la bitácora es percibida como un instrumento adecuado de seguimiento y evaluación del proceso de aprendizaje.

Y-chromosome STRs in an Antioquian (Colombia) population sample.

Haplotype data were obtained from a sample of 777 unrelated male individuals from Antioquia Department (Colombia), for eight Y-chromosome STRs (DYS19, DYS385, DYS389 I, DYS389 II, DYS390, DYS391, DYS392 and DYS393). A total of 442 different haplotypes were identified of which 334 were represented only once in the database and the most frequent haplotype was found in 32 individuals. A high haplotype diversity was found (99.45%). Genetic distances were calculated using previously published haplotype data and the lowest values were found for the comparisons with samples of lberian origin.

On the neurotoxicity mechanism of leukoaminochrome o-semiquinone radical derived from dopamine oxidation: mitochondria damage, necrosis, and hydroxyl radical formation.

Leukoaminochrome o-semiquinone radical is generated during one-electron reduction of dopamine oxidation product aminochrome when DT-diaphorase is inhibited. Incubation of 100 microM aminochrome with 100 microM dicoumarol, an inhibitor of DT-diaphorase during 2 h, induces 56% cell death (P < 0.001) with concomitant formation of (i) intracellular hydroperoxides (4.2-fold increase compared to control; P < 0.001); (ii) hydroxyl radicals, detected with ESR and spin trapping agents (2.4-fold increase when cells were incubated with aminochrome in the presence of dicoumarol compared to aminochrome alone); (iii) intracellular edema, and cell membrane deterioration determined by transmission electron microscopy; (iv) absence of apoptosis, supported by using anexin-V with flow cytometry; (v) a strong decrease of mitochondrial membrane potential determined by the fluorescent dye 5,5',6,6'-tetrachloro-1,1',3,3'-tetraethylbenzimidazolylcarbocyanineiodide (P < 0.01); (vi) swelling and disruption of outer and inner mitochondrial membranes determined by transmission electron microscopy. These results support the proposed role of leukoaminochrome o-semiquinone radical as neurotoxin in Parkinson's disease neurodegeneration and DT-diaphorase as neuroprotective enzyme.

Signal transduction in lemon seedlings in the hypersensitive response against Alternaria alternata: participation of calmodulin, G-protein and protein kinases.

The development of an effective hypersensitive response (HR) in any plant system relies, not only in their gene composition and expression, but also on an effective and rapid signal transduction system. Lemon seedlings induce the phenylpropanoid pathway, which results in the de novo biosynthesis of the phytoalexin scoparone, as part of the hypersensitive response against Alternaria alternata. In order to elucidate some of the signaling elements that participate in the development of HR in lemon seedlings, we used several compounds that are known as activators or inhibitors of signal transduction elements in plants or in animal cells. Lemon seedlings treated either with cholera toxin or with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), in the absence of A. alternata induced phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL, E. C. 4.3.1.5) and the synthesis of scoparone, suggesting the participation of a G-protein and of a serine/threonine kinase, respectively, in signal transduction. The use of trifluoperazine (TFP), W-7, staurosporine, lavendustin A or 2,5-dihydroximethyl cinnamate (DHMC) prevented PAL induction as well as scoparone biosynthesis in response to the fungal inoculation, thus allowing us to infer the participation of Calmodulin (CaM), of serine/threonine and of tyrosine protein kinases (TPK) for signal transduction in Citrus limon in response to A. alternata.