Comparative Studies on the Dissolution Profiles of Oral Ibuprofen Suspension and Commercial Tablets using Biopharmaceutical Classification System Criteria.

In vitro dissolution studies for solid oral dosage forms have recently widened the scope to a variety of special dosage forms such as suspensions. For class II drugs, like Ibuprofen, it is very important to have discriminative methods for different formulations in physiological conditions of the gastrointestinal tract, which will identify different problems that compromise the drug bioavailability. In the present work, two agitation speeds have been performed in order to study ibuprofen suspension dissolution. The suspensions have been characterised relatively to particle size, density and solubility. The dissolution study was conducted using the following media: buffer pH 7.2, pH 6.8, 4.5 and 0.1 M HCl. For quantitative analysis, the UV/Vis spectrophotometry was used because this methodology had been adequately validated. The results show that 50 rpm was the adequate condition to discriminate the dissolution profile. The suspension kinetic release was found to be dependent on pH and was different compared to tablet release profile at the same experimental conditions. The ibuprofen release at pH 1.0 was the slowest.

Steroid pretreatment improves graft recovery in a sheep orthotopic heart transplantation model.

BACKGROUND: Previous reports provide conflicting evidence concerning effects of steroids on recovery of cardiac function during procedures involving cardiopulmonary bypass. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that pretreatment of animals with steroids before heart transplantation improves graft hemodynamic function. METHODS: Four groups of sheep were studied: CON, nonsteroid-treated nontransplanted controls (n = 8); CON-S, steroid-treated nontransplanted controls (n = 5); TX, nonsteroid-treated transplanted animals (n = 5); and TX-S, steroid-treated transplanted animals (n = 5). Steroid-treated animals were given methylprednisolone 30 mg/kg immediately before surgery. Procedures for harvest and orthotopic transplantation were similar to those used clinically. Contractile function, left ventricular diameter, and cardiac output of control and transplanted hearts were measured for 6 hours. A 2 x 2 factorial repeated measures analysis of variance was used to determine statistical significance (p < 0.05). RESULTS: Steroid pretreatment produced significantly higher function in controls and transplanted animals compared with nonsteroid-treated animals. On average over 6 hours, significant steroid effects were observed for left ventricular peak systolic pressure, mm Hg (CON, 85 +/- 2; CON-S, 98 +/- 3; TX, 74 +/- 3; TX-S, 91 +/- 2); global stroke work, mJoule x cm(-2) (CON, 4.69 +/- 0.21; CON-S, 5.88 +/- 0.32; TX, 2.27 +/- 0.17; TX-S, 4.23 +/- 0.16); and peak rate of pressure relaxation (-dP/dt(max)), mm Hg/msec (CON, 1.23 +/- 0.05; CON-S, 1.44 +/- 0.08; TX, 0.60 +/- 0.03; TX-S, 2.04 +/- 0.13). Steroid pretreatment produced more stable recovery for transplanted animals. All five TX-S animals could be removed from inotropic support and had stable function for 6 hours. In contrast, 1 of 5 TX animals could not be removed from inotropic support, and 1 of 5 TX hearts failed 3 hours after transplant. Arterial blood PO2 values were significantly higher in steroid-treated animals than in nonsteroid treated animals. Blood systemic lactate, which was elevated after transplantation, returned to control level by 6 hours in the steroid-treated group but not in the nonsteroid-treated group. CONCLUSION: Steroid pretreatment of heart donors and recipients improved systolic and diastolic function and hemodynamic stability after transplantation. In addition, steroid pretreatment improved pulmonary gas exchange of control and transplanted animals.

Incomplete recovery of working heart function after twenty-four-hour preservation with a modified University of Wisconsin solution.

BACKGROUND AND METHODS: This study was designed to determine the function of isolated rabbit hearts after static preservation with modified University of Wisconsin solution for 24 hours. Commercially available University of Wisconsin solution, modified with CaCl2 1 mmol/L and 2,3-butanedione monoxime 30 mmol/L, was used as the preservative. After flushing the coronary vasculature with medium, hearts were submersion stored at 1 degree C to 4 degrees C. After preservation, isolated heart function at 37 degrees C was quantified for 30 minutes in a non-ejecting mode and for 4 hours ejecting at a physiologic workload. Fresh control hearts (n = 5) and University of Wisconsin solution-preserved hearts (n = 6) were studied. RESULTS: Nonworking (non-ejecting) left ventricular function of the two groups did not differ, except for peak rate of left ventricular pressure development which was higher for the University of Wisconsin solution hearts than for controls. When the hearts were subjected to a physiologic workload, however, left ventricular function of the two groups differed significantly. Three of the six University of Wisconsin solution hearts failed before the 4-hour perfusion end point, whereas all five control hearts maintained stable working function for the full 4 hours. The University of Wisconsin solution hearts, while in the ejecting mode, exhibited significantly impaired function. Mean values were as follows (p < 0.05): left ventricular systolic pressure (in millimeters of mercury), control 105 +/- 1, University of Wisconsin solution 86 +/- 4; peak rate of left ventricular pressure development (in millimeters of mercury per millisecond), control 3.33 +/- 0.11, University of Wisconsin solution 2.39 +/- 0.24; cardiac output (in milliliters per minute per gram), control 400 +/- 25, University of Wisconsin solution 288 +/- 26; stroke work (in milliJoules per gram), control 20.1 +/- 1.3, University of Wisconsin solution 11.9 +/- 1.1; left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (in millimeters of mercury), control 5.4 +/- 0.3, University of Wisconsin solution 10.2 +/- 1.3; peak aortic flow rate (in milliliters per minute), control 946 +/- 9, University of Wisconsin solution 659 +/- 44; millimoles of lactate produced in 30 min/Joule stroke work, control 0.50 +/- 0.06, University of Wisconsin solution 6.99 +/- 0.37. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that (1) hypothermic storage in this modified University of Wisconsin solution does not preserve hearts sufficiently to support a physiologic workload for an extended period and (2) assessment of post-preservation function with a non-ejecting heart model does not accurately predict the ability of the preserved heart to support a physiologic workload.

Posttransplantation function of hearts preserved with fluorochemical emulsion.

This study was designed to determine whether the novel perfluoroperhydrophenanthrene-egg yolk phospholipid emulsion, APE-LM, was an effective oxygen carrier for long-term hypothermic heart preservation. We postulated that hearts preserved with APE-LM would be well oxygenated during 24-hour preservation and that reperfusion of such hearts with blood would not produce functional or metabolic evidence of myocardial ischemia. Four groups of rabbit hearts were studied (n = 7 per group): fresh controls: nonpreserved, nontransplanted hearts; surgical controls: fresh hearts transplanted heterotopically for 75 minutes before explant and study for 4 hours as isolated working hearts perfused at 37 degrees C; crystalloid-preserved: hearts preserved with crystalloid medium, followed by transplantation and isolated heart perfusion; APE-LM-preserved: hearts treated as those in the crystalloid-preserved group, but preservation was with medium containing APE-LM emulsion (10 ml/dl). Preservation was with continuous coronary perfusion at 18 mm Hg pressure, 12 degrees C, and oxygen tension 838 +/- 11 mm Hg. During preservation, APE-LM hearts had significantly higher pyruvate consumption, and correspondingly higher oxygen consumption, than that of crystalloid hearts. No significant differences were found among fresh controls, surgical controls, and APE-LM-preserved hearts with respect to contractile or output function, oxygen consumption and efficiency indexes, or lactate production during in vitro perfusion. Left ventricular peak systolic pressure and peak rate of pressure development were significantly lower for crystalloid-preserved hearts than for fresh and surgical controls. Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure of crystalloid-preserved hearts was higher than that of the other three groups. The data indicate that rabbit hearts in this model were well preserved with APE-LM and that this emulsion produced better recovery of function than did crystalloid preservation, possibly as a consequence of the high oxygen delivery by the fluorocarbon during preservation.

Importance of substrate enhancement for long-term heart preservation.

These experiments tested the hypothesis that addition of pyruvate to a preservation medium would improve postpreservation cardiac function as quantified in an isolated working heart model after heterotopic transplantation. Four groups of rabbit hearts were studied (n = 5 per group): fresh controls, fresh hearts perfused as isolated working hearts; surgical controls, fresh hearts transplanted heterotopically and reperfused with blood for 75 minutes before being studied as isolated hearts; preserved without pyruvate, hearts perfusion-preserved with oxygenated extracellular-type crystalloid medium; preserved with pyruvate, same same as the group without pyruvate, but medium contained 20 mmol/L pyruvate. After preservation, the hearts in the two preserved groups were transplanted and studied as isolated hearts. Total ex vivo time for the preserved hearts was 24.5 +/- 0.2 hours. During preservation, glucose was not consumed by hearts in either preserved group. Pyruvate was used by the hearts to which it was provided (22.9 +/- 2.7 mumol pyruvate x hour-1 x gm dry weight-1). Performance of transplanted surgical control hearts was not significantly different from that of fresh controls. Function of the pyruvate-preserved hearts was similar to that of the fresh and surgical controls except that left ventricular peak systolic pressure and peak rate of pressure development were lower and that left ventricular end-diastolic pressure was higher for the pyruvate-preserved hearts. The hearts preserved without pyruvate had significantly lower compliance and function compared to the other three groups, which was evident in all indexes of contractility and output. We conclude that hearts preserved with pyruvate-containing crystalloid medium had better postpreservation, posttransplantation function than hearts preserved without pyruvate, although there was slight loss of compliance and decreased contractile function in the pyruvate-preserved hearts compared to controls.

Complicaciones de la cirugia tiroidea con referencia a las lesiones de los nervos recurrentes. / Complication of thyroid surgery with reference to injuries of recurrent nerves

Los autores analizan 250 casos de diferentes afecciones tiroideas tratadas durante 1978-1979. La mas frecuente fue el bocio nodular atoxico (156 pacientes, 62,4%); el 90,8% de los enfermos pertenecian al sexo femenino y la edad de mayor incidencia, la 4a. y 5a. decadas de la vida. Analizanse los diferentes metodos diagnosticos empleados. Los procedimientos mas utilizados fueron las tiroidectomias subtotales (48%) y las totales (22,4%).La diseccion y visualizacion de los nervios recurrentes fue practicada en el 28,8% de los casos; se registro un 4% de disfonias definitivas presentes principalmente en los pacientes en quienes no fueron disecados los nervios recurrentes. No ocurrieron muertes imputables a la cirugia tiroidea. Se detalla la tecnica quirurgica indicada en las diversas afecciones

Patologia quirurgica del tiroides. Analisis de 250 casos operados en la F.C.M.S.C.S.P. (Brasil). / The thyroid surgical pathology. Analysis of 250 operated cases in the F.C.M.S.C.S.P. (Brazil)

Los autores presentan 250 casos de patologia de la glandula tiroides operados durante el periodo 1978-1979 en el Departamento de Cirurgia de la Faculdad de Ciencias Medicas da Santa Casa de Sao Paulo. Encontramos una incidencia de carcinoma de 16%, estudiase en estos la distribucion en relacion al sexo, edad y variedades histologicas. Se relatan tambien las complicaciones ocurridas en 11 pacientes (27.5%) siendo la principal la disfonia parcial definitiva en el 15%. Se analizan conjuntamente los casos de bocio multinodular atoxico, hipertiroidismo y tiroidites cronica. No hubo mortalidad en esta serie imputable a la cirurgia tiroidea. Se comenta la opinion de varios autores en relacion al tipo histologico. Resaltase que los mayores resultados pueden ser obtenidos mediante un equipo multi-disciplinario formado por cirujanos, patologistas y endocrinologos trabajando en interaccion

Patologia cirurgica da tireoide. Analise de 250 casos com especial referencia aos tumores da tireoide. / Surgical pathology of thyroid. Analysis of 250 cases with special reference to thyroid neoplasms

Os autores apresentam 250 casos de patologias de tireoide, estudados e operados no periodo de 1978-1979 no Departamento de Cirurgia da Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas da Santa Casa de Sao Paulo. Encontrou-se uma incidencia de carcinoma de 16%, dos quais se estudou a distribuicao em relacao ao sexo e a idade, a avaliacao pre-operatoria, o tipo de cirurgia e a variedade histologica de cada caso. Relatam-se tambem as complicacoes ocorridas em 11 pacientes (27,5%), sendo a principal a disfonia parcial definitiva em 15%.Do mesmo modo se analisarmos os casos de bocio multinodular atoxico, hipertireoidismo e tireoidite cronica. Relatam ainda a opiniao de varios autores sobre a conduta cirurgica adequada a cada tipo histologico. Ressaltam que melhores resultados podem ser obtidos quando o estudo e tratamento sao feitos por equipe multidisciplinar, formada por cirurgioes, endocrinologistas e patologistas

Complicaciones de la cirugia tiroidea con referencia a las lesiones de los nervos recurrentes. / Complication of thyroid surgery with reference to injuries of recurrent nerves

Los autores analizan 250 casos de diferentes afecciones tiroideas tratadas durante 1978-1979. La mas frecuente fue el bocio nodular atoxico (156 pacientes, 62,4%); el 90,8% de los enfermos pertenecian al sexo femenino y la edad de mayor incidencia, la 4a. y 5a. decadas de la vida. Analizanse los diferentes metodos diagnosticos empleados. Los procedimientos mas utilizados fueron las tiroidectomias subtotales (48%) y las totales (22,4%).La diseccion y visualizacion de los nervios recurrentes fue practicada en el 28,8% de los casos; se registro un 4% de disfonias definitivas presentes principalmente en los pacientes en quienes no fueron disecados los nervios recurrentes. No ocurrieron muertes imputables a la cirugia tiroidea. Se detalla la tecnica quirurgica indicada en las diversas afecciones

[Critical study of the morphogenesis of trunco-conal malformations]. / Etude critique de la morphogenèse des malformations tronco-cônales.

Anatomical and angiocardiographic studies have made possible discussion of hypotheses of the development and differentiation of the conus and of the trunco-conal orientation of the septum. Three autopsy specimens and two angiocardiogrammes of intertwined great vessels with transposition and partial distortion of the great vessels were studied. The specimen of intertwined great vessels comprised a muscular sub-aortic infundibulum posterior to and greater than the pulmonary infundibulum. In the case of transposition the opposite situation was encountered with a muscular pulmonary infundibulum posterior to and greater than the sub-aortic infundibulum; the plane of the aortic valves was higher than that of the pulmonary valves. The specimen of partial distortion of the great vessels comprised a muscular sub-aortic infundibulum posterior to and greater than the pulmonary infundibulum with the aortic valve set higher and in fibrous continuity with the mitral valve. It is concluded that the relations of the great vessels between each other and with the ventricles depend on the orientation of the trunco-conal septum and on the process of incorporation of the cone. The presence or absence of a posterior muscular infundibulum is not related to the growth or differential reabsorption of the cone but to a process of cellular differentiation. There was no relation between the level of the valves and their spatial orientation and the length of the infundibulum. The continuity or discontinuity between the aortic and atrio-ventricular valves is not determined by the level of the aortic valves.