Metabolic consequences of snoring in adolescents and younger adults: a population study in Chile.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: To investigate the potential association between snoring and other symptoms indicative of sleep-disordered breathing and metabolic syndrome (MetS) in Hispanic adolescents and younger adults using a large population-based survey. METHODS: Sleep-related information, anthropometric measurements and fasting blood samples markers of MetS were obtained from subjects aged 15-40 years collected through the 2nd Chilean Health Survey. Regression models were constructed to evaluate the associations of snoring with MetS, hypertension and serum cholesterol levels. The modulating effect of sleep duration was accounted for in the models. RESULTS: A total of 2147 subjects (42% males, mean age 27.9±7.6 years) were included. Snoring and short sleep duration were present in 43.5 and 25% of the entire population, respectively. MetS was detected in 19.5% of the subjects. In the adjusted regression model, the odds of MetS among snoring subjects were 2.13 times higher (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.52-2.99; P<0.01), and 1.53-fold higher odds of elevated cholesterol also emerged (95% CI: 1.12-2.10; P<0.01). However, the odds of hypertension were not increased by the presence of snoring after adjusting for confounders. In addition, snoring was associated with an increase of 7.26 and 6.56 mg dl-1 for total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, respectively, even after adjusting for age, sex and body mass index. Short sleep duration was associated with a small albeit significant risk increase for high systolic blood pressure. CONCLUSIONS: In this large population-based sample of young Hispanic adults and adolescents, snoring, but not sleep duration, emerged as an independent risk factor for dyslipidemia and MetS, but not for hypertension.

Presentación clínica de la trisomía 13 mosaico con mayor pronóstico de vida: reporte de un caso / Clinical presentation of mosaic trisomy 13 with longer life expectancy: case report

INTRODUCCIÓN: La trisomía del cromosoma 13, antes llamado Síndrome de Patau, es una enfermedad genética que resulta de la presencia de un cromosoma 13 supernumerario. Fue descubierta en 1960 por el Dr. Klaus Patau y actualmente es la trisomía reportada menos frecuente en la especie humana. Se suele asociar con un problema meiótico materno más que paterno y, como el síndrome de Down, el riesgo aumenta con la edad de la mujer. Los afectados mueren poco tiempo después de nacer, la mayoría a los3 meses de edad. Entre el 80-90 por ciento de los fetos con el síndrome no llegan a término. PRESENTACIÓN DEL CASO: Se presenta el caso de un recién nacido (RN) con diagnóstico de trisomía 13, asociado a malformaciones características de la trisomía, destacando la Tetralogia de Fallot y la laringotraqueomalacia. Al nacimiento, evoluciona con múltiples complicaciones secundarias a su patología de base, interfiriendo con la evolución y pronóstico de la enfermedad. El pronóstico de vida se relaciona claramente con la gravedad de las malformaciones cerebrales, renales y cardiacas; que a su vez se relacionan con el grado de alteración cromosómica que presenta el individuo, siendo la menos complicada el mosaicismo, como se describirá más adelante. DISCUSIÓN: Últimamente la visibilidad de los casos de trisomía 13 han aumentado por la mayor práctica en el diagnóstico de este mismo y además de su sobrevida por las nuevas intervenciones que se han descubierto en la medicina.

INTRODUCTION: Trisomy of chromosome 13, also known as Patau Syndrome, is a genetic disorder resulting from a supernumerary chromosome 13. It was discovered in 1960 by Patau and is currently reported less frequent trisomy in humans. It isusually associated with a maternal rather than paternal meiotic disorder and, like Down syndrome, its incidence increases with maternal age. Affected infants die shortly after birth, mostly before 3 months old. It is believed that 80-90 percent of affected fetuses do not reach term gestational age. CASE REPORT: The case of a male newborn with diagnosis of trisomy 13 is presented, with charasteristic features such as pink Tetrallogy of Fallot and laryngotracheomalacia. At birth, the patient manifests multiple complications related to his condition, altering the evolution and prognosis. Survival of the patient exceeded expectations, which is strictly related to the severity of cerebral, cardiac and renal malformations, which in turn is directly related to the degree of chromosomal alterations of the infant, with mosaicism being the less clinically affected. DISCUSSION: Recently the visibility of trisomy 13 cases have increased by more practiced in the diagnoses of the same and in addition to its survival by new interventions that have been discovered in medicine.

Dimerization is required for transactivation by estrogen-receptor-related (ERR) orphan receptors: evidence from amphioxus ERR.

The estrogen-receptor-related (ERR) receptors are orphan members of the nuclear receptor superfamily that bind to their specific DNA target sites as homodimers. However, it has not been shown whether this mode of binding is required for the transcriptional activation they drive. We here show that heterodimerization can also occur between these receptors. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the unique amphioxus ortholog of ERR genes (AmphiERR) is expressed as two isoforms differing by an in-frame insertion. While the short isoform behaves like its mammalian counterparts, the long isoform (AmphiERR(L)) displays divergent transcriptional properties according to the target site to which it binds. Indeed, AmphiERR(L) binds as a monomer but does not activate transcription through the SF1 response element (SFRE). On the contrary, this isoform binds as a homodimer and activates transcription through the classical estrogen-response element. Our results strongly suggest that dimerization is required for transactivation exerted by the ERR receptors.