ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) technologies have been introduced to neurosurgery with the goal of improving the experience of human visualization. In recent years, the application of remote AR and VR has opened new horizons for neurosurgical collaboration across diverse domains of education and patient treatment. Herein, we aimed to systematically review the literature about the feasibility of this technology and discuss the technical aspects, current limitations, and future perspectives. METHODS: Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, 4 databases (PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Cochrane Library) were queried for articles discussing the use of remote AR and VR technologies in neurosurgery. Data were collected in various fields, including surgery type, application type, subspecialty, software and hardware descriptions, haptic device utilization, visualization technology, internet connection, remote site descriptions, technical outcomes, and limitations. Data were summarized as counts and proportions and analyzed using IBM SPSS software. RESULTS: Our search strategy generated 466 records, out of which 9 studies satisfied the inclusion criteria. The majority of AR and VR applications were used in cranial procedures (77.8%), mainly in education (63.6%), followed by telesurgical assistance (18.2%), patient monitoring (9.1%), and surgical planning (9.1%). Local collaborations were established in 55.6% of the studies, while national and international partnerships were formed in 44.4% of the studies. AR was the main visualization technology, and 3G internet connection was predominantly used (27.5%). All studies subjectively reported the utility of remote AR and VR for real-time interaction. The major technical challenges and limitations included audiovisual latency, the requirement for higher-fidelity and resolution image reconstructions, and the level of proficiency of the patient with the software. CONCLUSIONS: The results from this systematic review suggest that AR and VR technologies are dynamically advancing to offer remote collaboration in neurosurgery. Although still incipient in development and with an imperative need for technical improvement, remote AR and VR hold a frontierless potential for patient monitoring, neurosurgical education, and long-distance surgical assistance.
Subject(s)
Augmented Reality , Neurosurgical Procedures , Virtual Reality , Humans , Neurosurgery/education , Neurosurgical Procedures/methods , Neurosurgical Procedures/trendsABSTRACT
La participación de las mujeres en neurocirugía en el Perú inició en el año 1974, con la primera neurocirujana peruana, quien fue aceptada en un programa de residencia con la condición de no casarse durante su formación. Hoy en día las condiciones son más justas y hay mayor igualdad de oportunidades entre mujeres y hombres; sin embargo, las cifras nos dejan entrever que aún no se ha logrado equiparar las diferencias. Como prueba de ello, se observó que solo el 17% de las vacantes ofrecidas para realizar la residencia en el 2022, fueron ocupadas por mujeres, así también se evidenció una reducida participación de las neurocirujanas en la Sociedad Peruana de Neurocirugía. El presente artículo busca discutir la importancia del seguimiento y la promoción de historias de neurocirujanas peruanas, y constituye un llamado para la investigación en el área de mujeres en Neurocirugía en países latinos, como Perú. (AU)
The participation of women in neurosurgery in Peru began in 1974 with the first Peruvian female neurosurgeon, who was accepted into a residency program with the condition of not getting married during her training. Nowadays, the conditions are more just, and there is greater equality of opportunities between men and women, but the numbers show that the differences have not yet been fully equalized. As evidence of this, it has been observed that only 17% of the residency positions offered in 2022 were filled by women, and there has been reduced participation of female neurosurgeons in the Peruvian Society of Neurosurgery. This article discusses the importance of tracking and promoting stories of Peruvian female neurosurgeons and calls for research in the area of women in neurosurgery in Latin countries, like Peru. (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Neurosurgeons/education , Neurosurgery/education , Neurosurgical Procedures , PeruABSTRACT
The participation of women in neurosurgery in Peru began in 1974 with the first Peruvian female neurosurgeon, who was accepted into a residency program with the condition of not getting married during her training. Nowadays, the conditions are more just, and there is greater equality of opportunities between men and women, but the numbers show that the differences have not yet been fully equalized. As evidence of this, it has been observed that only 17% of the residency positions offered in 2022 were filled by women, and there has been reduced participation of female neurosurgeons in the Peruvian Society of Neurosurgery. This article discusses the importance of tracking and promoting stories of Peruvian female neurosurgeons and calls for research in the area of women in neurosurgery in latin countries, like Peru.
